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COMPARATIVESTUDY

OF GSM & CDMA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure I thankProf. ARUN DUBE at S.K.SomaiyaCollege of Art, Science and Commerce for being inspiration inthe completion of this project. I thank him for the invaluable help

provided during the completion of this project and for providingme guidance and numerous suggestions throughout the entireduration of the project.

I would also like to thank my parents for their invaluable support

and understanding. Finally I would like to thank S.K.SomaiyaCollege of Art, Science and Commerce and Mumbai Universitythat provided me to interact so closely.

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CHAPTER

NO.

TOPICS PAGE

NO.1 INTRODUCTION TO GSM

2 HISTORY OFGSM

3 ORIGIN OF GSM NETWORK IN INDIA

4 ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK

5 LIST OF MOBILE OPERATORS IN INDIA

6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OFGSM

7 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEACCESS(CDMA)

8 HISTORY OF CDMA

9 CELLULAR NETWORK

10 ORIGIN OF CDMA IN INDIA

11 BENEFITS OF CDMA12 DIFFERENCE IN GSM AND CDMA

13 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA

14 GSM VS CDMA: WHICH IS BETTER?

15 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO GSM

GSM is a standard set developed by the European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute(ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation(2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for firstgeneration(1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originallydescribed a digital, circuit switched network optimized forfull duplex voicetelephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuitswitched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS(General Packet

Radio services). Packet data transmission speeds were later increased viaEDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution). The GSM standard ismore improved after the development of third generation (3G) UMTSstandard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as theybegin to incorporate fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards."GSM" is atrademarkowned by the GSM Association.

The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSMstandard serve 80% of the world's population, encompassing more than 6billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM

the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.

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CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF GSM

Early European analogue cellular networks employed an uncoordinated mixof technologies and protocols that varied from country to country,preventing interoperability of subscriber equipment and increasingcomplexity for equipment manufacturers who had to contend with varying

standards from a fragmented market. The work to develop a Europeanstandard for digital cellular voice telephony began in 1982 when theEuropean Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations(CEPT) created the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee and provided apermanent group of technical support personnel, based in Paris. In 1987, 15representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum ofunderstanding to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone systemacross Europe. The foresight of deciding to develop a continental standardpaid off, eventually resulting in a unified, open, standard-based networklarger than that in the United States.

France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 andwere joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commissionproposed to reserve the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. By 1987, basicparameters of the GSM standard had been agreed upon and 15representatives from 13 European nations signed a memorandum ofunderstanding in Copenhagen, committing to deploy GSM. In 1989, theGroupe Spcial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute

Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The historicworld's first GSM call was made by the Finnish prime ministerHarriHolkeri to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city ofTampere) in July 1 1991. Thefirst network was built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated byRadiolinja. 92, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message")message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the firstinternational roaming agreement. Work had begun in 1991 to expand theGSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz

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network became operational in the UK in 1993. Also in 1993, TelecomAustralia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM networkoutside of Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phonebecame available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services becamecommercially operational, the first 1900 MHz GSM network in the worldbecame operational in the United States and GSM subscribers worldwideexceeded 10 million. In this same year, theGSM Association was formed.Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSMsubscribers passed 100 million in 1998.

In 2000, the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the firstGPRS compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the firstUMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched and worldwide GSM subscribersexceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first multimedia messaging services(MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHzfrequency band became operational. EDGEservices first became

operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSMsubscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.

By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwidecellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the firstHSDPA capable network also became operational. The first HSUPAnetwork was launched in 2007 and worldwide GSM subscribers exceededtwo billion in 2008.

The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSMstandard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5

billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSMthe most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.

Technical details

GSM cell site antennas in the Deutsches Museum, Munich, GermanyGSM is a cellular network, which means that cell phonesconnect to it bysearching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cellsizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro,pico,femto and umbrella cells. The

coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementationenvironment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where thebase stationantenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level.Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whosecoverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors.Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business

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environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadbandinternet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions ofsmaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain andpropagation conditions from a couple of hundred metres to several tens of

kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practicaluse is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of theconcept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or evenmore, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timingadvance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using anindoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeaterwith distributed indoorantennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from anantenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. Theseare typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors; forexample, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite,since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of theradio signals from any nearby cell.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), akind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to bemodulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussianlow-pass filterprior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces theinterference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference).

GSM carrier frequencies

Main article: GSM frequency bands

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges(separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bandsfor 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHzand 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and theUnited States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands areassigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.

Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided intotimeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteenhalf-rate speech channels perradio frequency. These eight radio timeslots(or eightburst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels

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use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts inGSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

Voice codecsGSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio intobetween 6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types ofdata channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate(6.5 kbit/s)and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictivecoding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs alsomade it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the airinterface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997[8] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)

codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with thedevelopment ofUMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec calledAMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interferencewhen used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively highquality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

Network structure

The structure of a GSM network

The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

TheBase Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).

theNetwork and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most

similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called thecore network.

TheGPRS Core Network(the optional part which allows packet

based Internet connections).

TheOperations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the

network.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module,

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commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart cardcontaining the user's subscription information and phone book. This allowsthe user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handsetsimply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing thephone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practiceis known as SIM locking.

Phone locking

Main article: SIM lock

Sometimes mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for usewith their own network. This is called lockingand is implemented by asoftware feature of the phone. Because the purchase price of the mobilephone to the consumer may be subsidized with revenue from subscriptions,

operators must recoup this investment before a subscriber terminatesservice. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lockfor a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of free orfee-based software and websites to unlock the handset themselves.

In some countries (e.g., Lebanon, Bangladesh, Hong Kong,India, Malaysia,Pakistan, Singapore) all phones are sold unlocked. In others (e.g., Finland,Singapore) it is unlawful for operators to offer any form of subsidy on aphone's price.

GSM service security

UMTS security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The systemwas designed to authenticate the subscriber using apre-shared keyandchallenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the basestation can be encrypted. The development ofUMTS introduces an optionalUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longerauthentication key to give greater security, as well as mutuallyauthenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates

the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model thereforeoffers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorizationcapabilities, and no non-repudiation.

GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 wasdeveloped first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and theUnited States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious

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weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker'sChoice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allowA5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack.The system supports multiplealgorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

On 28 December 2009 German computer engineerKarsten Nohl announcedthat he had cracked the A5/1 cipher.According to Nohl, he developed anumber ofrainbow tables (static values which reduce the time needed tocarry out an attack) and have found new sources forknown plaintext attacks.He also said that it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor ... from opensource components" but that they had not done so because of legalconcerns.An update by Nancy Owano on Dec. 27, 2011 on PhysOrg.comquotesNohl as a "security expert", and details these concerns:

Nohl said that he was able to intercept voice and textconversations by impersonating another user to listen to theirvoice mails or make calls or send text messages. Even moretroubling was that he was able to pull this off using a seven-year-old Motorola cellphone and decryption software availablefree off the Internet.

GSM was also mentioned in a Reuters story "Hackers say to publish emailsstolen from Stratfor" on Yahoo! News.

New attacks have been observed that take advantage of poor securityimplementations, architecture and development for smart phone

applications. Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijacktheaudio input and output providing an opportunity for a 3rd party to listen into the conversation. At present such attacks often come in the form of aTrojan, malware or a virus and might be detected by security software.[citation needed][original research?]

GSM uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for data transmissions likebrowsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS and EDGEcipherswere publicly broken in 2011, and the evidence indicates that they wereonce again intentionally left weak by the mobile industry designers.

The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2ciphers and published the open source "gprsdecode" software for sniffingGPRS/EDGE networks. They also noted that some carriers don't encrypt thedata at all (i.e. using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocolsthey don't like, e.g. Skype, leaving their customers unprotected. GEA/3seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on somemore modern networks. If used with USIM to prevent connections to fake

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base stations and downgrade attacks, users will be protected in the mediumterm, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is still recommended.

But since GEA/0, GEA/1 and GEA/2 are widely deployed, applicationsshould use SSL/TLS for sensitive data, as they would on wi-fi networks.

Standards informationThe GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governedbyETSI, where a full list is maintained.

GSM open-source software

Several open-source software projects exist that provide certain GSMfeatures:

gsmd daemon by

OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station The GSM Software Projectaims to build a GSM analyzer for less

than $1000

OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband

GSM stack with a free software implementation

Issues with patents and open source

Patents remain a problem for any open-source GSM implementation,because it is not possible for GNU or any other free software distributor to

guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users.Furthermore new features are being added to the standard all the time whichmeans they have patent protection for a number of years.[citation needed]

The original GSM implementations from 1991 are now entirely free ofpatent encumbrances and it is expected that OpenBTS will be able toimplement features of that initial specification without limit and that aspatents subsequently expire, those features can be added into the opensource version. As of 2011, there have been no law suits against users ofOpenBTS over GSM use.

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CHAPTER 3: ORIGIN OF GSM NETWORK IN

INDIA

[[GSM]] is an acronym for Global System for Mobile communication

(derived from Groupe Spcial Mobile) which is the most widely acceptedstandard for digital cellular communications. Even though the idea of a cellbased radio communication system originated at the Bell Labs in the early1970s the idea was not implemented until mobile communication systemsexperienced a rapid growth in Europe, particularly in UK and Scandinavia.In the early 1980s when the initial growth of cellular phones was juststarting in Europe, a need was felt to have a uniform standard for mobilephones that would equipment and technology being developed could beused in different regions. To overcome the problems posed by the rapidgrowth of mobile phones, the Groupe Spacial Mobile (GSM) was formed bythe Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT). TheGSM had to meet the following criteria:

1.Spectrum2.Smooth international roaming3.Cheaper mobile phones4.Enhanced voice quality5.Compatible with ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) and othersystems6.Ability to provide new services

CEPT passed the responsibility for the GSM specifications in 1989 toEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). GSMs main aimis to describe the functionality and the interface for each component of thesystem and to give guidance on the design of the system. Even though thephase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990 the commercialuse of GSM didnt start until 1991.The most important events in the development of the GSM system arepresented in the following table.

Year Events1982 CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to

develop the standards for a pan-Europeancellular mobile system

1985 Adoption of a list of recommendations to begenerated by the group

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1986 Field tests were performed in order to test thedifferent radio techniques proposed for the airinterface

1987 TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, itwill be used with FDMA) InitialMemorandum of Understanding (MoU)signed by telecommunication operators(representing 12 countries)

1988 Validation of the GSM system1989 The responsibility of the GSM specifications

is passed to the ETSI1990 Appearance of the phase 1 of the GSM

specifications1991 Commercial launch of the GSM service1992 Enlargement of the countries that signed the

GSM- MoU> Coverage of largercities/airports

1993 Coverage of main roads GSM services startoutside

Europe

1995 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverageof rural areas

Today GSM is not just a European standard; GSM networks are operationalin more than 80 countries around the world. The number of GSMsubscribers is increasing at an exponential rate.

GSM Milestones

1982 CEPT allocates 900 MHz spectrum for the use by a Pan-European mobilecommunication system and forms the "Groupe Spcial Mobil" (GSM), Chairma

Thomas Haug

19821984 Agreement on strategic targets in GSM

19851987 Agreement on principles for services, network architecture, radio and speech coGSM

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1986 Trials of different digital radio transmission schemes and different speech codeseveral countries, comparative evaluation by GSM

1987(February)

CEPT GSM#13 meeting in Madeira: agreement on the basic parameters of the Gsystem. Finalisation in May 87 in Bonn

1988(IQuarter)

Completion of first set of GSM specifications for infrastructure tendering purpo

1988(October)

Public presentation of the first set of GSM specifications at a conference in Hag(Germany): 600 participants from Europe, USA and Japan, copies of specs on s

1989 Standardisation work transferred from CEPT to ETSI. CEPT GSM becomes ETTechnical Committee GSM (TC GSM)

1990 GSM Phase 1 Specifications frozen in ETSI TC GSM

1991(October)

ETSI TC GSM put in charge of UMTS specification activities in addition to thework and renamed " TC SMG" (=Special Mobile Group).

SMG Milestones

1991(October) ETSI TC GSM put in charge of UMTS specification activities in addition to thwork and renamed " TC SMG" (=Special Mobile Group).

1993 ETSI Technical Committee SMG agrees objectives and methodology for an opevolution of GSM beyond phase 2, to be implemented as phase 2+.

