2002 Training Package - PRT

Tree-planter.com

2002 Training Package

Treeplanter Safety

General Forestry Worker Safety Wildlife Safety Treeplanting Safety Helicopter Safety Bush Camp Safety

Silviculture for Treeplanters Microsite Selection Stock Handling Fundamentals of Quality

Prepared by: Sponsored by: Advanced Safety Management Ltd. Weyerhaeuser Canada

Email: [email protected] Northern Lakes College

Phone: (780) 975-2287 Woodland Learning Operations Foundation (WOLF)

Vanderwell Contractors (1971) Ltd.

Alberta Plywood Ltd.

Sundance Forest Industries Ltd.

Canfor Corporation

BC Ministry of Forests

Pacific Reforestation Technologies (PRT)

Treeplanter Safety

General Forestry Worker Safety

© Tree-planter.com 2002

Overview of General Forestry Worker Safety Module

Objectives To share some general knowledge and bush savvy with those who have never worked in the bush or had formal safety training.

Topics • Personal Care • Illness Prevention • Weather-Related Concerns • Working in the Bush • Allergies and Conditions • Safety Policies and Responsibilities

Personal Care

Foot Care If you want to have a good season, you must take care of your feet. Looking after your feet on a daily basis will prevent a great deal of discomfort.

Precautions • Use foot powder to maximize drying. • Always have dry footwear and socks for the

end of the day. • Wash and dry feet daily. • Make sure your boots are comfortable

before the start of the season. • Mole skin can be applied to foot blisters.

Bring a variety of shapes and sizes. • 2nd Skin Burn Gel or Blister Pads are excellent for even the worst blisters—a moist

gel pad removes almost all friction, and can be taped in place with Elastoplast tape.

Treeplanter Safety



Nutrition and Hydration • Treeplanters burn 2800-4000 calories per day. • You are a high performance machine. Avoid cheap fuels such as sugar. They provide only a

brief surge of energy followed by a nasty brown-out. • Eat lots. • Eat frequently. • Eat a well balanced diet.

• Potassium is essential in the lubrication of joints and you can lose a great deal of it though sweating. Increase your potassium intake to maintain healthy joints and avoid muscle cramps. Consume lots of raw or steamed vegetables, grains, nuts, protein foods and natural fruit juices.

• Drink lots of water. A typical treeplanter needs 4-10 liters of water each day to avoid dehydration. While planting, force yourself to drink water regularly.

• Ponds, streams and lakes can carry "Beaver Fever". Never drink or brush your teeth with untreated water.

Thirst alone is not a good indicator of your body’s hydration. Drink 250-500 ml with every bag up and your body will perform better.

Proper rest, combined with proper overall nutrition, plays a

key role in an energy- filled day.

Fatigue Treeplanters frequently live in a state of fatigue. Your body is not firing on all cylinders when you are fatigued. Recognize that your work is hard and get adequate rest.

Sleep Sleep is the single most important activity that the body engages in for health maintenance, disease prevention, and healing. A typical treeplanter needs nine hours of sleep per night.

• Sleep deprivation is cumulative. • Caffeine stays in the body for 5-8 hours and can negatively affect the quality of your sleep. • Although alcohol induces sleep, it disturbs sleep cycles.

Treeplanter Safety



Illness Prevention

Giardiasis (Beaver Fever) • Giardiasis or Beaver Fever is a disease caused by the

ingestion of infective cysts that are shed in the feces of wild animals. These microscopic cysts are most often found in water or mud and can remain infective in the environment for long periods of time.

• Humans are infected with Beaver Fever when they ingest these cysts by eating or smoking with dirty hands.

• Once a person is infected with Beaver Fever, it is very common to have recurring outbreaks of the symptoms months or years later.

Symptoms • Beaver Fever can put an end to your planting days. The main symptoms are diarrhea

(mild to waterhose), painful gas (which may include burping with a rotten egg smell), loss of appetite, headache, low-grade fever and overall fatigue. Some people may experience nausea and/or vomiting.

• Note: The acute phase lasts 7 to 14 days, during which planting is out of the question. If you get Beaver Fever, plan to be down for a while.

Treatment • One can become dangerously dehydrated from diarrhea, so it is important to replace

all lost fluids/electrolytes and seek medical attention promptly. • To get better you will need prescription medication.

Prevention • Wash your hands and face thoroughly with soap and water before eating, smoking or

entering dining facilities. • When out on the block, eat your lunch by using a plastic baggie to hold your food. • Wash hands and face with soap and water before eating or entering the cook shack. • If you are infected, the disease can spread from you to others in camp. It is

extremely important that you wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the bathroom. It would be wise to use your own set of utensils/dishware.

Treeplanter Safety



Colds & the Flu It can be expected that at least one person will come down with a nasty cold over the summer. The excessive fatigue, stress and lack of sleep associated with the beginning of the season, along with living in close association with many people, may predispose your body to illness. Getting sick not only affects how you feel, it also affects your productivity.

Prevention • Get enough sleep. Most treeplanters require 9 hours of sleep each night. • Eat a nutritious, balanced diet. • Wash your hands and face frequently. • Do not share beverages, food or cigarettes with other workers.

Weather Related Concerns

Introduction Throughout the season, treeplanters are exposed to highly varied weather. It can be extremely cold in the morning with blistering heat in the afternoon. A treeplanter's best line of defense is to be prepared for all types of weather—every day. Early detection of weather-related ailments can prevent relatively minor conditions from escalating to more serious or life-threatening conditions.

Heat-Related Conditions When hard work is performed in the heat, blood is sent to the skin to cool the body through the evaporation of sweat. Treeplanters often sweat at a rate of more than 0.5 liters/hour. Such rapid loss of fluids can compromise heart and circulatory function as well as the ability to work. If fluids are not replaced, the body’s temperature-regulating process begins to break down. Work becomes impossible, and the possibility of life-threatening heat stroke increases dramatically.

Heat Rash Heat rash occurs when, due to moist, warm conditions, sweat glands become inflamed. To avoid or eliminate this problem, wash regularly and keep your skin dry. Wearing clothing that breathes well will help you stay dry and comfortable.

Heat Cramps Heat cramps are involuntary muscle contractions caused by the body’s failure to replace fluids or electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium. Cramps can be relieved by stretching and by replacing fluids and electrolytes.

Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is characterized by weakness, extreme fatigue, nausea, headaches, and wet, clammy skin. Heat exhaustion is caused by inadequate fluid intake. Treat heat exhaustion by resting in a cool environment and replacing fluids and electrolytes.

Treeplanter Safety



Heat Stroke Heat stroke is a medical emergency caused by failure of the body's heat control system. Sweating stops and body temperature rises precipitously. Heat stroke is characterized by hot, dry skin, a body temperature above 105.8 F (41 C), mental confusion, loss of consciousness, convulsions, or even coma.

• Send for medical help at once and begin rapid cooling with ice or cold water, fanning the victim to promote evaporation.

• For rapid cooling, partially submerge the victim's body in cool water.

There is one very important thing to remember: If a heat exhausted person STOPS SWEATING

(i.e.. stops cooling down) you are dealing with heat stroke.

Precautions

Before Work Consume extra fluid to prepare for the upcoming work and heat. Drink 1 to 2 cups of water, juice, or a sport drink before work. Avoid excess caffeine as it hastens fluid loss in the urine.

While Working • Take several fluid breaks every hour, drinking at least 0.5 liters per hour and preferably

1 liter per hour. Providing a portion of fluid replacement with a carbohydrate or electrolyte sport beverage will help you retain fluids and maintain energy and electrolyte levels.

• Wear a broad-brimmed hat and loose breathable clothing to protect your skin from the sun.

After Work You need to continue drinking to replace fluid losses. Thirst always underestimates fluid needs, so you should drink more than you think you need. Rehydration is enhanced when fluids contain sodium and potassium, or when foods with these electrolytes (e.g. bananas) are consumed along with the fluid.

Treeplanter Safety



Sunburn Environmental pollution has caused a considerable thinning of the ozone layer over Canada, and a corresponding increase in ultra violet radiation. Ultra violet radiation (UVR) from the sun can be a contributing factor in skin cancer, premature aging of the skin, and cataracts later in life. Additionally, a sunburned back can bring your planting to a screaming halt. If the shoulder straps hurt too much to wear, you can’t plant.

Cover Up • Clothing, hats, and shade provide the very best protection. • Protect your eyes and shade your face with a broad-brimmed hat. • Wear clothing to cover your arms and legs.

Use Sunscreen • Research shows that sunscreen is most effective when applied liberally and left on the

surface of the skin. Do NOT rub it in thoroughly. • Look for a sunscreen product with both UVB and UVA protection and a sun protection

factor (SPF) of 15 or greater. • Apply sunscreen generously after periods of physical activity. • Remember that your skin doesn't have to be hot to burn. Don't be fooled by cloudy or

overcast weather. • Remember that perspiration will reduce the effectiveness of your sunscreen, so reapply

it frequently.

Treeplanter Safety



Cold Weather Injuries In cold working conditions your body will reduce blood flow to your arms and legs to maintain your core temperature. As blood flow is reduced to your extremities, the joints become more susceptible to injury. Keep your arms and legs warm by wearing adequate clothing.

Hypothermia Hypothermia can strike in any season, especially in the high country. Wherever you go in the wilderness, keep a close eye on the weather and always be prepared for potential weather hazards.

Precautions • Drink a lot of water. This will help keep your entire system, including your brain,

functioning well. This will also help ensure an adequate blood flow to extremities prone to the cold.

• Eat plenty of food, especially carbohydrates, which are easy for your metabolism to turn into heat. Eat small amounts frequently rather than large amounts infrequently.

• Make sure you have clothing that will not lose its insulating properties when wet. The primary offender is cotton; wool is much better, as are many kinds of synthetic fleece.

• When layering your clothing, make sure each layer is larger than the layer it's on top of. There should be about 1/4 inch of airspace between each garment.

• Avoid alcohol. It contributes to dehydration and impairs judgment. • Avoid caffeine and nicotine. They exacerbate dehydration.

Symptoms of Hypothermia • Ask the affected person how he or she feels. If he or she feels chilled and manifests

goose bumps, a slight lack of coordination in the fingers, mild shivering and slight mental impairment, mild hypothermia is probably the cause. Treat immediately and notify supervisory staff.

• Check for more serious symptoms: severe muscular coordination problems (inability to use hands, stumbling, falling), violent and uncontrollable shivering, impaired judgment and irritability. These are most likely indicative of moderate hypothermia. Treat immediately and notify supervisory staff.

