Upload
allie-ally
View
28
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
-
Citation preview
Q: Q: WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?A:A:
Simply:Simply:
““scientific definition”scientific definition”
Q: Q: WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?A:A:
Simply:Simply: = “WHAT COVERS” the body= “WHAT COVERS” the body
““scientific definition”scientific definition”
Q: Q: WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?WHAT TEGUMENT IS ?A:A:
Simply:Simply: = “WHAT COVERS” the body= “WHAT COVERS” the body
““scientific definition”scientific definition”
= is the outer covering of = is the outer covering of living tissueliving tissue
QQWHAT ARE TEGUMENTUM FUNCTION ? WHAT ARE TEGUMENTUM FUNCTION ? AA
QQWHAT ARE TEGUMENTUM FUNCTION ? WHAT ARE TEGUMENTUM FUNCTION ? AA
1.1. Sensation (feeling)Sensation (feeling)2.2. heat regulationheat regulation3.3. excretionexcretion4.4. Contribute to immune systemContribute to immune system5.5. storage and synthesisstorage and synthesis
? Thickness? Thickness
? Surface? Surface ==
? Appearance:? Appearance:
? Thickness? Thickness Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm →→ 4 - 8mm 4 - 8mm
? Surface? Surface ==
? Appearance:? Appearance:
? Thickness? Thickness Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm →→ 4 - 8mm 4 - 8mm
? Surface? Surface == 1,5 - 2 m 1,5 - 2 m22
? Appearance:? Appearance:
? Thickness? Thickness Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm Between: 0,2 - 0,5 mm →→ 4 - 8mm 4 - 8mm
? Surface? Surface == 1,5 - 2 m 1,5 - 2 m22
? Appearance:? Appearance:– folds:folds: coarsely, discreet, fine, etccoarsely, discreet, fine, etc
– ““pores”pores” (infundibular depressions)(infundibular depressions)–– the the openings of sudoriferous or sebaceous glandsopenings of sudoriferous or sebaceous glands
Q:Q: How many layers tegument have How many layers tegument have ??
A:A:
Q:Q: How many layers tegument have How many layers tegument have ??
A:A: 3 layers 3 layers
1.1. The epidermis:The epidermis: Role:Role: Layers of cellsLayers of cells
2.2. The dermis:The dermis: Role:Role: nutrition, skin analyzer nutrition, skin analyzer
3.3. The hypodermis:The hypodermis: Role:Role: tegument support tegument support
What are the SKIN GLANDS ?What are the SKIN GLANDS ?
What are the SKIN GLANDS ?What are the SKIN GLANDS ?
Sudoriferous glands:Sudoriferous glands: = = merocrinemerocrine glands glands
– – produce sweatproduce sweatSebaceous glandsSebaceous glands
= = holocrineholocrine glands glands - produce produce sebumsebum
What are the What are the visiblevisible annexa of skin ? annexa of skin ?
What are the What are the visiblevisible annexa of skin ? annexa of skin ?
1.1. NAILS NAILS 2.2. HAIRHAIR
What pruritus (itch) is ?
Produced by :
Cause:
What pruritus (itch) is ? = cutaneous symptom Experienced as An “attenuated pain”
Produced by :
Cause:
What pruritus (itch) is ? = cutaneous symptom Experienced as An “attenuated pain”
Produced by : irritation of skin nerves
Cause:– Genetic factors– Emotion ( Psychological factor)
Which are the Secondary lesions in pruritus:
Which are the Secondary lesions in pruritus:
1. excoriations2. lichenification3. cutaneous infections4. local pigmentations5. degraded nails
Q PRURITUS CLASIFICATION:
Q PRURITUS CLASIFICATION:
1. SECONDARY
(Determined by cutaneous affections)
2. PRIMITIVE (“SINE MATERIA”)
a) GENERALIZED
b) LOCAL
Q. Q. Common causes of systemic pruritusCommon causes of systemic pruritus
Q. Q. Common causes of systemic pruritusCommon causes of systemic pruritus
1.1. JaundiceJaundice2.2. Cancers ( called paraneoplasic pruritus)Cancers ( called paraneoplasic pruritus)3.3. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus 4.4. UremiaUremia5.5. Parasitic infections, ScabiesParasitic infections, Scabies6.6. Old age (Senile pruritus)Old age (Senile pruritus)7.7. Drugs allergy (Drugs allergy (associated with skin eruptionassociated with skin eruption))8.8. PsychologicalPsychological
Woman: VulvarWoman: Vulvar Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus menopause menopause cancercancer psychogenicpsychogenicMen: Scrotal/PenianMen: Scrotal/Penian Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus CancerCancer Urinary tract infections Urinary tract infections psychogenicpsychogenic
Nasal:Nasal:• asthma, allergic asthma, allergic
rhinitis rhinitis • lambliase (children)lambliase (children)• morphinomaniamorphinomania
Scalp:Scalp: alcohol abusealcohol abuseAuricularAuricular
• diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitus
Anal:Anal:• parasitic infectionsparasitic infections• hemorrhoidshemorrhoids
Q. Common site and cause of local pruritusQ. Common site and cause of local pruritus
skin colour changesskin colour changes are due to ?are due to ?