1995 (October) GSM Phase 2 standardisation frozen in ETSI Technical Committee SMG

1997(February)

GSM release 96, the first release of phase 2+, completed by ETSI TC SMG (CEFR, SIM toolkit)

1997 (End) GSM release 97 completed by ETSI TC SMG (GPRS)

1998 (End) GSM release 98 completed by ETSI TC SMG (AMR, EDGE, MNP)

1998(December)

Creation of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), transfer of the Ustandardisation work to 3GPP

2000 (March) GSM/UMTS release 99 (LCS, UMTS Fundamentals, UTRAN) completed by ETSI TC SMG and ANSI T1P1

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2000 (June) Transfer of the remaining GSM specification work to 3GPP, closing of ETSI Tcreation of a new Technical Committee MSG (=Mobile Standards Group) respfor European regulatory standards.

CHAPTER 4 : ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK

Mobile StationA Mobile Station consists of two main elements:The mobile equipment or terminal.The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).The TerminalThere are different types of terminals distinguished principally by theirpower and application:

The fixed terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their maximum allowedoutput power is 20 W.The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles. Theirmaximum allowed output power is 8W.The handheld terminals have experienced most success because they arelight and small. These terminals emit up to 2 W.

The SIMThe SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIMcard into the terminal, the user can have access to all the subscribedservices. Without the SIM card, the terminal is not operational.The SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number(PIN). In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM cardcontains some parameters of the user such as its International MobileSubscriber Identity (IMSI).Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, theonly element that personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore, theuser can have access to its subscribed services in any terminal using its SIMcard.

The Base Station Subsystem

The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of thetransmission and reception. The BSS can be divided into two parts:The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station.The Base Station Controller (BSC).

The Base Transceiver StationThe BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell ofthe network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting

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power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between one and sixteentransceivers depending on the density of users in the cell.

The Base Station ControllerThe BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio resources. A BSCis principally in charge of handovers, frequency hopping, exchange

functions and control of the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs.The Network and Switching SubsystemIts main role is to manage the communications between the mobile usersand other users, such as mobile users, ISDN users, fixed telephony users,etc. It also includes data bases needed in order to store information about thesubscribers and to manage their mobility. The different components of theNSS are described below.

The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)It is the central component of the NSS. The MSC performs the switchingfunctions of the network. It also provides connection to other networks.

The Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (GMSC)A gateway is a node interconnecting two networks. The GMSC is theinterface between the mobile cellular network and the PSTN. It is in chargeof routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user. The GMSC isoften implemented in the same machines as the MSC.

Home Location Register (HLR)The HLR is considered as a very important database that stores information

of the subscribers belonging to the covering area of a MSC. It also stores thecurrent location of these subscribers and the services to which they haveaccess. The location of the subscriber corresponds to the SS7 address of theVisitor Location Register (VLR) associated to the terminal.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)The VLR contains information from a subscribers HLR necessary in orderto provide the subscribed services to visiting users. When a subscriber entersthe covering area of a new MSC, the VLR associated to this MSC willrequest information about the new subscriber to its corresponding HLR. The

VLR will then have enough information in order to assure the subscribedservices without needing to ask the HLR each time a communication isestablished.The VLR is always implemented together with a MSC; so the area undercontrol of the MSC is also the area under control of the VLR.

The Authentication Center (AuC)The AuC register is used for security purposes. It provides the parameters

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needed for authentication and encryption functions. These parameters helpto verify the users identity.

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR)The EIR is also used for security purposes. It is a register containinginformation about the mobile equipments. More particularly, it contains a

list of all valid terminals. A terminal is identified by its International MobileEquipment Identity (IMEI). The EIR allows then to forbid calls from stolenor unauthorized terminals (e.g., a terminal which does not respect thespecifications concerning the output RF power).

The GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU)The GIWU corresponds to an interface to various networks for datacommunications. During these communications, the transmission of speechand data can be alternated.

The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)The OSS is connected to the different components of the NSS and to theBSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge ofcontrolling the traffic load of the BSS.However, the increasing number of base stations, due to the development ofcellular radio networks, has forced that some of the maintenance tasks aretransferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases considerably the costs of themaintenance of the system. The GSM functions

In GSM, five main functions can be defined:1.Transmission.2.Radio Resources management (RR).3.Mobility Management (MM).4.Communication Management (CM).5.Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM).

TransmissionThe transmission function includes two sub-functions:The first one is related to the means needed for the transmission of userinformation.

The second one is related to the means needed for the transmission ofsignaling information.Not all the components of the GSM network are strongly related with thetransmission functions. The MS, the BTS and the BSC, among others, aredeeply concerned with transmission. But other components, such as theregisters HLR, VLR or EIR, are only concerned with the transmission fortheir signaling needs with other components of the GSM network.

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Radio Resources management (RR)The role of the RR function is to establish, maintain and releasecommunication links between mobile stations and the MSC. The elementsthat are mainly concerned with the RR function are the mobile station andthe base station. However, as the RR function is also in charge ofmaintaining a connection even if the user moves from one cell to another,the MSC, in charge of handovers, is also concerned with the RR functions.The RR is also responsible for the management of the frequency spectrumand the reaction of the network to changing radio environment conditions.Some of the main RR procedures that assure its responsibilities are:Channel assignment, change and release.Handover.Frequency hopping.Power-level control.Discontinuous transmission and reception.

Timing advance.HandoverThe user movements can produce the need to change the channel or cell,especially when the quality of the communication is decreasing. Thisprocedure of changing the resources is called handover. Four different typesof handovers can be distinguished:Handover of channels in the same cell.Handover of cells controlled by the same BSC.Handover of cells belonging to the same MSC but controlled by differentBSCs.Handover of cells controlled by different MSCs.Handovers are mainly controlled by the MSC. However in order to avoidunnecessary signaling information, the first two types of handovers aremanaged by the concerned BSC (in this case, the MSC is only notified ofthe handover). The mobile station is the active participant in this procedure.In order to perform the handover, the mobile station controls continuouslyits own signal strength and the signal strength of the neighboring cells. Thelist of cells that must be monitored by the mobile station is given by the basestation. The power measurements allow deciding which the best cell is in

order to maintain the quality of the communication link.Frequency hoppingThe propagation conditions and therefore the multipath fading depend onthe radio frequency. In order to avoid important differences in the quality ofthe channels, the slow frequency hopping is introduced. The slow frequencyhopping changes the frequency with every TDMA frame. A fast frequencyhopping changes the frequency many times per frame but it is not used in

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GSM. The frequency hopping also reduces the effects of co-channelinterference.There are different types of frequency hopping algorithms. The algorithmselected is sent through the Broadcast Control Channels.Even if frequency hopping can be very useful for the system, a base stationdoes not have to support it necessarily. On the other hand, a mobile stationhas to accept frequency hopping when a base station decides to use it.