Initial Treatment of Hypothermia • Remove the affected person from the cold, wet and/or windy environment. • Dry the person off, replacing wet clothing with dry clothing. Make sure he or she is

wearing a dry hat. A large percentage of body-heat loss occurs through the head. • Make a warm, sweet beverage to provide sugar (extra energy) for reheating. • Fluids are more important than solids, even if fluids are cold. If the choice is between

cold fluids and no fluids, choose cold fluids. • Encourage the person to eat carbohydrate-rich foods. • Encourage the person to move around. Movement generates heat and helps with

reheating.

Treeplanter Safety



Working in the Bush

Buddy System Workers are normally required to work with at least one other person. Always know where your partner is and never wander off or work alone. It is not unusual to have absolutely no idea where on earth you are, so the buddy system is crucial.

Traveling by Foot Quite often, such as when access has deteriorated, trucks have broken down, or helicopters are fogged in, planters are required to travel by foot

Precautions • Never take short cuts. Even bush savvy veterans get turned around. • Never travel alone. • Make sure somebody always knows where you are going. • Travel only as fast as the slowest member of your party.

Getting lost can be very scary.

Treeplanter Safety



Required Gear for Working in the Bush When working in a block, you never know when your situation will change. There can be drastic changes in weather, or someone could get a clump of dirt or a stick in the eye. Always be prepared. Anything can happen.

Proper Clothing • Solid footwear such as sturdy rubber boots, leather work boots or heavy-duty hikers.

Check with your employer as to what you are required to wear. • Rain Gear. • Rain and/or Sun Hat.

Day Bag Contents • Extra warm clothing (in plastic bag). • Basic First-Aid Kit. • Insect repellent. • Waterproof matches (or matches in a heavy duty zip-lock bag). • Sunscreen. • Food. • Water. • Swiss army knife. • Contact lens wearers—bring travel size saline. • Whistle (should be worn on your body at all times). • Compass (a great tool if you learn how to use it properly).

Treeplanter Safety



Insects

Bees, Wasps and Hornets These are a concern for all planters. A single sting, on the right part of the body, can cause an allergic reaction called “anaphylactic shock”. If untreated, these reactions can be fatal.

Watch for nests: • In the ground. • In a stump. • Hanging from a tree.

Unless you have been stung directly on the neck before, you can never be sure if you will experience a serious reaction from the sting. We will deal with anaphylactic shock in greater detail shortly.

Black Flies, Mosquitoes and No-see-ums These insects are an annoyance to anyone working in the bush. Bites cause irritation and swelling.

Precautions: • Wear insect repellent–-avoid rubbing repellents containing a high concentration of

DEET directly on the skin (instead rub on clothing, hats, bag straps). • Wear clothing with closures at both wrists and ankles. • Optimal—wear bug vest/hat.

Deer/Horse Flies These insects have a painful bite and swelling may result. Some insects are able to bite through thin clothing. Insect repellent or a bug jacket is your best protection.

Ticks Ticks can imbed themselves in your skin, transferring Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and causing an infection.

Precautions: • Same as for blackflies, mosquitoes, etc. • When working in tick country, check skin daily.

DO NOT try to remove a tick on your own.

If you do, part of the tick may be left in your skin. This can cause irritation and infection.

Ask the first aid attendant to assist you.

Treeplanter Safety



Allergies and Conditions

Allergies All allergies should be reported to your foreman, supervisor, and first-aid attendant prior to the start of the season. Food allergies should also be communicated to the cooks. If you have medication, or could potentially need medication for your allergies, be sure to bring it with you from home.

Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock is a dangerous bodily reaction that some people experience in reaction to bee/wasp stings, medications and certain seafoods.

Symptoms of Anaphylactic Shock • Generalized itching. • Numbness & tingling, commonly around face and mouth. • Hive-type skin irritation. • Difficulty breathing. • Tightening of the chest. • Weakness/dizziness. • Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting. • Rapid, weak pulse.

Anaphylaxis is most commonly characterized by rapid onset.

If you know you are allergic to bee or wasp stings:

• Tell your foreman and first aid attendant. • Carry a bee sting kit in your day bag.

If you just don't feel "right" after a sting, alert your foreman.

Precautions • Keep a few anti-histamine tablets (e.g. Benadryl) in your

day bag, preferably in a heavy-duty zip lock bag. If you get badly stung, anti-histamines can help.

• If you take the antihistamines because you are experiencing the symptoms of anaphylactic shock, you must still summon first aid assistance to monitor your condition.

Treatment of Anaphylactic Shock • For minor stings, non-prescription antihistamines should suffice. • For severe stings, a sting kit may be required.

Persons suspected of experiencing anaphylactic

shock require professional medical attention IMMEDIATELY.

Only the owner of a sting kit is qualified to administer the needle for his/her own use.

First-aid attendants are NOT qualified to

administer needles of any kind.

Treeplanter Safety



Emergency Response Procedures Procedures for emergencies will vary slightly from company to company. The guidelines listed below are standard. These must be communicated to workers prior to commencing work for the season and the as content changes ie: new camp, different communication process.

Wind Storm At times, trees are left standing on the block to provide seed cones and/or animal habitat. These residual trees are not accustomed to standing alone in windstorms and subsequently they could come crashing down while you are working near them.

Precautions • When winds pick up, work in a portion of your land that does not contain residual trees. • Stay 1.5 times the height of the tree away. This is considered the “Danger Radius.” • Alert others if trees are observed blowing down.

Medical Emergency • Notify others - Whistle or Horn. • Stay with the injured person and get others to find foremen and first aid attendant(s). • Do not move patient if neck or back damage is possible.

Vehicle Evacuation Plan In the event of a vehicle accident, you need to know how to get out of the vehicle safely and quickly.

Responsibilities • Learn how to operate emergency exits and hatches on buses and crummies before

leaving.

In the event of an accident: • Quickly and calmly proceed to the closest exit. • Upon leaving the vehicle, follow the directions of the driver. Proceed to a secure

area well away from the vehicle and traffic. • Report any injuries or pain to the medic or first aid attendant. • If you are not injured, and are qualified to do so, offer assistance under the direction

of the foreman or driver.

Treeplanter Safety



Bush Camp Evacuation

Responsibilities • Know where mustering point is. This will be communicated to workers at the start

of each new camp. • Know who the first aid attendants are and, in case there is an emergency at night,

where their personal tents are located. • Know where communication devices are located and how to use them properly. • Know where the emergency phone numbers are located.

In the event of an emergency: • Sound alarm. • Quickly and calmly proceed to the mustering point.

With every change in camp location, the supervisory staff must communicate the site-specific emergency evacuation plan.

Treeplanter Safety



H2S/HC Contamination

About H2S • H2S (hydrogen sulphide) and HC (hydrocarbons) can be of concern while planting

in Alberta, as they are by-products of many oil and gas activities. • H2S and HC can kill. • At low concentrations, these compounds are identifiable by a rotten egg smell. • H2S and HC are heavier than air and will settle in low areas and depressions.

Warning Signs • Worker down in the field. • Hear siren from a well station. • Smell rotten eggs.

CAUTION! Higher concentrations inhibit one’s olfactory sense.

Emergency Response Procedure • Alert others. • Evacuate the area--preferably uphill and at a 90-degree angle to the wind.

If a worker is down in a known H2S area, do not attempt to

rescue without proper breathing apparatus or you will also become a casualty.

Treeplanter Safety



Forest Fire

Emergency Response Procedure • If you spot a fire, alert the supervisory staff immediately. • Fire tools are kept on-site and you will be told where to find them on your first day

of employment. • Know the emergency mustering point for each camp, block and work area. • Know who the First Aid attendant is and where s/he can be located. • Know where the communication equipment is located (phone, radio) and how to

operate it. • Know what and where the emergency phone numbers are.

Signaling a Helicopter in an Emergency Many treeplanting contracts require the use of helicopters to deliver workers and seedlings. Although the chopper can be in your area all day, it is surprisingly difficult to signal a helicopter when you are in need of emergency assistance. In the event of an emergency, if there is a helicopter in the area (and you don’t have access to a radio), turn your silvicool tarp upside-down and spread it out. The reflective surface can catch a pilot’s eye alerting him or her to your emergency. Most helicopter pilots recognize this as standard emergency procedure at a treeplanting project.

Treeplanter Safety



Important Industry Policies

Unsafe Work • Workers have the right and responsibility to refuse to perform any work they feel is unsafe. • If you ever feel as though you are being placed into an unsafe situation, speak up and let

your concerns be known. • Legally, you cannot be forced or pressured into performing unsafe work. • Contractors are required by law to tell you to come forward if you do not feel safe.

Treeplanter Responsibilities • Report all unsafe acts or conditions to the foreman or supervisor. • Wear and maintain all recommended personal protective equipment. • Report all injuries and accidents to your foreman or supervisor. • Follow all company safe work procedures.

Smoking Policy • Never smoke while walking around in the block. • Be very careful how you extinguish your cigarettes. Use a little water for insurance. • Recently burned blocks can be especially hazardous because the remaining material can be

extremely dry. Use added caution when working in burns. • Smoking is not permitted within 10 meters of any fuel storage (including barrels and jerry

cans). • Ask your company supervisor about the smoking policy, as policies differ from company to

company. • Smoking policies may also change with the weather conditions. During high fire hazard

season, it’s possible that smoking may not be permitted at all.

Vehicle and Quad Use • Never operate any company vehicles (including quads) without the full consent of the

foreman or supervisor. • Planters should not operate any company vehicles without proper training and safety

equipment (helmet, seatbelts), even if they have permission.

Enforcement Policies Tree planters, supervisory staff and support staff must follow their company’s health and safety program at all times. Non-conformance will be dealt with through verbal warnings, written warnings and dismissal.

Treeplanter Safety



Vehicle Safety In the reforestation industry the majority of fatalities occur during transit. � Never operate a vehicle (your own or the company’s) for any long period of time after a day of

planting. Get a good rest before any long drive. Workers should refuse to operate a vehicle if they are improperly trained/licensed or if they are overly tired.

� Never store equipment in the cabin of the vehicle (planting shovels, water jugs, etc.). In the event of a sudden stop or rollover, these can become deadly projectiles that bounce around inside the cabin.

� Remain seated with the seatbelt fastened at all times. � Keep arms and feet in the vehicle. � SPEAK UP! If you feel that a vehicle is being operated in an unsafe manner, or if you do not

feel safe, please advise a foreman or supervisor.

Quad Safety � Quads are only to be operated by authorized personnel. � Properly fitting helmets with secure chin straps must be worn by all operators and passengers

(where passengers are permitted). � Some companies allow one passenger to be transported by quad. Passengers must have a helmet

and sit on the seat behind the operator. To have two people on a quad, the quad must be designed as such. Do not go against manufacturer's recommendations. Most quads are designed for single occupancy / no passengers. Laws may differ between provinces and employers.

� Passengers are never allowed in quad trailers. � SPEAK UP! If you feel that a quad is being operated in an unsafe manner, or if you do not feel

safe riding or working with quads, you are responsible to advise a foreman or supervisor.

