1.0 Introduction

According to Bradley and Altizer (2007) urbanization is the growth in the area

and numbers of people inhabiting cities’ generates landscapes dominated by built-

up structures for human use. The sprawling cities impede on habitat for wildlife,

forcing them to look elsewhere or adapt to the changes.

Urban wildlife is becoming a complex issue in many cities throughout North

America. Managing wildlife can be difficult, as there are many stakeholders with a

diverse range of perspectives involved. Urban wildlife animal communities consist

of species that utilize human dominated ecosystems. Although urban species vary in

their use and exploitation of developed areas, they all come into contact with

humans either in cities or on the urban-rural fringe. Wildlife species affect Winnipeg

in many ways including wildlife-human interactions, nuisance animals, animal

welfare concerns, public health and safety, property damage, endangered species

protection, wildlife habitat loss and acquisitions, and public appreciation. Although

some of these interactions may cause a complex problem to arise, there are ways to

manage the issues with proper measurements, public awareness and education.

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 1

2.0 Urbanization and Wildlife

According to the English Encyclopedia (2007), urban wildlife is defined as “wildlife

that can live or thrive in urban environments.”

2.1 Urban Wildlife in Winnipeg

There are large mammals, small mammals, perching birds, raptors and waterfowl

living in Winnipeg.

2.1.1 Large Mammals

The primary large mammal residing in Winnipeg is the white-tailed deer

(McCance, 2014). The deer population in Winnipeg has increased from a count of

less than 200 white-tailed deer in the mid-1970s to over 1788 white-tailed deer in

2006 (McCance, 2014). The deer primarily reside in Fort Garry, Charleswood-

Tuxedo area, Assiniboine Forest, and around golf courses and parks (Conservation

Manitoba, n.d.). Deer adapt easily to urban settings because they have year-round

food sources, cover, and an absence of predators. The primary mortality facing deer

in Winnipeg is collisions with automobiles (McCance, 2014).

Other large mammals such as red foxes, raccoons, and beavers live within the

city. Moose, lynx, bobcat, coyote, and black bear are not considered permanent city

residents, but are occasionally sighted (Conservation Manitoba, n.d.; Seunarine,

1994).

2.1.2 Small Mammals

A number of small mammal species have

adapted to Winnipeg’s urban ecosystem

(Conservation Manitoba, n.d.). They include the skunk,

rabbit, shrew, chipmunk, rat, mice, and tree and

ground squirrel all of which reside in the city on a

permanent basis (Seunarine, 1994).

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 2

Figure 1: Skunk spotted in Winnipeg (Winnipeg Sun, 2014)

2.1.3 Birds: Perching, Raptor, and Waterfowl

Approximately 225 bird species live permanently or temporarily in

Winnipeg, both native and introduced species (Seunarine, 1994). Perching birds

such as house sparrows, pigeons, blue jays, starlings, woodpeckers, and ravens can

survive year-round in the city. Other perching birds such as robins, swallows,

goldfinches, warblers, and grosbeaks migrate each spring to Winnipeg to breed. The

breeding raptor species is represented by species of hawks, falcons, and owls.

Canadian geese have adapted extremely well to many urban environments in North

America, including in the City of Winnipeg (Conservation Manitoba, n.d.). Canadian

geese migrations have become an attraction for residents, as the geese settle around

various water features (Conservation Manitoba, n.d.). Goose populations have

become so dense that Winnipeg has initiated management plans to control their

numbers (Conservation Manitoba, n.d.).

2.2 What Attracts Wildlife to Urban Environments?

Urban areas create a habitat that has an ease of accessibility to the four basic

requirements of survival, which attracts wildlife to an urban setting, and allows

them to effectively adapt to their surrounding (Seunarine, 1994). All species require

food, water, shelter, and space to survive. The City of Winnipeg is especially

attractive because it has four main rivers flowing through it, as well as several

corridors for migration and foraging (Seunarine, 1994). Urban centers provide food

through decorative vegetation, garbage dumps, yards, gardens, and residents

feeding the wildlife. The rivers, creeks, and natural and manmade ponds provide

water. Green spaces and gray spaces provide shelter from wildlife. Green spaces

include parks, cemeteries, fields, yards, marshes and land unaffected by

development, golf courses, and designated wildlife zones (Adams, Lindsey & Ash,

2006). Gray spaces are areas covered by concrete, asphalt or bare ground; these

include airports, buildings, bridges, underpasses, and landfills (Adams, Lindsey &

Ash, 2006).