Power level controlAt the same time the base stations perform the timing measurements, theyalso perform measurements on the power level of the different mobilestations. These power levels are adjusted so that the power is nearly thesame for each burst.A base station also controls its power level. The mobile station measures thestrength and the quality of the signal between itself and the base station. Ifthe mobile station does not receive correctly the signal, the base station

changes its power levelDiscontinuous Transmission and Reception

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX):

The function of the DTX is to suspend the radio transmission during thesilence periods. This is very significant if the fact that a person speaks lessthan 40 or 50 percent during a conversation is taken into consideration. TheDTX helps then to reduce interference between different cells and toincrease the capacity of the system. It also extends the life of a mobilesbattery. The DTX function is performed thanks to two main features:

The Voice Activity Detection (VAD), which has to determine whether thesound represents speech or noise, even if the background noise is veryimportant. If the voice signal is considered as noise, the transmitter is turnedoff producing then, an unpleasant effect called clipping.The comfort noise. An inconvenient of the DTX function is that when thesignal is considered as noise, the transmitter is turned off and therefore, atotal silence is heard at the receiver. This can be very annoying to the user atthe reception because it seems that the connection is dead. In order toovercome this problem, the receiver creates a minimum of background noise

called comfort noise. The comfort noise eliminates the impression that theconnection is dead.Discontinuous ReceptionIt is a method used to conserve the mobile stations power. The pagingchannel is divided into sub channels corresponding to single mobile stations.Each mobile station will then only listen to its sub channel and will stay inthe sleep mode during the other sub channels of the paging channel.

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Mobility ManagementThe MM function is in charge of all the aspects related with the mobility ofthe user, specially the location management and the authentication andsecurity.

Location management

When a mobile station is powered on, it performs a location updateprocedure by indicating its IMSI to the network. The first location updateprocedure is called the IMSI attach procedure.The mobile station also performs location updating, in order to indicate itscurrent location, when it moves to a new Location Area or a differentPLMN. This location updating message is sent to the new MSC/VLR, whichgives the location information to the subscribers HLR. If the mobile stationis authorized in the new MSC/VLR, the subscribers HLR cancels theregistration of the mobile station with the old MSC/VLR.A location updating is also performed periodically. If after the updating time

period, the mobile station has not registered, it is then deregistered.When a mobile station is powered off, it performs an IMSI detach procedurein order to tell the network that it is no longer connected.

Authentication and securityThe authentication procedure involves the SIM card and the AuthenticationCenter. A secret key, stored in the SIM card and the AuC, and a cipheringalgorithm called A3 are used in order to verify the authenticity of the user.The mobile station and the AuC compute a SRES using the secret key, thealgorithm A3 and a random number generated by the AuC. If the two

computed SRES are the same, the subscriber is authenticated. The differentservices to which the subscriber has access are also checked.Another security procedure is to check the equipment identity. If the IMEInumber of the mobile is authorized in the EIR, the mobile station is allowedto connect the network.In order to assure user confidentiality, the user is registered with aTemporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) after its first location updateprocedure.Enciphering is another option to guarantee a very strong security but thisprocedure is going to be described in section 5.

Communication Management (CM)The CM function is responsible for:Call control.Supplementary Services management.Short Message Services management.

Call Control (CC)

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The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing aswell as for selecting the type of service. One of the most important functionsof the CC is the call routing. In order to reach a mobile subscriber, a userdials the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number which includes:a country codea national destination code identifying the subscribers operatora code corresponding to the subscribers HLRThe call is then passed to the GMSC (if the call is originated from a fixednetwork) which knows the HLR corresponding to a certain MISDN number.The GMSC asks the HLR for information helping to the call routing. TheHLR requests this information from the subscribers current VLR. This VLRallocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for thecall. The MSRN number is the information returned by the HLR to theGMSC. Thanks to the MSRN number, the call is routed to subscriberscurrent MSC/VLR. In the subscribers current LA, the mobile is paged.

Supplementary Services managementThe mobile station and the HLR are the only components of the GSMnetwork involved with this function.

Short Message Services managementIn order to support these services, a GSM network is in contact with a ShortMessage Service Center through the two following interfaces:The SMS-GMSC for Mobile Terminating Short Messages (SMS-MT/PP). Ithas the same role as the GMSC.The SMS-IWMSC for Mobile Originating Short Messages (SMS-MO/PP).

Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)The OAM function allows the operator to monitor and control the system aswell as to modify the configuration of the elements of the system. Not onlythe OSS is part of the OAM, also the BSS and NSS participate in itsfunctions as it is shown in the following examples:The components of the BSS and NSS provide the operator with all theinformation it needs. This information is then passed to the OSS which is incharge of analyzing it and control the network.The self test tasks, usually incorporated in the components of the BSS and

NSS, also contribute to the OAM functions.The BSC, in charge of controlling several BTSs, is another example of anOAM function performed outside the OSS.

Radio interfaceMost of the GSM networks operate at frequency of 900MHz and/or1800MHz except in USA and Canada where the GSM networks operate at850/1900 MHz.

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The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages theinternational allocation of radio spectrum, has allocated the bands 890-915MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz forthe downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks inEurope. Since this range was already being used in the early 1980s by theanalog systems of the day, the CEPT had the foresight to reserve the top 10MHz of each band for the GSM network that was still being developed.Eventually, GSM will be allocated the entire 225 MHz bandwidth.Multiple access and channel structureSince radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a methodmust be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users aspossible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- andFrequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA partinvolves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidthinto 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier

frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrierfrequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. Thefundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burstperiod and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periodsare grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms),which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. Onephysical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.Channels are defined by the number and position of their correspondingburst periods. All these definitions are cyclic, and the entire pattern repeatsapproximately every 3 hours. Channels can be divided into dedicated

channels , which are allocated to a mobile station, and commonchannels , which are used by mobile stations in idle mode.Traffic channels