Large ATV’s (Rolligons & Ardcos) These vehicles are highly specialized and potentially dangerous machines that are only to be operated by authorized, trained personnel. � Stay seated until the vehicle has stopped and the

operator has indicated it is safe to load or unload. � Wear seatbelts when available. � Keep your arms and legs in the vehicle at all

times. � Be prepared to walk. If the ATV must negotiate

steep hills, side slopes or serious mud bogs, workers may be asked to exit the vehicle until the ATV is on stable ground.

� SPEAK UP! If you feel that any vehicle is being operated in an unsafe manner please notify a foreman or supervisor.

Treeplanter Safety



Workers’ Compensation Board (W.C.B.) The Workers´ Compensation Board is a not-for-profit mutual insurance corporation funded entirely by employers. In the event of an injury that prevents you from performing work-related duties, you may be eligible for a W.C.B. claim. WCB is in place to take care of you. This is in place to assure you are cared for in the event of a serious injury. This will affect your employer’s rate in the future. The present industry standard for tree planting is $5.00 for every $100.00 earned goes to WCB from your employer.

Modified Work Many treeplanting contractors have modified work programs whereby the employer works with the W.C.B. and the attending physician to determine duties that are sufficiently reduced or altered to reflect the abilities of the injured worker. The intention of Modified Work program is to allow you to heal so you may return to work and have a successful season. This “Modified Work” is offered to the injured employee and if refused, the worker can be legally denied from making a W.C.B. claim.

Fraudulent Claims At times, employers and/or the Workers’ Compensation board may challenge and investigate claims. Workers found to be making a fraudulent claim are subject to harsh penalties and legal action. Workers must understand that W.C.B. is no “free-ride”. Officers and undercover agents are often deployed to observe workers who are suspected of making a fraudulent claim. Just like any other type of insurance, W.C.B. is there for people who need it.

If you are Injured at Work • Immediately inform your employer. All injuries must be reported to the first aid attendant. • If required, you will be sent to a local physician for an assessment. • Take your employer form. • If modified duties are appropriate and available, your employer will offer them to you.

If a W.C.B. claim is justified, you will be required to complete some paperwork with your employer and your W.C.B. claim will be issue for review by the Board.


T r e e p l a n t e r S a f e t y

General Forestry Worker Safety NAME: DATE:

1. Is this a good or bad approach to drinking fluids: "I drink when I'm thirsty."

a) Good b) Bad

2. A good breakfast may consist of:

a) Coffee and a cigarette. b) Hot chocolate, chocolate cocoa bomb's (cereal) and a danish. c) Eggs, whole-wheat toast, fruit juice, and a banana. d) Nothing, you're on a diet.

3. While working, a typical tree planter should consume approximately:

a) 4-10 glasses of water a day. b) 4-10 liters of water a day. c) 2-5 cups of water a day. d) 2-5 ml's of water a day.

4. It is best to:

a) Eat a huge breakfast at 6:00am, a hearty lunch at noon, and stuff yourself at dinner. b) Eat a healthy breakfast at 6:00am, snack through out the day on your lunch (say, at each

bag up), and eat a sensible portion at dinner time. c) Skip breakfast, bring soda pop to the block and eat your bag of chips at 10:00am, and eat

just the meat portion of your dinner meal. 5. You forgot your water in camp. There is a stream running through your block that is crystal clear. Is

it ok to drink from it? a) Yes b) No

6. Beaver Fever is:

a) A condition found in small rodents. b) A brain disorder caused by being in the bush too long. c) A disease caused by ingesting cysts shed by wild animals. d) Not contagious.

7. To avoid beaver fever:

a) Wash your hands before eating, drinking, smoking or entering the dining facilities. b) Drink lots of water (4-10 liters a day). c) Shower regularly. d) Don't touch wildlife.


8. It is a hot sunny day with a good breeze. There is a lot of money to be made today so you're

working hard. Your planting partner is not feeling so great. These are his symptoms: Weakness, Headache, Wet, clammy skin. What does he have?

a) Heat rash. b) Heat cramps. c) Heat exhaustion. d) Heat stroke.

9. What do you do or tell him to do?

a) Keep planting, just slow down a little. b) Drink some water and sit in the shade for 5 minutes. c) Drink some water and sit in the shade for at least 1 hour and let your foreman know before

you start planting again. 10. If his skin was dry, how severe would his condition be?

a) Severe enough to stop planting for an hour or two. b) Severe enough to summon the first aid attendant. c) Severe enough to get emergency assistance.

11. When planting on a sunny day you should:

a) Use baby oil on your skin. b) Apply UVA, UVB sunscreen with SPF of 15 or greater. c) Apply bug spray to your skin with at least 95 percent DEET because the bugs are really

bad when it's sunny. 12. Drinking water even when you're not thirsty is a good idea.

a) True b) False

13. If you get a tick burrowed into your skin you:

a) Burn it with a match or cigarette. b) Squeeze the skin around it to make the tick pop off. c) Seek first aid attention. d) Rub or brush the tick off.

14. Your planting partner has just been stung in the face by a wasp. His lips and eyes immediately

begin to look puffy. You should: a) Point and laugh at him because he looks so funny! b) Inject him with an adrenaline syringe (you took first aid in high school). c) Alert your foreman immediately; in the mean time give him an anti-histamine tablet. d) Tell him to relax and keep planting because the effects of the sting will eventually wear off.

15. It is every worker's responsibility to know where emergency phone numbers and communication

devices are located. a) True b) False


16. You're planting some really nice ground near an oil well landing. Suddenly you hear a buzzer and

smell rotten eggs. Do you: a) Alert other planters. b) Keep planting (maybe it was something you ate last night). c) Evacuate up hill. d) A and C only.

17. You look down into the slope and see your planting partner lying down. You call to him but he

does not respond. After frantically calling your foreman and alerting others, you should: a) Take a deep breath and run down to help him. b) Hold a wet t-shirt over your nose and mouth and go and help him. c) Wait for an official rescue crew.

18. In the event of an emergency, to signal a helicopter from the block:

a) Wave. b) Turn a Silva cool tarp shiny side up. c) Throw sticks at the helicopter. d) Shoot your bear bangers at the pilot.

19. It is ok to smoke 2 meters away from a fuel cache.

a) True b) False

20. Which of the following is not one of your health and safety responsibilities?

a) Follow company safe work procedures. b) Report all injuries. c) Report unsafe acts or conditions to supervisor or foreman. d) Maintain First Aid Kits.

PASS 16/20

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Overview of Wildlife Safety Module

Bear Safety Training This training module is largely composed of information about bears. Training topics include:

• Encounter Avoidance • Bear Identification. • Bear Behaviour • Types of Encounters • Bear Attack Survival Strategies • Bear Deterrents

Wildlife Covered When treeplanting, you have the potential to encounter a variety of potentially dangerous wildlife. There are considerations for dealing with each.

• Black and Grizzly Bears • Moose • Cougars • Wolverines

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Encounter Avoidance

Importance of Bear Safety Knowledge It would be very unusual if you did not see a bear at some point during the planting season. The first rule of bear safety is to avoid a bear encounter. We can modify our behavior so we do not attract bears to our worksites. Furthermore, in the event of an encounter it helps to know exactly what to do.

Safety Essentials • Respect all bears -- all are potentially dangerous. • Never approach or attempt to feed a bear.

Things that Attract Bears Bears have an incredibly keen sense of smell. Bears are attracted to anything that smells like food:

• Food garbage (wrappers, fruit peels and cores, etc.). • Toiletries. • Your lunch. • Your candy stash.

Bears can smell buried food or garbage. In fact, bears can smell food inside a tin can.

Rules to Live By • Put all garbage in approved garbage receptacles. • Store all of your toiletries inside a vehicle or in the dry shack. Do not store toiletries in your

personal tent. • Never keep food in your tent. • Keep your campsite clean. • Bring all food garbage back from the worksite. Never bury garbage.

Visiting Bears Bears may visit you in the middle of the night while you are in your tent. Bears may also come by your tent while you are at work. Many people who did not follow the bear safety rules have had their tents shredded. Having a bear wake you up in your tent in the middle of the night is a very disturbing experience.

Avoiding an Encounter by Making Noise Many bear encounters occur because the bear did not know you were there. Make a little noise while you are walking or working and you could very well avoid an encounter. Bear bells are popular but they might drive you and your partner crazy. Talk, sing or make other noises to let the bears know you are around.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Bear Identification

Importance of Identification There are two types of bears: black bears and grizzlies. In the event of an encounter, it is important to know which type of bear you are dealing with as it can affect the way you should respond.

Black Bears Grizzly Bears

Colour Although typically black, black bears can also be brown or even greyish. Colour is not a good indication of bear type.

Grizzly bears are typically brown but their colour can also vary.

Size Black bears are typically smaller, but size is not a good indication. Mature black bears weigh from 220-440 lb but can get up to 600 lb.

Grizzly bears weigh from 330-1100 lbs.

Body Profile

Relatively straight back profile.

Hump on back over front shoulders.”

Face Profile

Straight nose profile.

Dishes nose profile.

Face – Front View

Larger, pointy ears.

Small, rounded ears.

Paw Prints/Feet

Claw prints close to foot pads.

Claw prints far from foot pads in

the centre of the print.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Bear Behaviour

Objective Understanding a bear’s body language will help you better assess it's intentions.

Standing on Hind Legs A bear rising on its hind legs may simply be trying to better assess the situation either visually or through smell. Standing tall is not necessarily a threatening gesture.

Charging There are two types of charges, a real charge and a false charge. A charging bear will frequently veer away if you stand your ground. Some bears will make multiple false charges with each one getting a little closer.

Jaw Popping A threatened bear may make a popping or “woofing” noise with its jaw.

Profile View A bear may turn sideways to better display its size. It's trying to show you it's too big for you to mess with.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Types of Bear Encounters

Overview There are several types of bear encounters:

• Casual • Defensive • Predatory

Casual Encounter Casual encounters are when there is little or no threat of an attack. In these instances the bear typically runs away.

Defensive Encounter/Attack Bears looking to protect a food cache or young can become aggressive. The presence of bear cubs almost ensures that the bear will act to protect its young. Defensive encounters can be handled by showing the bear that you are not a threat.

Predatory Encounter/Attack On rare occasions, bears will stalk people as prey. Bears who seem to be following you or sneaking around you are displaying predatory behaviour.

Importance of Attack Identification As bear attacks go, a defensive attack is much more "preferable" than a predatory attack. With a defensive attack you need to convince the bear that you are not a threat and that you will leave peacefully. With a predatory attack you are definitely in a potentially dangerous situation.

Explanation Warning Signs Defensive

Encounter/Attack Defensive encounters are: • When a mother is protecting

her young. • When a bear is protecting a

food cache. • When a bear is threatened by

your presence in its territory. • When a bear is surprised by

your appearance.