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 3

2.3 Impacts on Wildlife from Urbanization

The function and structure of the urban wildlife ecosystem is defined by

differential responses to anthropogenic development and the ability of a species to

utilize human resources (Adams, Lindsey & Ash, 2006). Urban ecosystems are often

comprised of similar disturbances, including:

Habitat Loss

Light and noise pollution

Invasive Species

Chemical runoff and pollution

Habitat Fragmentation (McKinney, 2006)

The result of these disturbances is biotic homogenization (McKinney, 2006). Biotic

homogenization is the selection of the same animals that can tolerate human

development and proliferate in urban landscapes across large spatial scales

(McKinney, 2006). Biotic homogenization threatens to favour the same generalist

species in all cities, while diminishing populations of local natives and specialists

(McKinney, 2006). Biotic homogenization threatens wildlife population sizes and

species richness (McKinney, 2006).

Urbanization can impede on wildlife dispersal, migration, and the ability to

reach mating or spawning grounds (Seunarine, 1994). Urbanization and habitat

fragmentation can be especially deadly for species that need to move to successfully

reproduce (McKinney, 2006). Some species are able to adapt to this altered

environment, and others decrease in number (Adams, Lindsey & Ash, 2006, pp.22).

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 4

3.0 Effects on Humans Caused by Urban Wildlife

Urban wildlife living within the City of Winnipeg effects humans in their day-

to-day activities. As urban centers grow, wildlife loses their habitat, causing more

animals to adapt to living in urban areas (Adams, Lindsey & Ash, 2006). Since the

prey to predator ratio within urban areas is offset, there is a continuing growth rate

of animals in the city; which leads to problems for people who live here. (McCance,

2014). The problems caused by urban wildlife include destroyed yards, gardens and

properties, accidents involving animals, and animal attacks and related health

issues.

3.1 The Problems Related to Nuisance Animals

For many people who live in Winnipeg, urban wildlife can become a

nuisance when the wildlife becomes invasive or destructive (Seunarine, 1994).

Animals such as white-tailed deer start to become a problem because of the lack of

natural predators in cities (McCance, 2014). White-

tailed deer can be considered a nuisance because they

destroy yards, gardens and trees, and have started

tearing open garbage on the sidewalk (City of Kenora,

2013).

Wildlife will also attempt to cross roads, which can

cause danger and damage to both humans and the

animal (Wildlife Branch, n.d.).

3.1.1 An Example: The Canadian Goose as a Nuisance Animal

Canadian geese have started to become a nuisance to

residents of Winnipeg, as the population of Canadian geese

continues to rise (Wildlife Branch, n.d.). A few geese may appear

harmless, but in large numbers, they can become a major

problem (Wildlife Branch, n.d.). Geese nesting, feeding, and

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 5

Figure 3: Geese walking down the sidewalk (Naturalist Services, 2014)

Figure 2: Three deer walking down Portage Avenue. (Brodbeck, 2014)

excreting feces in an urban area can cause significant damage to lawns, parks, golf

courses, nearby agricultural crops, and can even cause a threat to human health

(Wildlife Branch, n.d.). As well, increasing numbers of geese around the Winnipeg

International Airport can be dangerous to arriving and departing aircraft (Wildlife

Management at Richardson, 2013).

3.2 Public Health and Safety

Wildlife can create problems with public health and safety for people who

live around or near urban wildlife. Wildlife can cause damage to people’s properties,

which can cause unsafe living.

3.2.1 Property Damage

Urban Wildlife can cause damage to yards, houses, garages and other

building that people may own. Although animals may only be looking for food and

shelter, they may cause damage to property along the way. In a house, animals can

cause damage to the chimneys, roofs, roof vents, plumbing mats and pipes, wall

vent, decks and vents (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

1. A chimney in a house may

be damaged because an animal

may use the chimney instead of

a hollow tree as shelter (Urban

Wildlife Control, 2011).