skin colour changesskin colour changes are due to ?are due to ?A: A: pigments ( 4 natural pigments ( 4 natural ± pathologic ones)± pathologic ones) melanin (brown)melanin (brown) oxyhemoglobin (bright red) oxyhemoglobin (bright red) deoxyhemoglobin (more bluish) deoxyhemoglobin (more bluish) carotene (yellow)carotene (yellow)
Special conditions/pathologic ones:Special conditions/pathologic ones: hemosiderinhemosiderin bilirubinbilirubin metalsmetals
REMEMBER REMEMBER !!!
The examination of skin color must be done in sunlight
What are skin colour changes ?What are skin colour changes ?
What are skin colour changes ?What are skin colour changes ?
1.1. PALLORPALLOR
2.2. CYANOSISCYANOSIS
3.3. JAUNDICEJAUNDICE
4.4. HYPERCAROTENEMIAHYPERCAROTENEMIA
5.5. CHANGES OF SKIN PIGMENTATIONCHANGES OF SKIN PIGMENTATION
6.6. HYPEREMIAHYPEREMIA
What mean pallorWhat mean pallor ? ?
Causes by: ???Causes by: ???
Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?
What mean pallorWhat mean pallor ? ?= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae
Causes by: ???Causes by: ???
Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?
What mean pallorWhat mean pallor ? ?= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae
Causes by: ???Causes by: ??? – a reduced amount of oxyhemoglobina reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin
Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?
What mean pallorWhat mean pallor ? ?= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae= lighter color of the skin and visible mucosae
Causes by: ???Causes by: ??? – a reduced amount of oxyhemoglobina reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin
Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?Sites where the Pallor is best appreciated ?At thinnest epidermis !!! : At thinnest epidermis !!! :
1.1. palpebral conjunctivapalpebral conjunctiva2.2. palmar skin palmar skin 3.3. fingernailsfingernails4.4. lipslips5.5. TongueTongue
? Definition of ? Definition of CYANOSISCYANOSIS
? Cause of cianosis? Cause of cianosis
Characteristic Characteristic
? Definition of ? Definition of CYANOSISCYANOSIS = bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces= bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces ? Cause of cianosis? Cause of cianosis
Characteristic Characteristic
? Definition of ? Definition of CYANOSISCYANOSIS = bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces= bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces ? Cause of cianosis? Cause of cianosis = presence of reduced Hb in the blood (= presence of reduced Hb in the blood ( 5g/dl) 5g/dl) Characteristic Characteristic
? Definition of ? Definition of CYANOSISCYANOSIS = bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces= bluish color of the skin and mucosal surfaces ? Cause of cianosis? Cause of cianosis = presence of reduced Hb in the blood (= presence of reduced Hb in the blood ( 5g/dl) 5g/dl) Characteristic Characteristic Disappears with digital pressureDisappears with digital pressure
REMEMBERREMEMBERFalse cyanosis doesn’t disappear with digital pressureFalse cyanosis doesn’t disappear with digital pressure
?? Cause of central cyanosis?? Cause of central cyanosis
Mechanism Mechanism
Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :
?? Cause of central cyanosis?? Cause of central cyanosis PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)
Mechanism Mechanism
Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :
?? Cause of central cyanosis?? Cause of central cyanosis PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)
Mechanism Mechanism low arterial oxygen saturation in the lungslow arterial oxygen saturation in the lungs
Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :
?? Cause of central cyanosis?? Cause of central cyanosis PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)PULMONARY (respiratory insufficiency)
Mechanism Mechanism low arterial oxygen saturation in the lungslow arterial oxygen saturation in the lungs
Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS :Characteristics of CENTRAL CYANOSIS : Generalized Generalized WarmWarm Negative Lewis test Negative Lewis test
((cyanosis not disappear with ear lobe rubbingcyanosis not disappear with ear lobe rubbing)) OxygenOxygen administered by masc administered by masc correct cyanosiscorrect cyanosis
?? Other Cause of central cyanosis?? Other Cause of central cyanosis
It is influenced by oxygen administration ?It is influenced by oxygen administration ?