A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic. Trafficchannels are defined using a 26-frame multiframe, or group of 26 TDMAframes. The length of a 26-frame multiframe is 120 ms, which is how thelength of a burst period is defined (120 ms divided by 26 frames divided by8 burst periods per frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, 1 isused for the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) and 1 is currently

unused. TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in time by 3 burstperiods, so that the mobile station does not have to transmit and receivesimultaneously, thus simplifying the electronics.In addition to these full-rate TCHs, there are also half-rate TCHs defined, although they are not yet implemented. Half-rate TCHs willeffectively double the capacity of a system once half-rate speech coders arespecified (i.e., speech coding at around 7 kbps, instead of 13 kbps). Eighth-rate TCHs are also specified, and are used for signaling. In the

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recommendations, they are called Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels(SDCCH)

Organization of bursts, TDMA frames, and multiframes for speech and dataControl channels

Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated modemobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchangethe signaling information required to change to dedicated mode. Mobilesalready in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations forhandover and other information. The common channels are defined within a51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the 26-framemultiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels. The commonchannels include:

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH):

Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base stationidentity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequences.Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization Channel(SCH): Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a cell bydefining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time slot numbering. Everycell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly one FCCH and one SCH, whichare by definition on time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame).Random Access Channel (RACH): Slotted Aloha channel used by themobile to request access to the network.

Paging Channel (PCH): Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call.Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile forsignaling (in order to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on theRACH.

Burst structure

There are four different types of bursts used for transmission in GSM. Thenormal burst is used to carry data and most signaling. It has a total length of156.25 bits, made up of two 57 bit information bits, a 26 bit training

sequence used for equalization, 1 stealing bit for each information block(used for FACCH), 3 tail bits at each end, and an 8.25 bit guard sequence, asshown in Figure 2. The 156.25 bits are transmitted in 0.577 ms, giving agross bit rate of 270.833 kbps.The F burst, used on the FCCH, and the S burst, used on the SCH, have thesame length as a normal burst, but a different internal structure, whichdifferentiates them from normal bursts (thus allowing synchronization). Theaccess burst is shorter than the normal burst, and is used only on the RACH.

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Speech codingGSM is a digital system, so speech signals, inherently analog, have to bedigitized. The method employed by ISDN, and by current telephone

systems for multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks and optical fiberlines, is Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM). The output stream from PCM is64 kbps, too high a rate to be feasible over a radio link. The 64 kbpssignal contains much redundancy, although it is simple to implement. TheGSM group studied several voice coding algorithms on the basis ofsubjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to cost,processing delay, and power consumption once implemented) beforearriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited Linear Predictive Coder(RPELPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop. Basically, information fromprevious samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the

current sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of the previoussamples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference between thepredicted and actual sample, represent the signal. Speech is divided into20 millisecond samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a totalbit rate of 13 kbps.

GSM servicesIt is important to note that all the GSM services were not introduced sincethe appearance of GSM but they have been introduced in a regular way. The

GSM Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) defined four classes for theintroduction of the different GSM services:E1: introduced at the start of the service.E2: introduced at the end of 1991.Eh: introduced on availability of half-rate channels.A: these services are optional.Three categories of services can be distinguished:Teleservices.Bearer services.Supplementary Services.

Teleservices

Telephony (E1 Eh).Facsimile group 3 (E1).Emergency calls (E1 Eh).Tele-textShort Message Services (E1, E2, A). Using these services, a message of amaximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile

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station. If the mobile is powered off, the message is stored. With the SMSCell Broadcast (SMS-CB), a message of a maximum of 93 characters can bebroadcast to all mobiles in a certain geographical area.Fax mail. Thanks to this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages atany fax machine.Voice mail. This service corresponds to an answering machine.

Bearer servicesA bearer service is used for transporting user data. Some of the bearerservices are listed below:Asynchronous and synchronous data, 300-9600 bps (E1).Alternate speech and data, 300-9600 bps (E1).Asynchronous PAD (packet-switched, packet assembler/disassembler)access, 300-9600 ps (E1).Synchronous dedicated packet data access, 2400-9600 bps (E2).

Supplementary ServicesCall Forwarding (E1). The subscriber can forward incoming calls to anothernumber if the called mobile is busy (CFB), unreachable (CFNRc) or if thereis no reply (CFNRy). Call forwarding can also be applied unconditionally(CFU).Barring of All Outgoing Calls, BAOC (E1).Barring of Outgoing International Calls, BOIC (E1).Barring of Outgoing International Calls except those directed toward theHome PLMN Country, BOIC-exHC (E1).

Barring of All Incoming Calls, BAIC (E1)Barring of incoming calls when roaming (A).Call hold (E2): Puts an active call on hold.Call Waiting, CW (E2): Informs the user, during a conversation, aboutanother incoming call. The user can answer, reject or ignore this incomingcall.Advice of Charge, AoC (E2): Provides the user with online chargeinformation.Multiparty service (E2): Possibility of establishing a multipartyconversation.

Closed User Group, CUG (A): It corresponds to a group of users withlimited possibilities of calling (only the people of the group and certainnumbers).Calling Line Identification Presentation, CLIP (A): It supplies the calleduser with the ISDN of the calling user.Calling Line Identification Restriction, CLIR (A): It enables the calling userto restrict the presentation.

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Connected Line identification Presentation, CoLP (A): It supplies the callinguser with the directory number he gets if his call is forwarded.Connected Line identification Restriction, CoLR (A): It enables the calleduser to restrict the presentation.Operator determined barring (A): Restriction of different services and calltypes by the operator.

ConclusionThe GSM community undertook a big task to provide a uniform standard sothat interoperability exists among different users and manufactures resultingin reduced cost and increased quality. The GSM committee has been able toachieve this with success. In today's world people carry just onecommunication device for all their purpose irrespective of the nationalboundaries they are traveling through.The GSM system operating at 1.8 GHz and 1.9 GHz are a first approach at atrue personal communication system. GSM is being used as a basis for thenext generation of mobile communication technology in Europe, theUniversal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).

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CHAPTER 5: LIST OF MOBILE OPERATORS IN

INDIA:

1) Bharati Airtel:

Airtel is the fifth largest network in the world.airtel crossed 200 millionsubscribers across south Africa,south Asia and channel islands.It operatesGsm network at all countries including 2G and 3G.

2) Reliance Communications:

Reliance Communications is formerly named as Reliance Infocomm.

3) BSNL:

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) is the one of thelargest Indian cellular providers, 81 million subscribers asof December 2010.