Wildlife could try building a

nest in the chimney causing it

to clog, and not vent properly

(Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

Birds and bats may die in

chimneys because they will fly

into an opening and not be able to fly out (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 6

Figure 4: A house showing the common spots that wildlife damage, (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011)

2. A roof/soffit intersection is the section on the roof where an overhang will meet a

lower section of a roof and will give animal’s easy access to attic (Urban Wildlife

Control, 2011).

3. Roof vents will also be an area that animals can gain access to the attic because

vents are easily chewed or torn by wildlife (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

4. Plumbing mats and pipe are sometimes made up of lead or aluminum and make it

easy for animals to chew through and have access to the upper area of a house

(Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

5. Roof/fascia is the area around the edge of a roof and is often chewed or torn by

wildlife with little effort (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

6. Wall vents in house are usually left unprotected which will invite wildlife in to

make a home or nesting area (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

7. Sheds and decks are a perfect place for wildlife to take shelter and make a home.

Animals will make nests and leave dropping under and in these areas that may

cause a smell (Urban Wildlife Control, 2011).

3.2.2 Vehicle Accidents

A major safety issue involving urban

wildlife would be vehicle collisions with animals.

In Manitoba there is an average of 10,000 vehicle

collisions with wildlife, resulting in $30 million

dollars’ worth of injuries and property damage

(Manitoba Public Insurance, 2014). According to

McCance (2014), the rise in deer- vehicle

collisions, due to the increase in human and deer

populations, is become a major problem in

Winnipeg.

3.2.3 Health Threat

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 7

Figure 5: Signage warning motorists of deer crossings, (Manitoba Public Insurance, 2014)

As the urbanization of wildlife rates grow, so does the risk to public health.

Wildlife carries pathogens and diseases that can be transferred to humans, and as

the populations of wildlife increases, as do the transmittable diseases (Bradley &

Altizer, 2007). Diseases can be carried by a variety of wildlife such as deer, raccoons,

mice, and birds (Manitoba Conservation, n.d.).

3.2.3.A Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that humans can get from blacklegged

ticks, also known as deer ticks (Wildlife Diseases, n.d.). It can be transferred

through many different species of wildlife such as s mice, squirrels and birds. White

tailed deer are considered to be a primary host for blacklegged ticks (Decker &

Gavin, 2014). Humans that are infected with Lyme disease will develop a rash called

Erythema Migrans (EM) and have flu like symptoms. Although Lyme disease is

treatable with antibiotics, some people who are infected may experience symptoms

years after treatment (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2014). Even though the risk

of being infected with Lyme disease is low, it may increase as the number of infected

ticks in Manitoba increases (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2014).

3.3.2.B Rabies

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of animals

and humans (Wildlife Diseases, n.d.). Rabies is a worldwide risk to humans and

70,000 people die a year from rabies (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2014).

Skunks, foxes, and bats are the main transmitters of rabies (Canadian Food

Inspection Agency, 2014). Once a person shows clinical signs after being bit, or an

open wound has been exposed and infected, there is no treatment available

(Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2014).

3.3 Public Information

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 8

A way to reduce conflicts that are caused by urban wildlife would include

making the public aware of ways to reduce the conflicts. According to Calgary

Humane Wildlife Control it is easier to take preventative measures to ensure your

property is secured from wildlife than it is to trap and relocate animals (Calgary

Humane Wildlife Control).

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (2014), the

household dos and do not’s include:

Do

• appreciate wildlife from a distance

• keep household waste, compost and pet food out-of-reach from wild animals

• attract wildlife to your property by improving natural habitat

• work together with your neighbours to help keep wild animals wild

• put up fences or use other deterrents for protecting gardens

• screen chimney openings, vent and pipe openings, as well as secure all holes

Do not

• put out food to attract wildlife

• try to approach or touch wild animals

• feed pets outdoors or allow pets to roam free

• put garbage out until the morning of collection

3.3.1 Education

It is important for people to learn why animals are increasing in urban areas.

As well as to be educated on different wildlife animals that they might see or

interact with.

