Warm-up #5

20. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

21. Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?

22. What were his 3 main goals?

20. Establish peace and stability in Europe

21. Metternich22. Weaken

France/strengthen their neighbors, balance of power, restore monarchs

Make sure your name is on them and turn them in.

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Division in Colonial Society Colonial society in Latin

America had a clear class system (from top to bottom)› Peninsulares – Spanish

born; only people allowed to hold high offices

› Creoles – Spaniards born in the Americas (nobility) Held military positions

› Mestizo – European and Native American

› Mulatto – European and African

› African Slaves› Native Americans

Haitian Revolution Encouraged by

Enlightenment ideals with American and French Independence movements

Haiti was the first Slaves outnumbered the

“masters” significantly› 10:1

In 1791, they began their fight for independence and by 1804, they had broken from the French

Creoles Lead the Charge Creoles, despite not

being allowed to hold political office, were highly educated› Understood and

embraced the Enlightenment ideals

In South America, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led the revolution and by 1824 had succeeded

Mexican Independence Unlike South America, the

Mexican independence movement was led by people of mixed ethnicities

Miguel Hidalgo used the church (he was a priest) to spread the Enlightenment ideals (1810)

Jose Maria Morelos will continue the campaign (1811-5)

Agustin de Iturbide will declare Mexican (and Central America) independence in 1821› Central America will get their

independence from Mexico in 1823

Brazil’s Liberation Unique because of the

“bloodlessness” From 1807-1821,

Portugal (King John VI) ruled from Brazil

In 1821, when Portugal returned “home,” the Brazilians did not want to return to being a colony

They accepted King John’s son, Dom Pedro, to become the leader of an independent Brazil in 1822

Video:Crash Course

Haitian Revolution

Other Information Chapter 23 Vocab Quiz

› You will have until the end of the weekend to take the test again. You can use your vocab, notes, book, google

› Use the 3 part quiz on moodle You will have a quiz on Chapter 24

Vocabulary Tuesday› You will be allowed to use hand written

vocab (again). There will be no second chances next time.

Warm-up #1

1. Which group of people led the independence movement in South America?

2. Which 2 men are most associated with the liberation of Spanish speaking South America?

3. Who was the first person to lead the independence movement in Mexico?

4. How was Mexico’s independence movement different from Brazil’s?

1. Creoles2. San Martin and

Bolivar3. Hidalgo4. Mexico’s was

violent, Brazil’s was not

Section 2Europe Faces Revolutions

Political Philosophies People fell into one of

three political theories› Conservative – wanted

to return to the “old days” of monarchy

› Liberal – wanted limited democracy (educated landowners should elect leaders)

› Radical – favored democracy for all Typically a poor student

Nationalism Develops Nationalism was the idea

that people should be loyal to people with whom they share culture and history› Foreign monarchs

violate that principle When they had their own

government, a nation became a nation-state› France, England, and

Spain were the only ones in Europe by 1815

Nationalism in the Balkans Refers to southeastern

Europe (Greece and their neighbors)

Controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s

Despite fearing revolutions, Europeans sympathized with Greece

By 1830, with Britain, France, and Russia supporting them, Greece got independence from the Ottomans

Initial Uprisings Greek Independence

spurred many riots by nationalists and liberals

The conservative monarchies, led by Metternich (Austria), crushed the revolutions and established control by the mid 1830s

This type of “seesawing” in politics continued for another 20 years

French Radicals Despite having successfully

removed the absolute monarchy, the French radicals began fighting over what kind of changes should be made› A series of bloody battles

followed the overthrow in 1848

Louis-Napoleon (nephew of THE Napoleon), was elected in 1848 and named himself emperor in 1852› Welcomed as result of

people’s exhaustion with fighting

Russia Reform Russia had not

modernized by the 1800s› Still used feudal system

(nobles and serfs) People were becoming

aware that Russia was falling behind› Reached its peak in 1856,

when Russia lost a war against France, G.B., Sardinia, and the Ottomans

Alexander II promised reform

Reforms/Reactions First reforms was to free

the serfs (1861)› Still tied to the land

because they had to pay for it

Alexander was assassinated in 1881, ending reform in Russia

Alexander III tightened his control and encouraged industrialization

Warm-up #2

5. What is the name of the philosophy that requires loyalty be placed in the nation of people with a common culture rather than a foreign king?

6. A poor student would most likely fit into which political philosophy?

7. Which Russian leader freed the serfs in an attempt to reform?

5. Nationalism6. Radical7. Czar Alexander II

Section 3Nationalism

A Force to Join & Divide Nationalists in the

1800s sought to unite the people under a single government

While inspiring people to revolt against foreign rulers, some rulers used nationalism to strengthen their control

Nationalism Breaks up Empires Austria, Russia, and the

Ottoman Empires controlled most of Eastern Europe, having a variety of ethnicities in each empire

The process of Russification (forcing Russian culture on dominated people) actually strengthened nationalistic feelings of conquered people

The last half of the 19th Century was filled with ethnic tension/fighting

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italians grew restless with

foreign rulers in the first half of the 1800s› Being ruled as

independent states In 1852, Sardinia’s king

named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister.› Used diplomacy and

alliances (especially France) to gain control of northern Italy from the Austrians

Garibaldi Unites Italy Cavour used a

Southern rebel, Giuseppe Garibaldi, to capture southern Italy

Garibaldi agreed to hand control of Southern Italy to the Sardinian king

By 1870, Sardinia had control of all of Italy (except Vatican City)

German Confederation Like Italy, Germany

consisted of a confederation of many states, dominated by the Austrian Empire

Prussia’s mostly German population made them more united, giving them a huge advantage over the ethnically diverse Austria-Hungary

Bismarck Emerges In 1862, frustrated

with his Parliament’s lack of support, Wilhelm I of Prussia named Otto von Bismarck his prime minister› Bismarck was one of

the Junkers (people in Prussia who supported a strong monarchy)

Bismarck Takes Control Bismarck used realpolitik

to govern (used tough politics to get things done)› He will declare his

intentions to rule without consent of parliament

Bismarck initially teams up with Austria to gain territory, then provokes war against them› Prussia easily wins and

unites northern Germany by 1867

Franco-Prussian War Bismarck, wanting to unite south Germans, provoked

another war, this time with France in 1870 In 1871, after achieving victory in France, the

southern Germans welcomed Prussian leadership› King Wilhelm I was named kaiser, or emperor, of

Germany (formerly Prussia)

Shifts in Power While the Congress of

Vienna (1815) had created a balance of power Europe, the wars of the mid 1800s left 2 countries with nearly all control› Germany and

Britain