Some conditions are indicative of a defensive encounter or attack situation: • Animal carcass in area. • Young bears seen in area.

Predatory Encounter/Attack

Predatory encounters are: • When the bear perceives you

as food.

If a bear is stalking you, you are likely faced with a predatory attack. The bear is looking at you as a potential source of food.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Bear Attack Survival Strategies

Importance of Bear Identification The strategies employed during a bear encounter are somewhat affected by the type of bear involved. Be sure you know how to properly identify the type of bear.

Importance of Encounter Type As discussed previously, two types of encounters can lead to attacks: defensive encounters and predatory encounters. The type of encounter plays a very large role in determining the survival strategy.

How to React to a Bear Attack

Step #1 Don't panic! Easier said than done, but a bear can be startled or provoked by quick movements.

Step #2 Don't make eye contact, this can be seen as threatening to the bear. Instead, lower your gaze and slowly back away. Assess the bear's reaction and determine which type of an encounter this might be. In the short run, a bear can outrun a racehorse. A bear can reach speeds of 50-60 km/h and can run both uphill and downhill with ease.

Type of Attack and Type of Bear Determining both the type of attack and the type of bear are important for deciding your best course of action.

Defensive Attack Predatory Attack

Black Bear You goal is to not be seen as a threat to the bear. • Shy away. • Do not run. • Move toward other nearby workers. • Do not climb a tree. The black bear can

follow you up a tree. • Drop planting bags, daypack or anything

else that may distract the bear.

With Black Bears, playing dead is not a viable option. Sometimes a Black Bear will start chewing on its prey (you). • Make noise. • Stand your ground. • Fight with you shovel if you have to.

Grizzly Bear Same as a black bear but, worst comes to worst, you can play dead.

Same as black bear or play dead.

Climbing Trees Black bears can climb trees quite easily and grizzlies have a reach of about 4 meters. If sufficiently motivated, a grizzly can climb.

Bottom Line: If you are physically attacked, don't play dead with a black bear.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


How to Play Dead • Lie on you side curled in a ball with legs drawn into chest and head buried in your knees. • Clasp hands behind your neck • Keep legs tightly together. • Stay in this position and try not to struggle.

An alternative position for playing dead.

Grizzly Bear Reactions to Playing Dead If you play dead during a grizzly attack the bear will typically bat you around until it is satisfied that you are dead. The grizzly may throw some debris over the "carcass" and urinate on it. Grizzly bears typically wait until their prey is a little decomposed before they start eating. Wait until you are certain the bear has left before getting up and looking for help.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Bear Deterrents

Bear Bells A bear bell can be strapped to your clothing or your planting bags if you can handle the racket. Bear bells constantly ping to alert bears of your position.

Bear Bangers Bear bangers are launched from a pen-like holder. After a short flight they make a very loud bang (similar to shotgun fire). Although the noise is loud and may scare a bear, be sure not to shoot the projectile behind the bear. This may scare the bear toward you!

Bear Spray Canisters containing various irritants such as spicy pepper will sometimes deter a bear that is in very close range. Carrying and operating bear spray can be risky business.

Safe Bear Spray Handling and Use Authorized Bear Spray Handlers Some treeplanting contractors have specific policies regarding who is permitted to have and handle bear spray. If you plan to bring bear spray, consult your employer.

Transport • Ensure the safety pin is always in place and does not fall out easily. • Never transport bear spray inside the passenger area of a vehicle or helicopter. • Store bear spray in a very safe place. Caulk boots frequently lead to accidental

punctures.

Maintenance • Replace bear sprays that are less than 2/3 full. • Replace if mechanism is damaged. • Keep nozzle clean and free of debris. • Avoid exposure to heat as it may lead to accidental discharge.

Active Ingredients The contents of bear spray are very strong irritants to eyes and the respiratory tract. Contact lens wearers and asthmatics should take special precautions.

Canister Sizes 225 gram 260 gram 400 gram Duration of Spray 4 seconds 6 seconds 8 seconds

Range 6-7 meters 6-7 meters 7-8 meters

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Spraying a Bear • Remove safety cap. • Aim for the eyes. • Wait for the target to get close enough. • Do not point up wind. • Point activator button down in short bursts. • Move away from the area of discharge.

First Aid - Inhalation • Get fresh air and seek medical attention if necessary.

First Aid - Eye Contact • Remove and discard contact lenses. • Flush eyes with lots of water.

First Aid - Skin Contact Wash affected area with water.

Additional Notes Bears are actually attracted to bear spray after discharge. There are reports of bears seen licking up the spicy powder off the ground.

Moose The only time you have to worry about a moose is if you startle it or it is protecting young. Do not underestimate the ability of a moose to really mess you up. Show some respect for these huge creatures. Steer clear of any close contact.

Treeplanter Safety

Wildlife Safety


Cougars The cougar's secretive nature and impressive predatory abilities have resulted in a wealth of misconceptions and irrational fears. Although cougars are able to take down a 280 kg bull moose, human attacks are quite rare.

Cougar Country Cougars can be found in the foothills and mountains of central and eastern British Columbia and as far north as Jasper, Alberta.

Precautions Cougar attacks against humans are very rare. Over the last 100 years there have been fewer than 35 attacks and 6 fatalities. The vast majority of these attacks were against small children on Vancouver Island.

• Travel in groups. • Make noise. • Do not approach. • If you see one, don't run. Shy away and don’t stare.

Wolverines The odds of ever seeing a wolverine in the wild are slim to none. However, below are a few characteristics and known facts about Canada’s least known predator and most vicious member of the weasel family.

Body Size - Adults • 1 meter in length. • 12 kilograms. • Comparative to a medium sized dog.



Wildlife Safety NAME: DATE:

1. Is it ok to leave food garbage on the block as long as it is buried?

a) True b) False

2. Bears can run much faster than people.

a) True b) False

3. One way to avoid bear encounters:

a) Spray your worksite with bear spray. b) Keep toiletries in a Ziploc bac stored in your tent vestibule. c) Make noise while working. d) Wear a walkman at high volume.

4. You see a bear standing on its hind legs. Is this considered threatening behaviour?

a) Yes, for sure. b) Not necessarily.

5. If you encounter a bear, you should:

a) Try to stare the bear down. b) Run. c) Throw objects at the bear. d) Lower your gaze and slowly back away.

6. While planting, you and your partner notice a grizzly bear off in the distance, closing in slowly. You

and your partner decide to walk down the road to the trucks to see what the bear does. After a short time you notice the bear is sneaking around following you. This is most likely what type of encounter?

a) Defensive encounter b) Predatory encounter c) Isolated encounter

7. What should you do?

a) Ignore the bear, eventually it will go away. b) Run up the nearest tree. c) Start yelling at the bear and throwing rocks and sticks at it. d) Keep moving, shy away and head for the vehicles.


8. What should you do if this encounter with the grizzly turns into an attack?

a) Run b) Walk backwards c) Fight back with your shovel d) Curl up in the fetal position

9. A bear spray with a trigger lock is ok to transport in a helicopter cabin.

a) True b) False

10. Colour is a good way to differentiate between black bears and grizzlies.

a) True b) False

PASS 8/10

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Overview of Treeplanting Safety Module

Objectives • Reduce the frequency and severity of accidents involving treeplanters. • Inform treeplanters as to the hazards of their work. • Save valuable field time. • Fulfill legislative requirements.

Topics • Ergonomic Injury Avoidance. • Spruce Rash. • Pesticide Safety. • Fertilizer Safety. • Seedling Boxes. • Working in Burns.

Ergonomic Injury Avoidance

Why is treeplanting so strenuous? Based on planting 1,600 trees per day, a treeplanter:

• Lifts a cumulative weight of over 1,000 kilograms. • Bends more that 200 times per hour. • Drives the shovel into the ground more than 200 times per hour. • Travels about 16 kilometers on foot while carrying a heavy load of seedlings.

Repetitive Strain Injuries (R.S.I.) The term "repetitive strain injury" refers to a group of injuries that result from performing the same physical motion over and over again. Over time, this constant, unvarying motion may cause temporary or permanent damage to the cartilage, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and muscles involved in producing the motion.

Prevention of R.S.I and Other Ergonomic Injuries There are several ways to reduce your chances of acquiring an ergonomic injury:

• Precondition your body for the rigors of treeplanting before the planting season. A sample exercise regime is provided in the Preparation section of tree-planter.com.

• Gradually work up to your full pace each day. • Stretch warmed-up muscles. • Recognize ground conditions that are conducive to injuries. • Use good planting techniques. • Learn how to recognize the early symptoms of injury.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Tendonitis

What is tendonitis? Tendonitis is the inflammation of a tendon. When a tissue is damaged, it releases a chemical enzyme that breaks down the damaged tissues so that they can be re-built. If you sustain damage faster than the repair process can occur, many of these enzymes may be released. These enzymes may irritate the healthy tissue, causing it to release enzymes, which attack more tissue. This is inflammation. When inflammation occurs in a tendon, you have tendonitis. You can get tendonitis wherever you have a tendon that is being stressed.

How is tendonitis caused? Treeplanters may get tendonitis from the repeated jarring motions of driving the shovel into the ground or shovel screefing.

What happens if I get tendonitis? You summer plans can drastically change if you get tendonitis.

• If caught early, tendonitis can be a minor setback putting you out of commission for a couple of days.

• Full-blown tendonitis could abruptly end your planting season and cause you a lot of pain.

Environmental conditions associated with tendonitis. Some conditions and practices will predispose your body to tendonitis.

• Fast ground where a planter can put a large number of trees into the ground each day.

• Rocky or rooty soil where it can be difficult to drive your shovel into the ground. • Hard packed soil or soil with a high clay content where driving your shovel into the

ground can be difficult.

Planting techniques and other risk factors associated with tendonitis. How you plant each tree will affect your chance of suffering from tendonitis.

• Slamming your shovel into anything other than soft ground without using your foot is risky.

• Improper grip on the shovel handle may cause you unnecessary grief. • Lack of physical preparation prior to the planting season may make it difficult for

your body to adjust to the physical stress of planting.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Symptoms of Tendonitis Stage Symptoms Treatment Early Initial symptoms may include:

• Tingling. • Numbness or pain in the affected

area. • Loss of flexibility or strength.

Without treatment, repetitive strain injuries may become progressively worse. In fact, untreated repetitive strain injuries may result in a complete loss of function in the affected area. • Greatly reduce or eliminate

motions that irritate the affected area.

• This may include switching planting hands or taking a couple of days off.

• Ice can be applied, 10 minutes on, 5 minutes off. No heat.

Full-Blown • Pain with motion of the affected tendons.

• Point tenderness along the course of the tendon.

• Swelling. • Redness. • Crepitus - a leathery creaking

sensation, usually palpable upon movement of the affected tendons.