Places to go in or around Winnipeg

that can educate the community about

wildlife would be Fort Whyte Alive,

Assiniboine Forest and Park and the Living

Prairie Museum (Watchable Wildlife

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 9

Manitoba, n.d.). These places will give people an opportunity to learn about urban

wildlife and how animals live in their natural habitats (Watchable Wildlife Manitoba,

n.d.).

3.3.2 - Resources to Find More Information about Urban Wildlife in Winnipeg

In Winnipeg, the Wildlife Branch is a resource to use when dealing with

urban wildlife. The Wildlife Branch will give information on how to deal with the

animal that is becoming a conflict, ways to prevent a conflict and any other

information concerning the urban wildlife (Wildlife Branch, 2014).

When dealing with urban wildlife and possible conflicts involved another

reliable source to contact would be the City of Winnipeg. The City of Winnipeg has

the Animals Service Agency that does not deal with wildlife control but can give

people information on who to contact (City of Winnipeg, 2014).

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 10

Signage for an urban wildlife area,(Winnipeg- Urban Wildlife Adventures, n.d.)

4.0 Urban Wildlife Management

Wildlife management may be described as the actions taken to sustain

wildlife populations, to enhance habitats, and to benefit both wildlife and people

(Leedy & Adams, 1984). Urban wildlife management consists largely of providing

the four necessities (food, water, space, and cover) for wildlife to live and reproduce,

while also protecting the safety of the public (Seunarine, 1994).

To control urban wildlife populations, one must manipulate one of the

habitat requirements; wildlife cannot thrive unless the four factors are met and will

either migrate to a new habitat or die if they are not met (Seunarine, 1994). Habitat

manipulation is far more effective than direct population reduction for long-term

management (Leedy & Adams, 1984). If you provide or eliminate any one of the

four necessary factors, the population will respond accordingly (Leedy & Adams,

1984).

4.1. Approaches to Wildlife Management

Federal and provincial governments have based legislation and enforcement to

provide protection for, or regulate the harvest of certain wildlife species.

Establishment of refuges or sanctuaries to protect and provide wildlife with

places to live and reproduce, and opportunities for wildlife observation by the

public.

Predator control to reduce predation on, certain wildlife species and livestock.

Artificial propagation at hatcheries or game farms of certain species of animals

for stocking selected areas.

Feeding of wildlife, especially during winter, outside of city limits.

Erection of nest houses and structures for birds and squirrels, and artificial

cover like brush and rock piles to supplement habitats.

Habitat management, which in suburban-urban areas involves vegetation

management, water manipulation, placement and construction of buildings.

(Leedy & Adams, 1984)

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 11

4.2 Urban Wildlife Management in Winnipeg

The Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship Department – Wildlife

Branch commonly deals with wildlife issues (Wildlife Branch, n.d.). The Wildlife

Branch is responsible for administering three provincial statues respecting wildlife

and wildlife habitat: The Wildlife Act, The Endangered Species and Ecosystems Act,

and the Polar Bear Protection Act (Seunarine, 1994). Manitoba Conservation tries

to assist people with wildlife-related problems where possible, but only for wildlife

that is designated under the three provincial acts (Wildlife Branch, n.d.). For other

nuisance species, such as skunks, raccoons, etc., the landowner may have to address

the problem themselves (Wildlife Branch, n.d.).

There is no formal program for managing urban wildlife in Winnipeg

(Seunarine, 1994). Many of the species that reside in Winnipeg are not listed in any

legislation; therefore no jurisdiction is willing to take on the responsibility of

management (Seunarine, 1994). The issue of managing urban wildlife is confusing

for governments due to the absence of legislation and the jurisdictional overlaps

(Seunarine, 1994). For example, the provincial government is responsible for

managing white-tailed deer, but the deer are attracted to habitat managed by the

city (ex. Cemeteries) (Wildlife Branch, n.d.). Which government level should be

responsible?

4.2.1 Winnipeg’s Current Urban Management Techniques of the Canadian

Goose, Branta canadensis

There are two types of geese in Winnipeg: resident (urban) geese and

migratory geese.

Resident geese (urban geese) generally migrate shorter distances to their

wintering grounds in the United States, and are accustomed to the presence of

people and the noises of the city (Naturalist Services, 2014).