4) Vodafone Essar :

Vodafone Essar is named simply as Vodafone.It was formerly as HutchisonEssar.It covers 23 telecom circles and it is based in Mumbai.

5) Tata Tele services:

Tata Tele services is subsidiaryof tata group.It operates under Tata indicom

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and tata docomo.Docomo is the japan company calibrated with tata.

Tata tele services provide Tata indicom,docomo,virgin and virgin cdma.

6) Idea Cellular Network:

When Birla-AT&T brought Maharashtra Gujarati to table, the merger wastwo entities for reality.

Thus Birla -Tata-AT&T ,popularly known as IDEA.

72.4 million member up to october 2010.

7)Aircel Services:

Aircel is mobile service provider in India. It is located in 23 circles in india.

It has joint ventures between Maxis communications from Malaysia.

8 ) Uninor :

Uninor is Indias Eighth national wide mobile operator, It is subsidary ofUninor Group.

9)MTNL:

Mahanagar Telephone Nigham Limited(MTNL) is tele communication

service provider in Mumbai and New Delhi.

Maha = Big or Great,

Nagar= City or Town,

Mahanagar= Metropolis or Mega city,

Nigham= Venture or enterprise.

Indias first 3g mobile service started in MTNL,

Indias first Blackberry service by MTNL,.

10) MTS India:

MTS India formerly named as Systema Shyam Tele services Limited.

It is an Indias service provider and it mainly in Rajasthan.

With inshort term the company started as 15 circles around in India.

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MTS got National Telecom Award.

11) LOOP Mobile:

Loop mobile formerly known as BPL mobile.

It have both prepaid and post paid services.It covers 9 circles in India

12) Videocon Mobile services:

Videocon mobile service provider launched in India.

The service started at March,2010.

As of July 2011[update],India has 858.37 million subscribers in total or71.59% penetration rate.[40]

The country's telcom regulator is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India(TRAI).

Rank Operator Technology Ownership

1 Bharti Airtel GSM, ,Bharti Enterprises (64.76%)Singapore Telecommunications(32%Vodafone (4.4%)

2RelianceCommunications

, EVDOGSM, HSPA+WiMAX

Reliance (67%) & Public (26%)

3 Vodafone India GSM, EDGE, HSPA Vodafone (100%)

4 Idea Cellular GSM, EDGE, HSPAAditya Birla GroupAxiata Group Berhad(19.1%)

5 BSNL

GSM, EDGEUMTS,HSDPACdmaOne,EVDOWiMAXWiFi

State-owned)

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http://smb//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle=List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region&action=edithttp://smb//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle=List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region&action=edithttp://wiki/Indiahttp://wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/Bharti_Enterpriseshttp://wiki/Singapore_Telecommunicationshttp://wiki/Singapore_Telecommunicationshttp://wiki/Vodafonehttp://wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://wiki/EVDOhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://wiki/WiMAXhttp://wiki/Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://wiki/Publichttp://wiki/Vodafone_Indiahttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/HSPAhttp://wiki/Vodafonehttp://wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/HSPAhttp://wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://wiki/BSNLhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/UMTShttp://wiki/UMTShttp://wiki/HSDPAhttp://wiki/CdmaOnehttp://wiki/EVDOhttp://wiki/EVDOhttp://wiki/WiMAXhttp://wiki/WiFihttp://wiki/State-ownedhttp://smb//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle=List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region&action=edithttp://wiki/Indiahttp://wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://wiki/Bharti_Airtelhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/Bharti_Enterpriseshttp://wiki/Singapore_Telecommunicationshttp://wiki/Vodafonehttp://wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://wiki/EVDOhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://wiki/WiMAXhttp://wiki/Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://wiki/Publichttp://wiki/Vodafone_Indiahttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/HSPAhttp://wiki/Vodafonehttp://wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/HSPAhttp://wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://wiki/BSNLhttp://wiki/GSMhttp://wiki/EDGEhttp://wiki/UMTShttp://wiki/HSDPAhttp://wiki/CdmaOnehttp://wiki/EVDOhttp://wiki/WiMAXhttp://wiki/WiFihttp://wiki/State-owned

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6 Tata TeleservicesGSM, HSPA+, , EVDOWiMAX

Tata Group

7 Aircel GSM, EDGE, HSPAMaxis Communications (74%)Apollo Hospital (26%)

8 Uninor GSM, EDGE Telenor(67.25%)Unitech Group (32.75%)

9 MTS India CDMAEVDOSistema (73.71%) & Shyam Group(23.79%)

10 Videocon GSM, GPRS, EDGE Videocon

11 MTNLGSMHSDPA

State-owned

12 S Tel GSM, GPRS, HSDPASiva Group (51%)Batelco (49%)

Purpose

Base Station GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) uses a series otransmitters called Base Stations (BS) to connect you and your cellyour cellular network.

Each BS is also termed a cell, so named because it covers a certain

within a discrete area (cell).

Base Stations are all interconnected, which is why you can move fcell to another - a process called "hand-over"- without (hopefully)your connection.

Base Station Controller A set of Base Stations is connected to a particular Base Station Con

MSC The combination of a cellphone and the SIM card creates a special"signature" - that includes your subscriber number - which is sent fyour cellphone to the nearest BS asking that you as a subscriber ofparticular network be allowed to use the network. The request is paalong the network of BSs to the multifaceted heart of a cellular netthe Mobile Switching Center (MSC).

The MSC also routes all your incoming and outgoing calls to and ffixed-line networks or other cellular networks.

HLR The MSC also contains a critical component called the Home LocaRegister (HLR) which provides the administrative information req

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authenticate, register and locate you as a that network's subscriber.received your log-on request, the HLR immediately checks the spe"signature" contained in the request against its special subscriber d

If your subscription is current, the MSC sends a message back to th

via the network of BSs that indicates that youre allowed to access network. The name or code of that network will appear on the LCDof the cellphone.

Once this network "name" message appears on your phones LCD means youre connected to the network and able to make and receiThe entire log-on process usually takes only a couple of seconds.

Polling At the same time, the HLR also registers which BS your cellphonecurrently connected to, so that when the networks MSC needs to rincoming call to your cellphone number, it will first check the HLR

where you are. Every now and gain, the cellphone will send a messthe network indicating where it is, a process called Polling.

Multiplexing Each BS uses digital techniques to enable a number of phones to bsimultaneously connected to it, as well as simultaneously allowingnumber of subscribers to make and receive calls. This sophisticatecall-juggling ability is called Multiplexing.