• Rest, splints and ice. On 10 minutes, off for 5 minutes.

• Definitely no planting.

Switching planting hands can give your tired and injured arm a much needed break. Learning how to plant with each hand early in your planting career has many benefits.

Do not pump yourself full of painkillers and keep planting!

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Prevention of Ergonomic Injuries

Grip the Shovel Loosely Regardless of what type of shovel you choose (D Handle or Staff), ensure that your grip is loose. Grabbing the handle tightly has two major drawbacks:

• A tight grip necessitates constant muscle action that can lead to the claw.

• A tight grip transmits the jarring motion of the shovel hitting the ground through your body.

• Adding extra padding to the grip of a D-handle shovel (i.e. a dense neoprene) will increase the grip diameter of the handle and absorb some of the impact when planting. Fingers should not touch the thumb.

• A snug fitting glove with a tacky rubber palm is recommended to reduce friction – “Grip” gloves (a type of gardening glove) with a cotton back and blue rubber palm are excellent and durable.

Grip the Side of the D-Handle in Hard or Rooty Ground Holding the side of the D-Handle allows your hand to slightly slide down the side with each impact. This greatly reduces the potential of tendonitis.

Keep Your Forearm Straight A twisted forearm also twists the muscles and tendons in your forearm. Repeated motions in this position can cause unnecessary strains and injuries.

Pivot at the Elbow If you lift your shovel unnecessarily high to slam in your shovel, you risk shoulder injury. Limiting arm motion (as much as possible) to the elbow will permit you to exert enough force to use your shovel effectively. You will be less prone to injury and other shoulder aches.

Keep Your Wrist Straight • Keep your wrist straight when handling the shovel. It will save you a lot of grief. • Avoid bending the wrist when grabbing seedlings or inserting them into the ground.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Use Your Feet When the ground is hard or filled with rocks and/or roots, it can be very difficult to get your shovel into the ground to plant the tree. You stand a very good chance of injuring your shoulder, arms and hands if you slam your shovel into hard ground repeatedly.

• Tap your shovel on the ground looking for that “right spot” • Put your foot on the shovel and use your weight to drive

the blade into the ground. • Rather than using kicking power, use your weight. It’s also

easier on your feet.

Shovel Screefing Shovel screefing is required on projects where there is a lot of debris to be moved in order to prepare the planting spot. To adequately prepare the site, you may have to cut through moss, roots and sticks. Shovel screefing all day is very hard work. Your best defense is to have your arms and back preconditioned to physical labour. There are, however, a few techniques that will help prevent injuries.

Shovel Screefing Precautions • Space your feet at shoulder width or wider. • Bend with the legs. • Use shallow scoops and keep your wrists straight. • Allow the blade edge to slice the ground rather than

brute force to tear it apart. • Know when to stop and visit the first aid attendant.

Report pain before it becomes an injury. First aid attendants can help you recover.

Knee Injury Avoidance Diagram “Screefing side-to-side is dangerous for your knee. Use a heel to toe motion when boot screefing is required.”

The Claw A condition caused in planter’s shovel hands where finger(s) “snap” in a bent or straight position. This is often caused by holding the shovel handle too tightly. Experiencing “the claw” for the first time can be a little unnerving. Talk to the first aid attendant and they will help you loosen your hand. The official term is Dupuytren’s Contracture.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Back Injury Avoidance

Planting Bags • Adjust bags properly. Wear all straps and distribute the weight evenly. • Many planters find that carrying trees in the rear pouch distributes the weight in such a way

that it is actually harder on your legs than putting the same number of trees in only the side pouches.

• Don’t carry so many trees that you knees feel like they are going to buckle. Light bag ups conserve energy. Top planters bag up relatively light loads and plant lots of them.

• New planters should work with their foreman to get planting bags fitted and positioned properly. Many new planters adjust their bags improperly.

Insoles • Use an insole with good arch support. This aligns your ankle in its neutral position and

creates a more linear path from the ground to your spine.

Planting Technique • Bend slightly at the knees when planting. This will greatly reduce unnecessary strain on the

lower back and hamstrings. • Avoid bending when twisted to one side. • Use your shovel as a support when rising from a stooped position. Be sure to keep your arm

close to your side or you may get a sore shoulder.

When Lifting Heavy Objects, • When unloading transport trucks or setting up camp, remember to lift with your legs, not

your back. • Keeping the load close to your body prevents unnecessary strain

on your back. • When carrying a heavy load, avoid twisting your torso.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Spruce Rash � When planting spruce, many people will develop small red, somewhat painful bumps on their

arms, especially along the more tender skn on the inside of your arm. � To prevent spruce rash, wear a long-sleeved shirt.

Pesticide Safety Throughout the forest industry, there have been significant reductions in the use of pesticides on seedlings. However, there is still the potential that you will be planting treated seedlings. It is your right and responsibility to know if pesticides have been applied to the seedlings you are planting. If in doubt, ask your supervisor. A 1988 study of treeplanter exposure to pesticides found that treeplanter exposure is well within acceptable levels, provided that necessary precautions are followed.

Precautions • Wear a long-sleeved shirt. • Wear impervious gloves. • Clean hands with soap and water before eating or smoking. • Wash clothes regularly.

Treeplanter Safety

Treeplanting Safety


Fertilizer Safety

Loose Fertilizer Loose fertilizer is currently a hot topic on the coast of B.C. Some planters appear to be getting ill from their contact with this product.

Precautions • Wash hands before eating or smoking. • Avoid inhalation. • Avoid skin contact. • Be especially careful to avoid eye contact. • Wash clothing frequently.

"Tea Bags" Fertilizer packages in small bundles, nicknamed "tea bags" are used in select areas. Although considered safer than loose fertilizer, some precautions should be observed.

Precautions • Wash hands before eating or smoking. • Wear impermeable gloves.

Seedling Boxes

Residual Pesticides Seedling boxes may contain residual pesticides if the trees were treated. As a rule of thumb, don't use tree boxes for storing your clothing or lunch either on or off the block.

Flammable Wax Coating On hot days, the wax on the seedling boxes can become sticky as it melts out of the cardboard. This wax is quite flammable and, once ignited, can flare up in a hurry. Be very careful when smoking near seedling boxes, especially on hot days.

Working in Burns

Health Hazard Breathing in soot and charcoal over a long period of time may contribute to the development of cancer or lung problems.

Precautions If conditions are especially nasty, wear a dust mask or bandana over your mouth. This may prevent “hacking up a lung” at night.



Treeplanting Safety NAME: DATE:

1. When you feel discomfort or pain do you:

a) Ignore it because you are young and it will heal. b) Take painkillers so you can't feel it. c) Stop work immediately and claim WCB. d) Talk to the first aid attendant for advice.

2. When working with trees that have been treated with pesticides, which one of the following is not

required? a) Wear long sleeved shirts. b) Wash clothes regularly. c) Wear a gas mask. d) Wear impermeable gloves.

3. The primary way to avoid getting tendonitis is:

a) Slam a shovel into rocky ground. b) Grip your shovel loosely. c) Grip your shovel firmly. d) Jump on your shovel to create a hole.

4. Screefing in a heel to toe direction is the proper way to boot screef.

a) True b) False

5. You wake up one morning and you cannot open your shovel hand. It's in a tightly closed fist. Upon

prying your fingers open, your hand suddenly "snaps" straight. What is the common (treeplanter) name for this condition?

a) Dehydration b) The Claw c) A Stiffy d) J Root

6. What should you do?

a) Drink more water. b) Claim W.C.B. c) Discuss with First Aid Attendant. d) Crack your knuckles.

PASS 6/7

Treeplanter Safety

Helicopter Safety


Overview of Helicopter Safety Module

Topics Due to difficulties in accessing remote cut blocks, the use of helicopters on tree planting contracts is on the rise. Understanding helicopter safety is a growing concern for all silviculture workers. In this training module you will learn:

• How to prepare a landing zone for a helicopter. • How to safely approach a helicopter. • How to properly load and unload a helicopter. • What to do in the event of an in-flight emergency.

Working With Helicopters Helicopter pilots should give a brief overview of the necessary safety precautions to take when working with helicopters. The briefing should also include location of emergency equipment on the helicopter. If a training session is not provided, ask for one.

Danger Areas

Never walk into the danger zone of a helicopter. There is never any reason to go behind the cargo doors or under the tail boom. Some treeplanting contractors will immediately dismiss workers who disobey this very important rule.

Landing Zone Preparation Ensure that all debris that could fly into the rotors is secured and is not a threat before a helicopter approaches the designated landing site.

• Seedling boxes and bundle wrappers are especially dangerous. • Do not underestimate the force exerted by the rotor wash. If the helicopter will be landing

near your cache make sure you secure everything with heavy sticks or logs.

Treeplanter Safety

Helicopter Safety


Approaching Helicopters

Shield Your Eyes Always shield your eyes when approaching the helicopter, especially if you wear contact lenses. Contact lens wearers may elect to wear glasses or goggles when working near helicopters.

Wait for a Complete Landing Sometimes the helicopter will touch down and then lift again to obtain a better footing. Wait for the helicopter pilots’ signal before approaching the helicopter.

Angle of Approach Always approach a helicopter from the front or the front-half of the side. The pilot must be able to see you at all times.

Loading a Helicopter on a Slope Always remember the main rotor is spinning even though you may not be able to see it all that clearly. Loading and unloading a helicopter on a slope presents a unique risk. Choose your path carefully. If you walk uphill, you could walk right into the blades.

Walk Like You Want to Keep Your Head The main rotor of the helicopter can dip down several feet. Walk in a crouched manner, just like they crouch on M*A*S*H*.

Carrying Gear Carry your gear close to, and parallel with, the ground. A shovel thrown over your shoulder can hit the main rotor. Never throw gear (i.e. shovels, hardhats) towards or away from helicopters.

Dogs and Helicopters Ensure that any dogs in the area are controlled. The high frequency sound emitted by the rotors may attract them. Dogs have a nasty habit of jumping into the tail rotor. No more dog. The owner may also be stuck with the $10,000 repair bill. Some contractors do not allow dogs on helicopters. Inquire before you bring your dog out with you. Dogs that are permitted on helicopters must be controlled at all times.

Treeplanter Safety

Helicopter Safety


Loading and Unloading Helicopters

Gear Storage Gear is to be stored in the rear cargo compartment. Typically, one person will load the gear while others board the chopper. Some important considerations for gear loading include:

• Make sure all of the gear is contained behind the door. A strap with a buckle hanging out could cause considerable damage while in-flight.

• The latch mechanism on helicopters varies. Before being required to open or close the cargo door for the first time, get instructions on how the mechanism works.

Bear Mace Transporting bear mace inside the main cabin of the helicopter is an extremely bad idea. Seating can be tight inside and it is possible that bear mace, even inside a pack, can be accidentally activated. If a bear mace goes off during flight, THE HELICOPTER MAY CRASH. Bear mace must always be stored in the cargo compartment.