Migratory Geese are the geese that appear in the fall, using the City of Winnipeg

and surrounding areas as staging grounds (Naturalist Services, 2014). Migratory

geese belong to a different sub-species than resident geese, and their behavior can

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 12

be different in that they often fly away or move

into a pond when people are present (Naturalist

Services, 2014).

 4.2.1.A Urban Goose Working Group

The City of Winnipeg belongs to the Urban

Goose Working Group (UGWG). The group is a

collaboration of the Government of Canada, the Province of Manitoba, the City of

Winnipeg, and the Winnipeg Airport Authority (Naturalist Services, 2014). The

UGWG’s goal is to reduce risk to human health and safety caused by Canada geese in

the City of Winnipeg (Naturalist Services, 2014).

Since 2011, the UGWG has reduced the number of geese nesting and feeding

along Kenaston Boulevard:

“Geese nesting and feeding near roadways can cause traffic

hazards. Groups of geese feeding near and crossing

roadways can result in potentially dangerous situations

when motorists suddenly swerve or brake to avoid

striking geese. High speeds on Kenaston can make this

behaviour particularly risky for both motorists and the

geese. Egg removals along Kenaston Boulevard resulted

in a reduction in the goose population in the immediate

vicinity and increased traffic safety. Egg removals will

continue in 2014.”

-Urban Goose Working Group representative, 2011 (Naturalist

Services, 2014)

4.2.1.B Population Monitoring

In 2013, resident goose counts were conducted at 133 retention ponds in the

City of Winnipeg (Naturalist Services, 2014). Counting the number of geese at

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 13

ponds in the city determines where geese may have the greatest impact on their

surroundings(Naturalist Services, 2014).

Migratory goose counts were conducted in the fall of 2012 and 2013; the

purpose of these counts is to determine how many geese use they city and

surrounding areas during migration (Naturalist Services, 2014). In 2013, the

migratory goose counts had the highest daily count of just over 120,000 geese at

152 sites (Naturalist Services, 2014).

In 2013, for the first time, nest searches were conducted at 30 retention

ponds and their surrounding areas to determine where geese were nesting, 51 nests

were located and mapped using GIS (Naturalist Services, 2014). From this data it

was discovered that the habitat characteristics that might determine where geese

nest in urban areas is quite variable (Naturalist Services, 2014).

4.2.1.C Alternative Turf Trial

Managing vegetation can help reduce issues related to Canada geese, as they

prefer mown grass (Naturalist Services, 2014). Mown grass infected with

endophyte fungus may prove to be a promising part of goose management plan;

geese have been shown to avoid feeding on areas where endophyte-infected grass is

present (Naturalist Services, 2014). In the fall of 2013, two trial areas were

prepared and seeded with endophyte-infected grass and control plots were

established to determine the geese’s behavior (Naturalist Services, 2014).

Assessment of these trials began in spring of 2014, and the results have yet to be

released (Naturalist Services, 2014).

6.0 Conclusion

Urban areas have all elements for

survival including shelter, food, water and

space. As urbanization within the City of

Winnipeg has increased, it has created new

niches for some animals while destroying habits for others. Conflicts created with

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 14

Figure 8: A Canada goose testing out the alternative turf, (Naturalist Sevices, 2014)

urban wildlife involve both human and urban wildlife problems. Problems such as

species extinctions, endangerment, or loss of habitat because of developments are

the ways that humans create problems for wildlife. Wildlife creates problems for

humans by being a nuisance, property damage and potential to transfer diseases.

Although it may be a difficult it is important to reduce the conflicts between urban

wildlife and humans. Some ways suggested in the above report would include

education on problems for everyone involved, and different management systems.

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 15

7.0 References

Adams, C., Lindsey, K., & Ash, S. (2006). Urban Wildlife Management. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.

Bradley, C., & Altizer, S. (n.d.). Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22(2), 95-102.

Calgary Human Wildlife Control. (n.d.). Living/Coping With Urban Wildlife. Retrieved from http://www.calgarywildlifecontrol.ca/media/articles/livingWildlife.htm

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2014, July 24). Fact Sheet - Rabies - Animals - Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/rabies/fact-sheet/eng/1356155202013/1356155379445

City of Winnipeg. (2014). Animal Services Agency - Community Services Department - City of Winnipeg. Retrieved from http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/animal/faqs/wildlife_faq.stm

Conservation Manitoba. (n.d.). Living with Wildlife in Manitoba. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from

http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/problem_wildlife/index.html

Decker, D. J., & Gavin, T. A. (2014). Public Attitudes Towards Suburban Deer Herd. Wiley, 2.