However, the combination of the tracking function and your uniqusignature allows the MSC to route that call to the precise BS your c

happens to be connected to, and then exclusively to your cellphonea number of other subscribers are simultaneously connected to that

Hand Over When you "hand-over" to another cell whilst driving, the HLR isautomatically updated, and continues to monitor where exactly it sroute your calls should you then move within range of to another VBS. This sophisticated routing procedure means that out of hundredthousands of subscribers, only the correct cellphone will ring whennecessary.

VLR When you want to make an outgoing call, another section of the M

called the Visitor Location Register (VLR) checks whether you areallowed to make that call. For example, if you are barred for interndialing, a message to that effect will be generated by the VLR, senthe network, and almost instantly back to your cellphone.

MailBox If youre unavailable for some reason and your Mailbox has been aany incoming voice calls will be transferred to the Mail system.

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special facility that handles Short Messages. The SMSC generates special SMS message that notifies you that you have mail waiting Mailbox.

SMS messages can be received on your SMS-capable cellphone ev

youre on a voice call. Thats because they are sent on a different rfrequency - the GSM data channel - than voice calls, so that the twinterfere. These sophisticated digital facilities are the reason why Gnow considered the de facto global cellular standard.

CHAPTER 6: BENEFITS, ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES OF GSM

BENEFITS:

The Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM---is

the standard by which the majority of mobile phones operateacross the globe. As of 2010, there are over 3 billion people

in 212 countries operating on the GSM standard.Understanding the performance benefits of GSM helps tounderstand why over 80 percent of mobile phones across theworld operate on the GSM.

Coordination

Since the GSM is used so commonly by phone carriers across

the globe, it allows for people to roam across othernetworks---which is especially useful when traveling to

different regions in the world.

Technology

Nearly all major carriers across the world have seen

tremendous advances in technology over the first decade ofthe new millennium. Since GSM is completely digital in itssignaling and speech channels and is the dominant mobile

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phone carrier operating system, the technology advances veryrapidly.

Its predecessors were not completely digital and did not havethe same technological capabilities that GSM systems have.Many of the existing technologies that are not based on the

GSM, don't have the capabilities for many modern functionsof cell phones, such as Internet and data transfer.

Data

GSM technology makes data sending and receiving extremely

efficient and reliable. "Enhanced Data Rates for GSMEvolution" is a system incorporated into the GSM that allowspeople to send and receive data such as Internet, text andpictures from almost anywhere in the world.

Carrier Advantage

A nice advantage for carriers is the ability to purchase

equipment from different GSM providers; since they are soprevalent, there is no shortage of competition, and thetechnology grows at a faster pace, providing high quality andreliable service.

Emergency

Since GSM's prevalence is so vast across the globe, it allowsfor universal emergency systems to be set into place. Theuniversal '112' emergency feature helps those that are inpotentially dangerous situations no matter where they mightbe located.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GSM:

GSM and IS-95 (aka cdmaOne) are the two most prevalent mobilecommunication technologies. Both technologies have to solve thesame problem: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multipleusers.

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TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access - underlying technologyused in GSM's 2G) does it by chopping up the channel intosequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns totransmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is actually

using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a large computer server.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access - underlying technologyused in GSM's 3G and IS-95's 2G) on the other hand, uses a specialtype of digital modulation called spread spectrum which spreadsthe voice data over a very wide channel in pseudorandom fashion.

The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits togetherand produce the sound.

As a trivial comparison imagine a cocktail party, where couples aretalking to each other in a single room. The room represents theavailable bandwidth. In GSM, a speaker takes turns talking to alistener. The speaker talks for a short time and then stops to letanother pair talk. There is never more than one speaker talking inthe room, no one has to worry about two conversations mixing. InCDMA, any speaker can talk at any time; however each uses adifferent language. Each listener can only understand the languageof their partner. As more and more couples talk, the backgroundnoise (representing the noise floor) gets louder, but because of thedifference in languages, conversations do not mix.

Advantages of 2G GSM

* GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network withrobust features.* Less signal deterioration inside buildings.

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* Ability to use repeaters.* Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulsenature of transmission.* The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to

switch networks and handsets at will.* GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so internationalroaming is not a problem.

Disadvantages of 2G GSM

* Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with

some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.* Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industryparticipants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limitingcompetition among phone manufacturers.* GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which isimposed by technical limitations. [1]

Advantages of IS-95

* Capacity is IS-95's biggest asset. It can accommodate more usersper MHz of bandwidth than any other technology.* IS-95 has no built-in limit to the number of concurrent users.* IS-95 uses precise clocks that do not limit the distance a towercan cover. [2]

* IS-95 consumes less power and covers large areas so cell size inIS-95 is larger.* IS-95 is able to produce a reasonable call with lower signal (cellphone reception) levels.* IS-95 uses soft handoff, reducing the likelihood of dropped calls.

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* IS-95's variable rate voice coders reduce the rate beingtransmitted when speaker is not talking, which allows the channelto be packed more efficiently.* Has a well-defined path to higher data rates.

Disadvantages of IS-95* Most technologies are patented and must be licensed fromQualcomm.* Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks underload. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up,the range of that site goes down.

* Because IS-95 towers interfere with themselves, they arenormally installed on much shorter towers. Because of this, IS-95may not perform well in hilly terrain.* IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones aregenerally unable to roam internationally.* Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due tothe smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS-95 devices.

CHAPTER 7:CODE DIVISION

MULTIPLEACCESS(CDMA):

Code division multiple access(CDMA) is achannel access method usedby various radio communication technologies. It should not be

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confused with the mobile phone standards called cdma One,CDMA2000(the3Gevolution of cdma One) andWCDMA (the 3G standard used byGSMcarriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and useCDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowingseveral transmitters to send information simultaneously over asingle communication channel. This allows several users to share aband of frequencies. This concept is called multiple access. CDMAemploys spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme(where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple usersto be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time

division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it byfrequency. CDMA is a formofspread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has amuch higherdata bandwidth than the data being communicated.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) inwhich people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoidconfusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak

at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in differentlanguages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last examplewhere people speaking the same language can understand eachother, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected.Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a sharedcode. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only usersassociated with a particular code can communicate.