Getting In the Helicopter Once seated, secure your seatbelt. Helicopter seatbelts can vary. Learn how to fasten and remove the seatbelt before your first flight. Helicopter seatbelts are much more varied than passenger vehicle seatbelts. Many helicopter pilots do not allow planters to wear caulk boots in the helicopters. Ask before you try to board.

Closing Helicopter Doors Helicopter doors can be very fussy. Some doors are "slam doors" and others are "they-get-wrecked-if-you-slam-them doors". Learn what type you will be using and how to close them properly. It is amazing how hard it can be to learn on the spot as you’re loading for your first helicopter flight.

Headsets Many helicopters have headsets for the passengers to wear during the flight. Although optional, headsets can be kind of fun because you get to hear a little of what's going on. You should not speak into the headset during takeoff or landing.

Landing Wait until the helicopter has landed and the pilot has given you a signal before you take off your headset and seatbelt. Some pilots prefer that passengers evacuate the landing site immediately after unloading; others prefer that you crouch and wait for the helicopter to take off. If you are unsure, ask.

Treeplanter Safety

Helicopter Safety


Emergency Response Procedures

Preparing for a Helicopter Crash • Ensure seatbelt is properly secured. • Remove glasses. • Secure loose gear. • Mentally review the process of opening the nearest exit. • Assume the crash position, with your chest resting on your

legs, with your arms wrapped around your legs.

Activate the Emergency Locator Transmitter (E.L.T.) All helicopters are equipped with this piece of safety equipment. In the event of a crash, this will enable a search and rescue crew to locate you. Prior to flying, the pilot will show you where the E.L.T. is located and how to activate it. If they don’t show you, ASK!

• Once stopped, exit quickly, distancing yourself from the helicopter by at least 100 meters. • If the helicopter appears to be approachable, do so with extreme care and activate the

emergency locator transmitter (E.L.T.).

Distress Signals If you find yourself in a position where you need to signal search aircraft, consider the following:

• Brightly coloured materials. • Flares. • Reflective materials, such as silvacool tarps. • Triangle signal with fires at the apices or points. • Smoke/fire.



Helicopter Safety NAME: DATE:

1. The helicopter is going to land near your cache. What is the most important thing for you to do

before the helicopter's final approach? a) Look for empty seedling boxes, tarps, and bundle wrappers that are not well secured. b) Have a quick smoke. c) Look for reflective material that may distract the pilot. d) Clear all of the small sticks away so they don't get sucked into the rotors.

2. The helicopter has landed with the door on the opposite side of where you are crouched. There is

a HUGE puddle in front of the helicopter and dry land directly behind the helicopter. Do you: a) Duck under the tail boom but well away from the rotor to stay clean and get in quicker, or b) Take the much longer route around the front and mess up the helicopter with your muddy

boots. 3. When loading or unloading from a helicopter on a slope, it is important to:

a) Crouch and walk uphill. b) Crouch and walk downhill. c) Walk normally, but close your eyes.

4. When loading gear into a helicopter:

a) Throw the gear to get it to the helicopter quickly because helicopters are expensive to operate.

b) Carry gear low and parallel to the ground. c) Bring bear mace up front so you can keep an eye on it. d) Bring your shovel into the cabin with you so it won't get mixed up with everyone else's.

5. When the helicopter touches down, you should:

a) Immediately exit the helicopter as quickly as possible. b) Wait for the pilot to tell you it's safe to exit. c) Begin discussing day off plans with your partner.

PASS 4/5

Treeplanter Safety

Bush Camp Safety


Overview of Bush Camp Safety Module If you are staying in a bush camp, you need to know some basic information: � Good and bad places to set up your personal tent. � Bush camp emergency response procedures.

Personal Tent Location

Overhead Hazards If your tent is going to be placed in the trees, make sure they are stable. Windstorms often claim tents and threaten their occupants through blowing down trees that are not wind firm.

Take note of the burns at the base of the tree. It took only a moderate

wind to blow it down. Several tents were destroyed in this brief windstorm. Luckily, this happened during the day when

everybody was out planting.

Precautions • Look for dead or dying trees, as they are more prone to blowing over. • Look for leaning or partly burnt trees. • Alert your foreman about potentially dangerous trees. These should be removed or your

tent relocated.

Treeplanter Safety

Bush Camp Safety


Proximity to Bear Attractants There are all kinds of things in camp that bears like to investigate. It is up to you to make sure your tent does not attract bears. Do not locate your tent near any bear attractants. Keep at least 100 meters away from:

• Privies. • Food Shack. • Food Storage. • Garbage Storage. • Game trails.

Bear Attractants in Your Tent Your tent can attract bears in two ways, and many people have had these experiences:

• The bear will shred your tent or get into your stuff during the day while you are at work.

• The bear will come to visit you in the night or early morning.

Bear Attractants

Food If you have food in or near your tent, a bear will smell it. Don't believe the bear won’t smell it just because it is well packaged. Bears can smell food inside of a tin can! They are quite good at opening cans too.

Toiletries Many of your toiletries contain new and exciting scents for bears to investigate. Keep all of your toiletries inside a dry shack or vehicle, not in your personal tent.

Dog Food Bears love dog food. If you have a dog in camp, store its food in a dry shack or vehicle.

Safety in Numbers Some treeplanters enjoy the peace and quiet of having their personal tent a little off the beaten path. Bears visit these people in the night more frequently than those who put their tents in a group. Keeping your tents in a group will reduce the likelihood of attracting an unexpected visitor. There is a ring around camp outlining the safe area for personal tents. Your tent has to be far enough away from food storage and mess tents that it will not be in the high risk area for bears in camp, yet close enough to camp that you will not be on your own in the woods. All campers must be close enough to camp and to other “campers” so they can be located quickly if something happens (bear, fallen tree).

Treeplanter Safety

Bush Camp Safety


Line of Fire On occasion, bears will enter camp. If they won't leave peacefully, they may have to be shot. You don't want your tent to be in the line of fire. Your foreman or supervisor will brief you as to which regions will be used for personal tents.

Campfires in Camp Campfires are generally not permitted in bush camps.

Bush Camp Emergency Response Procedures

Responsibilities At the start of the season your employer should communicate some basic emergency response information that you need to know.

• Emergency signals. • Vehicle horns, whistles or air horn blasts.

• Mustering point location. • First aid attendant identity and, in case there is an emergency at night, where their personal

tents are located. • Emergency phone number location. • Location of communication devices and how they are used. • Camp location (coordinates will be posted along with phone numbers).

In the event of an emergency: • Sound alarm. • Quickly and calmly proceed to the mustering point.

Bear in Camp - Day Time • Alert others. • Evacuate the camp and go to nearby vehicles. If vehicles are not present, gather the group

in a safe area. • Know who is responsible for bear control and where that person’s tent is.

Bear in Camp - Night Time • Alert others. • Remain in your tent until the supervisory staff gives the “all clear.” You don’t want to

encounter the bear or get shot. It is scary waiting in your tent but it is by far the best thing to do.

With every change in camp location, the supervisory staff must communicate the site-specific emergency evacuation plan.



Bush Camp Safety NAME: DATE:

1. Select the item below that is OK to keep in your personal tent.

a) Rubber Boots b) Tooth Paste c) Shampoo d) Coffee Crisp

2. In the event of a bear visit to camp at night, should you:

a) Stay put and wait for the all clear. b) Get your pocket knife ready. c) Launch your bear bangers. d) Sneak around camp to look for cover.

3. Which of the following is not one of your emergency response responsibilities?

a) Know what the emergency signal sounds like. b) Know how to operate communication devices. c) Know where the first aid attendant's tent is located. d) Know how to drive a quad.

PASS 3/3

Silviculture for Treeplanters

Microsite Treeplanting

© Tree-planter.com 2002 © BC Ministry of Forests

Introduction The specific location in the ground where you plant a tree is known as a microsite. Choosing the right microsite has a clear and measurable influence over the eventual success of that tree. The purpose of this module is to give you knowledge that will enable you to make good decisions about where to plant trees. It will explain the factors that contribute to a seedling’s successful growth, which include:

• Soil structure • Soil temperature • Soil moisture • Competition

This module goes on to discuss how to choose the best microsite, as well as some of the ways that microsites are prepared by machines to help a tree’s growth.

Microsite Treeplanting – What is it? Microsite planting is choosing the best location to plant a seedling to ensure its optimum health and growth. This spot must have most of the good things a seedling needs.

The necessary spacing between planted trees will dictate the general area for the planting of the tree. Microsite treeplanting is finding the best site within this area.

Why do it? Planters are the last critical link in the long chain of events that strives to grow high quality trees. Being able to quickly select the best microsite will increase seedling survival and growth and will greatly benefit the forest that will follow.

What’s in it for the treeplanter? Planting the best microsite does not have to slow you down! Generally, the best microsite is the easiest to plant. You will learn that a good spot, such as a natural raised mound, can have less hard soil, rock or other impediments to planting.




Microsites – They Make a Huge Difference Both of these trees are 15 years old. They are the same type of tree and they are on the same site. The only difference is the microsite. The extra thought and effort you take to select a good microsite will greatly benefit the forest that follows.

Seedling Requirements Conditions above-ground and below-ground both affect how well trees will grow. It’s easier for us to understand what is going on above ground because we can see it, but the soil environment is just as important. This illustration shows some of the conditions that are important to seedlings, and which we will discuss in detail. They are: � Light � Air � Competition-free environment � Moisture � Nutrients � Temperature � Drainage � Porosity

Few sites offer all the good conditions in ideal amounts. Some sites lack a particular condition so much that it limits seedling survival and growth. This is called a growth-limiting factor.




Soil Structure When mineral soil has good structure, it is easy for seedling roots to grow, and water and nutrients can move through the soil to the roots. In a soil with undisturbed structure, only about half of the volume is actually solid material. The other half consists of small pore spaces. Pore spaces are important because roots don't actually penetrate solid material; rather, they grow in these tiny pore spaces between the soil particles, gradually pushing them apart as they get larger.

Porosity Ideally, about half of the pore spaces are filled with water and the other half are filled with air. Both air and water are necessary for seedlings to grow. We all know that plants need to absorb water to grow, but they also need oxygen in their rooting environment so that cellular processes can be carried out.




Soil Structure

Compaction If soil is compacted, for example, at the bottom of a heavy equipment tire rut, it looses its good structure. In this compacted soil, pore spaces have collapsed to less than one-quarter of the soil volume. This means that the soil can hold less water and air, and root growing tips have a harder time forcing their way through the material.

Here's another photo and illustration to show what happens when soil becomes compacted by heavy equipment. Ruts are great for walking in, but seedlings do poorly when they are planted into the compacted soil. From a microsite perspective, it would be much better to plant in the non-compacted ground a few inches away from the rut.