?? Other Cause of central cyanosis?? Other Cause of central cyanosis
heart disease (HD) heart disease (HD)
Congenital HD with right-to-left shunt Congenital HD with right-to-left shunt
It is also called “the blue syndrome” It is also called “the blue syndrome”
It is influenced by oxygen administration ?It is influenced by oxygen administration ?
?? Other Cause of central cyanosis?? Other Cause of central cyanosis
heart disease (HD) heart disease (HD)
Congenital HD with right-to-left shunt Congenital HD with right-to-left shunt
It is also called “the blue syndrome” It is also called “the blue syndrome”
It is influenced by oxygen administration ?It is influenced by oxygen administration ?
NONO
JAUNDICEJAUNDICE(also called icterus)(also called icterus)
Definition: the Definition: the yellow coloryellow color of skin and mucosae of skin and mucosae
caused by a high level of seric bilirubincaused by a high level of seric bilirubin does not disappear with digital pressure does not disappear with digital pressure Bilirubin colors the elastic tissue digital pressure emphasizes the jaundice
!!! Icterus must be examined in sunlight, !!! Icterus must be examined in sunlight, because artificial lights distorts colours, because artificial lights distorts colours, being visible only the verdinicterus/ being visible only the verdinicterus/ melasicterusmelasicterus
Better seen on:Better seen on:1.1. The The bulbar conjunctivesbulbar conjunctives
(visible at the level of inferior fornix of (visible at the level of inferior fornix of conjunctivae)conjunctivae)
2.2. Under the tongueUnder the tongue3.3. Hard palateHard palate4.4. The lipsThe lips (after digital pressure)(after digital pressure)
JAUNDICEJAUNDICE
plasma bilirubin value : 0,5 – 1 mg%plasma bilirubin value : 0,5 – 1 mg% If bilirubin exceeds 7 mg %, If bilirubin exceeds 7 mg %, the jaundice becomes more obvious both the jaundice becomes more obvious both for the patient and entouragefor the patient and entourage
In natural hyperpigmentated patients, In natural hyperpigmentated patients, icterus is put in evidence by:icterus is put in evidence by:
Plasma aspectPlasma aspect Urine color changesUrine color changes Seminal fluid color changesSeminal fluid color changes Serosae color changesSerosae color changes
JAUNDICEJAUNDICE
!!XANTHOPSIAXANTHOPSIA= a visual disturbance in which = a visual disturbance in which
objects appear yellow due to objects appear yellow due to problem of the eye (dyeing of problem of the eye (dyeing of ocular media)ocular media)
JAUNDICEJAUNDICE
Differential diagnosticDifferential diagnostic of jaundice of jaundice
is done withis done with::
HypercarotenimaHypercarotenima
Chronic renal failureChronic renal failure
JAUNDICEJAUNDICE
Depending on shade Orange – hepatocellular icterus
Flavin – hemolytic jaundice, hepatocellular icterus associated
Rubin – leptospiroses (icterus + fever)
Verdin - mechanical icterus, critical hepatocellular
icterus- due to the convertion of bilirubin into
biliverdin;- associated with pruritus
Melas – pancreatic head cancer (there is a large amount of biliar salts and biliverdin at the level of tegumentum)
JAUNDICEJAUNDICEclassificationclassification
RUBINIC JAUNDICERUBINIC JAUNDICE
ORANGE JAUNDICEORANGE JAUNDICE
VERDINIC JAUNDICEVERDINIC JAUNDICE
HYPERCAROTENEMIAHYPERCAROTENEMIA
carotenoids carotenoids = are lipid soluble compounds = are lipid soluble compounds which give the yellow to yellow-orange which give the yellow to yellow-orange discoloration of the skin (adipose tissue)discoloration of the skin (adipose tissue)
the color change is most prominent in the color change is most prominent in