English Encyclopedia. (2007). Urban Wildlife: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Urban wildlife

Government of Manitoba. (2011, June). Lyme Disease. Environmental Health Factsheet. Retrieved from http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/factsheets/lymedisease.pdf

Government of Manitoba. (2014). Wildlife Branch | Conservation and Water Stewardship | Province of Manitoba. Retrieved from http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/problem_wildlife/raccoon.html

Government of Manitoba. (n.d.). Lyme Disease. Retrieved from http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/lyme/docs/brochure.pdf

Leedy, D., & Adams, L. (1984, January 1). A Guide to Urban Wildlife Management. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 16

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234622092_A_Guide_to_Urban_Wildlife_Management

Manitoba Public Insurance. (2014). Wildlife. Retrieved from http://www.mpi.mb.ca/en/Rd-Safety/Pages/wildlife.aspx

McCance, E. (2014). Understanding Urban White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Movement and Related Social and Ecological Considerations for Management. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.

McKinney, M.L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation: Science Direct, 127(3), 247-260. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705003563

Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. (2014, August 13). Feeding Wildlife Do's and Dont's. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/feeding-wildlife-dos-and-donts

Naturalist Services. (2014, April 22). Canada Goose Information Network. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/Naturalist/NS/Goose.asp

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2014, February 28). Action Plan on Lyme diseaseLyme Disease - Infectious Diseases - Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/id-mi/lyme-plan-eng.php

Reducing Urban Wildlife Conflicts. (2010, August 1). Retrieved from damage http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/factsheets/FS_urban

Wildlife Branch. (n.d.). General FAQs: Wildlife and Ecosystem Protection. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/faq/index.html#8

Wildlife Control Inc. (2011). Problems. Retrieved from www.urbanwildlifecontrol.ca/problems.php

Winnipeg - Urban Wildlife Adventures. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gov.mb.ca/watchablewildlife/winnipeg.html

8.0 Figure References

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 17

Title Page Images:Bermannovam B. (n.d.). Flying Canadian Goose. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from

http://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/goose.html

Binturong, A. (n.d.). Clipart Squirrel with Acorn. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://becuo.com/clipart-squirrel-with-acorn

Deer Clipart Black and White. (2014). Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.clipartpanda.com/categories/deer-clipart-black-and-white

Denturists Association of Canada. (2012). Mobile Services - Winnipeg. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.denturistmb.org/find.html

Dewit, G. (2012, January). Skunk Vector. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.signtorch.com/store/images/sample/Skunk-Vector.html

Figure 1: Winnipeg Sun. (2013, January 17). Pet owners warned after rabid skunk attacks dog. Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipegsun.com/2013/01/17/pet-owners-warned-after-rabid-skunk-attacks-dog

Figure 2: Brodbeck, T. (2014, June 4). Pet owners warned after rabid skunk attacks dog. Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipegsun.com/2014/06/04/oh-deer-fawns-stop-traffic-in-downtown-winnipeg

Figure 3: Naturalist Services. (2014, April 22). Canada Goose Information Network. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/Naturalist/NS/Goose.asp

Figure 4: Urban Wildlife Control Inc. (2011). Problems. Retrieved from http://www.urbanwildlifecontrol.ca/problems.php

Figure 5: Manitoba Public Insurance. (2014). Wildlife. Retrieved from http://www.mpi.mb.ca/en/Rd-Safety/Pages/wildlife.aspx

Figure 6: Winnipeg - Urban Wildlife Adventures. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gov.mb.ca/watchablewildlife/winnipeg.html

Figure 7: Naturalist Services. (2014, April 22). Canada Goose Information Network. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/Naturalist/NS/Goose.asp

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 18

Figure 8: Naturalist Services. (2014, April 22). Canada Goose Information Network. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/Naturalist/NS/Goose.asp

Urban Wildlife of Winnipeg: Causes, Effects, and Management 19