Sometimes you may be specifically asked to plant on old skid trails or landings to aid their rehabilitation, but only do so if you are asked.




Soil Temperature Soil temperature is also a critical factor for seedling growth- seedlings grow best when it is not too cold and not too warm. The photograph shows an experiment where seedlings were grown in different temperature soils. It is easy to see that the seedlings with their roots growing in 20 degree Celsius soil are the biggest. If we could see the root systems we would see that they are also largest at 20 degrees Celsius.

In northern B.C. and Alberta, cold soils are probably the most significant growth limiting factor. In many areas, soils are only above 10 degrees C for a short period every summer. On sites with cold soils, the warmest microsites are mounds or high spots.

High Spots are the Warmest First of all, high spots are well drained, and when there is less water in the soil it takes less heat energy to warm it.

Mounds are also warmer than flat spots because they have more surface area to absorb the sun's radiation. This means that snow melts earlier in the spring and the soil can warm more quickly every day around seedling roots.

Low Spots are the Coldest! In some areas of the southern interior, soil temperatures can be much warmer than 20 degrees Celsius in the summer, especially when the site faces south. On those sites, the best microsites may be the shady spots behind logs or bushes, or depressions.

In northern areas, cold air can pool in low spots. This can cause soil temperatures to be kept low, longer into the day. In those areas, the best microsite could be on the south-facing slope.




Soil Water Soil water is often an important growth limiting factor to seedlings. We know that seedlings can die without enough water, but too much water can be just as bad. Not only do really wet soils take a long time to warm up, they also lack oxygen for root growth. That’s because all the pore spaces are filled up with water. Thinking back to the diagram about soil structure, the ideal soil has about half of the pore spaces filled with water and the other half filled with air. On wet sites, the best microsites are high spots or mounds because the excess water drains away. Avoid depressions where water collects. On dry sites in southern BC and Alberta southern sites, the best microsites may be in the depressions where water will be available to the seedling for a longer period during the summer.

Moisture conditions vary from place to place and when you are only planting on a site for a few days, its not always obvious whether moisture is a growth limiting factor. Usually your supervisor will talk about this during the pre-work conference. If you are in doubt, ask.




Competition Competition from other plants can reduce the growth of young seedlings or even kill them. It’s important to remember that sites that are most productive for seedling growth are also the best for brush. Many kinds of plants grow faster than conifer seedlings and can create dense shade or use up most of the available water and nutrients. Vegetation can also cause physical damage to seedlings when it sheds its leaves or collapses in the fall. On competition-friendly sites the best microsites are open spaces away from dense patches of vegetation. Sometimes you may also be asked to plant next to stumps or logs, so that seedlings have less chance of being crushed by vegetation and heavy snow during the winter. During winter months, snow can accumulate on the vegetation surrounding the seedling. As the weight of the snow increases, the supporting vegetation can fall down on the seedling. This is called snow press and it can be quite damaging to the seedling. To avoid snow press, the area around the seedling is screefed and the vegetation is removed.




Microsite Selection Good microsite selection is about planting seedlings where they can best overcome growth-limiting factors. These factors vary from place-to-place in each province, and so will the characteristics of a “good” microsite. Being aware of the principles behind microsite planting, however, will help you understand why you may be asked to select different types of planting spots for different sites.

You can see the effects of good microsite selection in this photograph - some trees have much better growth than others. On this site, cold soils are the main limiting factor. The trees that are doing well were planted on the natural high spots and those doing poorly were planted in the depressions. However, if these were pine trees planted on the dry site, those planted in the low spots with more available water might be doing better.


Mechanical Site Preparation



Introduction Sometimes, growth-limiting factors are so severe that even the best planting spots do not provide the conditions for good seedling growth. In that case, foresters may decide to create better microsites with mechanical site preparation (MSP). MSP is done before planting, with machines that dig, plow, scrape, or mix the soil. Depending on the machine used, mounds and depressions can be created, or characteristics of the material at the soil surface can be significant.

MSP techniques are tailored to create microsites that offset the growth-limiting factors. For example, on cold sites, the objective would be to create high spots to improve drainage and soil temperature. On hot, dry sites, the objective would be to create depressions, so that seedlings could have more access to soil water and increased protection from the sun.

What Does MSP Do? Mechanical site preparation: � Creates well-drained microsites when the soil is too wet.

� Creates sites that retain moisture when the soil is too dry.

� Created porous microsites when the soil is too compacted.

� Creates raised planting sites that dry out and warm up faster than the surrounding ground on cold sites.

� Clears competing vegetation out of the way to give seedlings a head start.

Where an area has MSP, it is important for you to recognize the best microsites and to know how to plant them. On MSP sites you should be told where to plant. If in doubt ask your supervisor.




Powered Disc Trencher Disc trenchers create continuous furrows with a raised berm that is topped with mineral soil. They are used on cold, wet sites to create raised microsites and reduce vegetation competition. Seedlings are usually planted on the top or side of the berm.

Ripper Plow Ripper plows create continuous trenches with a side cast on both sides. They are used on dry sites to create microsites that conserve moisture and reduce vegetation competition. Seedlings are usually planted just above the natural ground level so the roots are through the double-thick organic layers of the soil.




Inverted Mounds Mounders create small to large individual mounds that are capped by mineral soil. They are used on wet sites to create better drainage and increase soil temperature, and also to reduce vegetation competition. Seedlings are usually planted on the top or the side of the mounds.

Mounds can be made by excavators (pictured) or bulldozer pulled implements that create rows of mounds.

Mulched Mounds V-H Mulchers mix mineral soil and the forest floor and create crescent-shaped raised spots or depressions, depending on site conditions. The result is looser, warmer rooting conditions and some relief from vegetation competition. Seedlings are usually planted in the middle of the mulched spot.

Conclusion Seedlings are delicate and fragile, and have to endure enormous challenges to successfully establish themselves as a tree in nature. Planting a tree in a good microsite will contribute to its survival. A poor microsite choice will cause it to suffer avoidable stress, which will lead to stunted growth or death.

Your microsite choices are a critical step in the long chain of events that will eventually lead to a mature forest.


S i l v i c u l t u r e f o r T r e e p l a n t e r s

Microsite Treeplanting NAME: DATE:

1. Microsite treeplanting is best described as:

a) Planting the exact distance between trees that the client specifies. b) Finding the site with the optimum growing conditions for a seedling while working within

inter-tree spacing requirements. c) Looking for clever places to hide your trees. d) Planting very small cutblocks.

2. Trees grow best in compacted soil

a) True b) False

3. On a site where the growth-limiting factor is cold soil, which type of microsite is best for the

seedling? a) A grassy microsite b) A low microsite c) A wet microsite d) An elevated microsite

4. Where wet soil is a growth-limiting factor which type of microsite is best for the seedling?

a) A low microsite b) A “shore-line” microsite c) An elevated microsite

5. Where hot and dry soils are the growth-limiting factors

a) A low microsite is best b) An elevated microsite is best

6. Competing vegetation affects seedling growth is which ways?

a) By keeping surrounding soil temperatures low. b) By taking away soil nutrients and water. c) By falling on the seedling when piled with snow. d) All of the above.

7. How does mechanical site preparation benefit planted trees?

a) It breaks up the soil to help it drain and get more air content. b) It creates elevated microsites for planting trees in areas with cold soils. c) It creates depressions in the soil for planting trees in areas with hot and dry soils. d) All three.

PASS 6/7


Stock Handling


Introduction Stock handling is the handling of seedlings from the time they are pulled at the nursery to the time they are planted. Your stock handling responsibility starts with the arrival of those trees to your planting operation, and continues until you plant them. The purpose of this module is to give you the knowledge to correctly handle stock in a variety of situations. These include:

• Handling boxes of trees as they are being moved from one place to another • Storing trees so that they kept at the correct temperature • Managing trees as you load them into your bags, carry, and plant them

Seedling Type Lingo

Species There are many different species of trees that are planted across Canada. These include spruce, pine, hemlock, cedar and fir.

Container Stock/Plug The size and shape of the seedlings roots is largely determined by how it was grown in the nursery. Container stock or “plugs” (pictured right) are the most common.

Bare Root Bare root stock is typically planted during the early spring season. They are often a little more difficult to plant because the root structure is less contained.


Stock Handling


Handling Boxes of Seedlings Stock handling guidelines have been developed by taking into account:

• The biological needs of the seedlings. • The operational constraints of treeplanting.

Minimizing seedling damage and stress are key components

to ensuring seedling survival and early growth.

Don’t Drop, Avoid Jarring Hard impacts can shock a tree causing it to experience slow initial growth. When you are asked to help unload transport trucks or pickup trucks, avoid dropping the boxes or sliding them into one-another. Combined with the many other challenges of beginning a new life in the forest, this added stress is very damaging.

Do not throw or drop cartons, or lay on their side.


Stock Handling


Handling Boxes of Seedlings

Cache Storage

Spring Trees Spring trees have recently been thawed and are still in a state of hibernation. To avoid seedling damage, observe the following when setting up or maintaining your cache:

• Keep boxes shut to retain moisture. • Store boxes under a reflective tarp, in the shade, or

under logs or brush—never out in the open without protection.

Summer Trees Summer trees are actively growing and have special storage requirements. Follow these tips for managing your cache:

• Open boxes to provide air circulation and prevent heat build-up.

• Cover boxes with an elevated tarp that keeps out direct sunlight but promotes airflow.

• Create space for airflow in-between boxes. • Place seedlings upright if packaged horizontally.

If you are unsure which type of trees you are planting (spring or summer) ask your supervisor.

SPRING TREESKeep boxes closed and under a silvacool tarp.

SUMMER TREESOpen boxes and cover

with a suspended silvacool tarp.


Stock Handling


Loading and Carrying Seedlings

Planting Bags

Silvacool Inserts Reflective inserts are commonly used in planting bags to help keep seedlings cool. With the exception of the draw bag, they must be kept closed at the top when full of trees.

Bag Condition Keep planting bags in good condition—holes and tears will allow drying of the seedling roots.

Providing Moisture and Humidity A moist layer of peat moss or a sponge in the bottom of each bag will help keep the roots moist and in a humid environment until they are planted. This is especially important when:

• Planting summer trees • Weather is hot and dry • Roots are dry


Stock Handling



Unwrapping Bundles Trees are wrapped into bundles before they are packaged in boxes. The wrappers are designed to keep moisture inside the root mass and protect the roots from damage during handling. When loading your planting bags unwrap only a few bundles at a time.