regions of increased regions of increased sweating (face) and sweating (face) and thickness of the stratum corneum (palms thickness of the stratum corneum (palms
and soles)and soles)
Primary hypercarotenemiaPrimary hypercarotenemia (CAROTENODERMA) (CAROTENODERMA) – – due to increased dietary foods intake or due to increased dietary foods intake or
nutritional supplements (children – yellow nutritional supplements (children – yellow parsnips)parsnips)
Conditions associated with hypercarotenemia:Conditions associated with hypercarotenemia: Simmonds disease Simmonds disease (secondary panhypopituitarism)(secondary panhypopituitarism) MyxedemaMyxedema DiabetesDiabetes Chronic renal failureChronic renal failure EunuchesEunuches
HYPERCAROTENEMIAHYPERCAROTENEMIAclassificationclassification
! Carotenoderma is CLINICALLY ! Carotenoderma is CLINICALLY differentiated from jaundice differentiated from jaundice by the characteristic by the characteristic sparing of the sparing of the
ConjunctivaConjunctiva urine and urine and FecesFeces
! Existence of carotenoderma invalidates the ! Existence of carotenoderma invalidates the malabsorption syndromemalabsorption syndrome
HYPERCAROTENEMIAHYPERCAROTENEMIA
HYPERCAROTENEMIAHYPERCAROTENEMIA
DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATIONDISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION
MELANIN MELANIN = The main cutaneous pigment = The main cutaneous pigment
produced by produced by melanocytesmelanocytes
The number of melanocytes is the same for all The number of melanocytes is the same for all
races (inclusively for albinos), but races (inclusively for albinos), but
the number of melanin granules variesthe number of melanin granules varies
MelanocytesMelanocytes predominates in: predominates in:
axillas axillas genital regionsgenital regions AreolasAreolas elbows,elbows, kneesknees
Rare location: Rare location: mucosae, palms and solesmucosae, palms and soles
Melanogenesis Melanogenesis = is hormonally controlled= is hormonally controlled
↑ ↑ by MSH (→ stimulated in ACROMEGALY, ADDISON by MSH (→ stimulated in ACROMEGALY, ADDISON dis.)dis.)
↓ ↓ by catecholamine, corticosteroids, estrogensby catecholamine, corticosteroids, estrogens
DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATIONDISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION
Melanin → melanoid→ excoriation → Melanin → melanoid→ excoriation →
corneous layer corneous layer
→ → YELLOISH - SOIL colorYELLOISH - SOIL color
DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATIONDISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION
DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATIONDISORDERS OF PIGMENTATIONclassification classification
Disorders of
pigmentation
HYPOPIGMENTATION
GENERALIZED
LOCAL
HYPERPIGMENTATION
GENERALIZED
LOCAL
DISCOLORATIONS
GENERALIZED HYPOPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPOPIGMENTATION
AlbinismAlbinism = genetic disease = genetic disease• TotalTotal- - with with amelanosisamelanosis • PartialPartial - only the eyes lack pigment - only the eyes lack pigment
Total oculocutaneous albinismTotal oculocutaneous albinism The most obvious example of hypopigmentation The most obvious example of hypopigmentation Genetic disease (autosomal recessive) with:Genetic disease (autosomal recessive) with:
white tegument,white tegument, northern white hair,northern white hair, decolorized iris through which the eye fundus is seendecolorized iris through which the eye fundus is seen Decreased visual acuiity, nistagmus, photophobiaDecreased visual acuiity, nistagmus, photophobia skin cancers on the regions exposed to sunlight ( ! skin cancers on the regions exposed to sunlight ( !