The technology of code division multiple access channels has longbeen known. In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subjectwas published in 1935 by professor D.V. Ageev. It was shown thatthrough the use of linear methods, there are three types of signalseparation: frequency, time and compensatory. The technology ofCDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer

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Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model ofa wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with abase station. LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20-30 km operatingdistance, and 20-30 hours of battery life.The base station, as

described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958,Kupriyanovich made the new experimental "pocket" model ofmobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve morecustomers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, named by him ascorrellator. In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the"Altay" national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on theSoviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay

system were VNIIS (Voronezh Science Research Institute ofCommunications) and GSPI (State Specialized Project Institute). In1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altay service wasused in 30 USSR cities.

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CHAPTER 8: HISTORY OF CDMA

In July 1985, seven industry veterans came together in the den ofDr. Irwin Jacobs San Diego home to discuss an idea. ThosevisionariesFranklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen,Klein Gilhousen, Irwin Jacobs, Andrew Viterbi and Harvey Whitedecided they wanted to build Quality Communications andoutlined a plan that has evolved into one of the telecommunications

industrys greatest start-up success stories: QualcommIncorporated.

Qualcomm started out providing contract research and developmentservices, with limited product manufacturing, for the wirelesstelecommunications market. One of the teams first goals was todevelop a commercial product. This effort resulted inOmniTRACS. Since its introduction in 1988, OmniTRACS has

grown into the largest satellite-based commercial mobile system forthe transportation industry today.

This early success led the company to take a daring departure fromconventional wireless wisdom. In 1989, the TelecommunicationsIndustry Association (TIA) endorsed a digital technology calledTime Division Multiple Access (TDMA ). Just three months later,Qualcomm introduced Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a superior

technology for wireless and data products that changed the globalface of wireless communications forever.

Today, Qualcomm plays a central role in the rapid adoption andgrowth of 3G and next-generation wireless around the world.Qualcomm has an extensive portfolio of United States and foreign

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patents, and we continue to pursue patent applications around theworld. Our patent portfolio is the most widely and extensivelylicensed portfolio in the industry with over 195 licensees.

Milestones of CDMA :

November 1988CDMA cellular concept

November 1989QUALCOMM proposes CDMA as a more efficient, higher-qualitywireless technologyCDMA open demonstration conducted in San Diego

February 1990NYNEX and QUALCOMM successfully demonstrate CDMA inNew York City

1991QUALCOMM successfully performs large-scale capacity tests inSan Diego

1992US West orders the first CDMA network equipmentCDMA soft handoff patent granted

1993CDMA IS-95A standard completeCDMA is adopted by the Telecommunications Industry Association

(TIA) as a North American digital cellular standardFirst commercial CDMA market trialSouth Korea adopts CDMA

1994Sprint PCS adopts CDMA

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1995CDMA standardized for U.S. PCSFirst commercial launch of cdmaOne (Hutchison Telecom, HongKong)

QUALCOMM launches first commercial cdmaOne handset1996cdmaOne is commercially launched in South KoreaPrimeCo launches cdmaOne in 14 U.S. cities (now VerizonWireless)CDMA Development Group (CDG) announces more than onemillion cdmaOne subscribers

1997IS-95B standard completed (including 64 kbps data transmissioncapability)Commercial service available in 100 U.S. citiesCDMA chosen in Japan

1998

TIA endorses CDMA2000 to be 3G solution for InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU)LG Telecom launches first CDMA data servicesCDMA2000 submitted to ITU as part of the IMT-2000 process forglobal 3G standardsMore than 12.5 million cdmaOne subscribers in 30 countriesFirst 1xEV-DO demonstration

1999China Unicom joins CDG and announces plans for commercialservices83 CDMA operators in 35 countriesCDG announces CDMA is fastest growing mobile technology withnearly 42 million subscribers

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CDMA2000 1X and WCDMA are selected as standards for 3Gwireless by ITU

2000Japan's IDO and DDI start nationwide 64 kbps CDMA packet data

serviceDDI announces they will use CDMA2000 for 3G wireless serviceIUSACELL becomes first Latin American operator to offer wirelessInternet servicesQUALCOMM, Samsung and Sprint PCS make first 3GCDMA2000 voice callLucent and QUALCOMM complete the first 153 kbps 3G

CDMA2000 data callQUALCOMM and Sprint commence U.S. trials for 3GCDMA2000 solutionSK Telecom launches world's first 3G CDMA2000 commercialservice

2001More than 100 million CDMA subscribers globallyMore than 22 million cdmaOne Internet and data usersCDMA2000 surpasses three million subscribersQCT and Nortel Networks conduct industry's first mobile IP callQCT, SchlumbergerSema and Samsung demonstrate CDMA/GSMroaming using R-UIM-enabled CDMA handsetsKDDI announces successful completion of CDMA2000 1xEV-DOtrial with QUALCOMM, Hitachi, Sony and Kyocera

Telesp Cellular in Brazil is first Latin American operator to deploy3G CDMA2000Romania launches world's first CDMA2000 network at 450 MHz(CDMA450)CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is recognized as a 3G standard by the ITU

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20023G CDMA subscribers surpass 27 millionChina Unicom launches nationwide cdmaOne network in ChinaSK Telecom launches CDMA2000 1xEV-DO in South Korea

14 countries launch commercial CDMA2000 services (Australia,Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Japan, Moldova,New Zealand, Panama, Russia, United States and Venezuela)First chipset is shipped enabling use of CDMA and GSM networksduring travel

20033G CDMA subscribers surpass 73 million

Cumulative shipment of CDMA chips surpass the one billion markReliance begins deployment of a nationwide CDMA2000 networkin IndiaChina Unicom launches its nationwide CDMA2000 network18 countries launch commercial CDMA2000 services (Argentina,Belarus, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic,Guatemala, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria,

Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam)Verizon Wireless begins nationwide CDMA2000 1xEV-DOdeployment in the United StatesKDDI launches CDMA2000 1xEV-DO in Japan

2004240.2 million CDMA subscribers worldwide146.8 million CDMA2000 subscribers

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A approved by Third GenerationPartnership Project 2 (3GPP2)Eurotel Praha (Czech Republic) launches world's first CDMA20001xEV-DO network at 450 MHz (CDMA450)

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CHAPTER 9:CELLULAR NETWORK

A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areascalled cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiverknown as a cell site orbase station. When joined together these cellsprovide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables alarge number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.)to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers andtelephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some

of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell duringtransmission.

Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternativesolutions:

increased capacity44

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reduced power use

larger coverage area