Dealing with Problem Trees

Frozen Trees During the spring planting season, many of the trees will have been thawed only very recently. At times, you will be supplied with trees that are still partially frozen. This can cause a problem because you have to separate the trees from one another before you plant them. If you are dealing with frozen trees, consider the following:

• Use boxes that are the least frozen. • Swap frozen bundles for thawed bundles. • Do not rip apart frozen trees! This is very damaging to roots. • Let the frozen trees thaw slowly. Do not put them in the sun to accelerate

thawing. • If you have lots of frozen trees, tell your supervisor.

Wet Trees Sometimes seedlings are wet which can cause them to be very heavy. Don’t squash the roots to wring out the water. This causes significant root damage and deprives the seedling of a critical water supply.

Roots Grown Together Summer trees are actively growing inside the boxes. At times, the roots can grow together inside the bundles. When separating these intertwined trees, be careful not to damage the roots. Damaged roots are very stressful to the tree and create an entry point for disease.

If tree damage seems inevitable, ask your supervisor what should be done with unplantable trees.


Stock Handling



Positioning of Trees in Planting Bags Although most treeplanting bags have 3 pouches, typically only two of them are used to carry trees. On your planting hand side you will have mostly unwrapped bundles. These trees should be standing up. On your shovel hand side, you will be carrying wrapped bundles. If the trees are short, it may be possible to lay them down in the storage pouch (provided that the tops are not bent). Be careful to position trees so that they are not bent

or otherwise stressed inside your planting bags.

Planting Bag Capacity Overloading your bags will cause unnecessary seedling stress and increase the potential for seedling damage. Save the trees and your own energy by not overloading your bags.

Handling While Planting Seedlings should only be taken out of the bag one at a time. Having two or three trees in your hand at one time is bad for the tree and your own efficiency.

Taking a Break During breaks, planting bags should to be placed in the shade to prevent excessive heat build-up.

Conclusion Tree seedlings are delicate. You can negatively influence seedling success by: � Bumping and jarring � Rough handling that causes damage to the tree � Overheating and drying out

The whole process of planting is stressful on trees. This stress is cumulative—one instance builds on the next—and can lead to seedling death. Correct stock handling will minimize this stress and contribute to a healthy forest.



Stock Handling NAME: DATE:

1. When stored at your cache, summer tree boxes are to be kept open.

a) True b) False

2. Silvacool inserts are required only when it is raining.

a) True b) False

3. All bundles are to be unwrapped when loading your planting bags.

a) True b) False

4. If trees arrive to your cache and they are still frozen together, do you:

a) Forcefully separate the trees before loading them into your bags. b) Put the frozen trees in the sun until they thaw. c) Exchange the frozen bundles for thawed bundles. d) Take some time off until all of the trees thaw.

PASS 4/4


Fundamentals of Quality


Introduction Planting quality is a set of standards that define how to plant a tree. In fact, there are at least 26 specific criteria that are assessed to ensure your tree quality is satisfactory. These criteria are all based on sound biological principles that will contribute to successful tree growth. The purpose of this module is to

• Introduce these quality requirements • Explain how these requirements are assessed • Explain the impact this assessment has on you

It is critical for you to understand the quality requirements you are expected to meet—for your success as a treeplanter, and for the success of the tree.

Planting Quality Checks Every treeplanting project has quality-of-work expectations. These quality standards are designed to ensure that the seedling survive and thrive. As a result, each treeplanter is required to meet or exceed these standards with the work they perform.

Self Monitoring Your planting quality will be routinely monitored by your foreperson. He or she will give you feedback on how well your work stacks up against the quality expectations of the project. However, it is strongly recommended that you take the time to monitor the quality of your own work. Many top treeplanters do their own quality plots several times each day and make adjustments to their style or speed as necessary.

Pay Plots A company “Checker”, or client representative, will formally inspect all planted land. This involves conducting a series of sample plots where each tree is inspected. After a grid of plots has been thrown over a cutblock, the statistics dictate whether the block passes or fails. Blocks that fail may result in quality fines or replanting time.




Planting Quality Checks

Throwing a Plot To throw a plot:

• Buy or make a plot cord—plot cords measure exactly 3.99 meters from the centre of the plot to its edge.

• Put your shovel in the ground and wrap the loop of your plot cord around the shovel handle.

• Stretch out the plot cord and walk around the shovel. • Count the number of trees in the plot to determine your density (density is discussed

next). • Inspect each tree for faults.

Basic Statistics For every 20 trees you inspect, 19 have to be perfect. Any less and you have a quality problem that needs to be repaired promptly.

Check Your Plot Cord Regularly check the length of your plot cord with a tape measure. Even a slightly longer or shorter plot cord can cause very different plot results.




Quality Expectations

Spacing Seedlings that are planted too close to other seedlings (or in some cases, natural trees) may not have enough space above or below the ground to survive. For this reason, most projects will have minimum inter-tree spacing limits. It is also important to ensure that enough trees are planted per hectare to take full advantage of the site. Each project will have a target tree density. The following chart is provided to give you an idea of how density translates into inter-tree distance.

Density (Trees/Hectare*) Optimum Spacing Between Trees

Trees/Plot (3.99 m cord)

2000 2.15 m 10 1800 2.35 m 9 1600 2.5 m 8 1400 2.7 m 7 1200 2.9 m 6 1000 3.15 m 5

* Hectare: A piece of land 100 meters by 100 meters square

Monitoring Your Density The single best way to get immediate feedback on your spacing quality is to perform plots on your own trees:

• Count the number of trees in each of your plots. • Adjust inter-tree spacing accordingly. For example, if you have too many trees in your

plots, slightly increase your spacing between trees. • Do 2-5 plots on your recently planted trees each day. This will save you from having to

replant (which is not fun) and will give you confidence in your quality which enables you to plant faster.

Microsite Selection Although the optimal spacing and minimum spacing requirements will dictate the general area for the planting of the tree, you do have options. Selecting the best microsite within the allowable range is what is important. The proper microsite is determined by what’s available and which growth-limiting factors are present. Improper microsite selection is a quality fault.





Microsite Preparation

Screefing On some projects, the upper layer of the forest floor and/or soil will have to be removed before planting the tree. This is done to overcome the site’s growth-limiting factors. These factors include: Dry Soil – screefing exposes the underlying mineral soil, which can hold more water. Competition – screefing removes existing vegetation, and removes competition-friendly soil so it is harder for competing vegetation to get started. Cold Soil – screefing exposes soil to sunlight so it can heat up. The dimensions of the necessary screef will be discussed at the start of each project.

Mound Microsites Mounding equipment can create soil conditions which need to be monitored while planting.

Loose Soil Excavator mounders working in some swampy areas can create very loosely piled organic mounds. The soil around the planting spot should be tapped down with your foot before planting the tree. This will reduce the air content of the soil and improve its ability to retain water.

Soil Discontinuities Mounders occasionally put mounds on top of a logs or other heavy debris such as branches. This creates a microsite that is not connected to the underlying soil. This elevated mound will likely be too dry and not contain enough nutrients to support the tree for very long. Sometimes these mounds can be settled with a kick or two. If not, plant close to the mound in the next best microsite.





Seedling Damage

Broken Tops Rough handling and overloaded planting bags can break the tops of seedlings. A broken top is a soon-to-be-dead tree. This is a serious planting fault.

Root Collar Damage Rough handling, tearing apart bundles, and kicking the tree while planting can all damage the root collar. This break in the stem of the tree is like having a broken back—it’s not good.

Broken Roots Roots can be broken when separating trees that are frozen or grown together. Trees with seriously damaged roots should not be planted. If root damage seems inevitable because of frozen bundles or grown together trees, discuss the problem with your supervisor.





In-Ground Quality

Root Positioning Roots must planted straight up and down. They can’t be leaning to the side, twisted or bent. Although these conditions may not cause immediate seedling death, they do create a problem that the tree will have to correct over time. This takes valuable resources that the seedling could be using to grow.

J-Root L Root Slanted Root

It’s true – trees are gravitropic and the roots likely would straighten out over time. The

problem is that valuable resources are being wasted when it should be working on getting established and outgrowing the competition





Planting Depth Planting a seedling too deep or too shallow can cause that seedling some significant grief. If the tree is planted too shallow, and the roots are exposed, the roots will dry out. If the tree is planted too deep, some of the branches can be buried. This leaves less of the photosynthesizing foliage (lateral branches) exposed to the sun. Either way, it is bad for the tree. Typically, the roots need to be completely covered with soil and the stem can be buried 1 – 2 centimetres.

Too Deep

Laterals are buried.

Too Shallow

Plug is exposed and will dry out.

Soil Depth

Shallow soils leave little room for root growth. Look for a better nearby microsite.





Hole Closure After the tree has been planted in the hole, soil must be pushed all around the roots. Several problems can occur if this is not done properly:

• If you stomp on the dirt around the tree, you could compact the soil too much, or leave a big divit with your heel where water could collect.

• If the soil is hard, you may only close the top of the hole but leave an air pocket around the roots. This can dry out the root mass.

• If the soil is loose, the tree might not be tight enough and the soil may contain too much air and too little moisture.

Where soil conditions are hard, it is often easiest to close the hole properly by loosening up the soil near the seedling with your planting shovel. Once the technique has been mastered, it only takes about an extra second or two.

Lean Once planted, the tree should be straight up and down. A small tolerance (about 10-15 degrees) is often acceptable.

Also true. But the energy wasted straightening out is the problem.




Overhead Debris Overhead obstacles can get in the way of seedling growth and create shade on the ground that lowers soil temperature.

Cumulative Stress Seedling stress is generally thought of as being cumulative—once weakened, a seedling’s resistance to further stress, and its ability to recover, is compromised. Once stressed or damaged, the seedling triggers a survival response, shifting its resources from growth to repair and adjustment. This uses up valuable seedling energy that should be used to get established and beat the surrounding competition.

Conclusion Planting quality standards are based on tree biology. Good quality planting gives the tree its best chance to survive. Planting a tree with a quality fault will add stress to that tree as it tries to establish itself and grow. This stress will contribute to stunted growth or eventual death. Planting poor quality trees will also give considerable stress to you. It will cause you to second-guess each planted tree and slow you down, or may lead to dreaded replanting and quality fines.

If you are unsure about a quality standard, ask your supervisor!



Fundamentals of Quality NAME: DATE:

1. Planters are responsible for the quality of the work that they perform.

a) True b) False

2. If you have 8 trees in a plot and you are supposed to have 6, what do you do?

a) Open up your inter-tree spacing to bring the density down. b) Keep up the good work because minimum density has been achieved. c) Start looking for better microsites. d) Decrease the distance between trees to increase density.

3. Mounds created by mechanical site preparation are occasionally on top of stumps and/or logs.

Planting these mounds is OK if: a) The soil of the mound is connected to the underlying soil. b) The mound is completely separated from the underlying soil.

4. It is OK to plant trees with broken tops.

a) True b) False

5. It is OK to plant J-roots because they will straighten out.

a) True b) False

PASS 4/5

Documents

2002 Training Package - PRT