frequent )frequent )
LOCAL HYPOPIGMENTATIONLOCAL HYPOPIGMENTATION
PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria– an inherited metabolic disorder an inherited metabolic disorder – caused by an enzyme deficiency caused by an enzyme deficiency – resulting in accumulation in the blood of resulting in accumulation in the blood of
phenylalanine and its metabolitesphenylalanine and its metabolites
– severe mental retardationsevere mental retardation, , – decolorized hair and irisdecolorized hair and iris
((comparing with the rest of familycomparing with the rest of family) ) – urine ”smelling like mouse”urine ”smelling like mouse”
LOCAL HYPOPIGMENTATIONLOCAL HYPOPIGMENTATION
OTHERS: OTHERS: Biermer diseaseBiermer disease burns, scarsburns, scars melanocytes deficiency in melanocytes deficiency in protein deficienciesprotein deficiencies shadows around the nevi shadows around the nevi Simmonds diseaseSimmonds disease
– is a chronic skin disease is a chronic skin disease – causes loss of pigment resulting in causes loss of pigment resulting in – irregular pale patches of skinirregular pale patches of skin– Due to Due to Migration of melanocytesMigration of melanocytes to the to the
border of affected areaborder of affected area– Areas of hypopigmentation with Areas of hypopigmentation with
surround hyperpigmentationsurround hyperpigmentation
DISCOLORATIONDISCOLORATION
Vitiligo (leukoderma)Vitiligo (leukoderma)
– primary diseaseprimary disease – dominant autosomal – dominant autosomal transmissiontransmission
– secondary disease:secondary disease:autoimmune diseaseautoimmune diseaseHyperthyroid conditions- “meche blanche”Hyperthyroid conditions- “meche blanche”Biermer anemiaBiermer anemiaAddison diseaseAddison diseaseReclinghausen neurofibromatosisReclinghausen neurofibromatosisIntoxications with hydroquinone, phenolIntoxications with hydroquinone, phenol
DISCOLORATIONDISCOLORATIONVitiligo (leukoderma)Vitiligo (leukoderma)
VITILIGOVITILIGO
VITILIGOVITILIGO
Conditions in which there is the Conditions in which there is the darkening of an area of skin caused by caused by increased depositsincreased deposits of of
MelaninMelanin HemosiderinHemosiderin metals (pseudocyanosis)metals (pseudocyanosis)
MelanodermaMelanoderma= abnormally intense pigmentation of the skin = abnormally intense pigmentation of the skin Pathologic hyperpigmentations:Pathologic hyperpigmentations:
generalized (melanoderma)generalized (melanoderma) locallocal circumscribedcircumscribed
GENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATION
(MELANODERMA)(MELANODERMA)
Addison diseaseAddison disease– The The most typical melanodermamost typical melanoderma
– determined by determined by ACTH, ACTH, MSH MSH
– Early diagnosis-initial Early diagnosis-initial affected areasaffected areas:: nipples,nipples, axillas,axillas, folds,folds, palmary crests,palmary crests, genitalia,genitalia, white linea,white linea, mucosae,mucosae, areas submitted to frictions or pressure, scarsareas submitted to frictions or pressure, scars
GENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATION (MELANODERMA)(MELANODERMA)
Addisonian melanodermaAddisonian melanoderma– Covers all the tegument, excepting the palms and Covers all the tegument, excepting the palms and
solessoles– Sometimes associated with vitiligoSometimes associated with vitiligo– Accompanied by:Accompanied by:
asthenia, asthenia, weight lossweight loss→ → emaciation, emaciation, hTA (TAs<90 mmHg), hTA (TAs<90 mmHg), inappetence, nausea, vomiting, inappetence, nausea, vomiting, associated abnormal lab values associated abnormal lab values
GENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATION (MELANODERMA)(MELANODERMA)
HEMOCHROMATOSISHEMOCHROMATOSISa a hereditary diseasehereditary disease characterized by characterized by
– excessive absorption of dietary iron excessive absorption of dietary iron resulting in resulting in
– a pathological increase in total body iron a pathological increase in total body iron
( 50 - 100 x at the level of liver, ( 50 - 100 x at the level of liver,
pancreas pancreas “bronzed diabetes”, “bronzed diabetes”,
““pigmentary cirrhosis”)pigmentary cirrhosis”)
GENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATION (MELANODERMA)(MELANODERMA)
HEMOCHROMATOSISHEMOCHROMATOSIS– Hyperpigmentation of tegument with “metal shade”Hyperpigmentation of tegument with “metal shade”– (Iron deposits (hemosiderin))(Iron deposits (hemosiderin))– Distribution areas:Distribution areas:
faceface bellybelly nipplesnipples genitaliagenitalia the extension faces of forearmsthe extension faces of forearms scarsscars
– Atrophic tegument, with loss of hairAtrophic tegument, with loss of hair– Differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis
with with hemosiderosis (post transfusional hemochromatosis) (post transfusional hemochromatosis) in which in which pigmentation is progressivepigmentation is progressive
GENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATIONGENERALIZED HYPERPIGMENTATION (MELANODERMA)(MELANODERMA)
OTHER GENERALIZED HYPERPIMENTATIONOTHER GENERALIZED HYPERPIMENTATION
– physical:physical: Exposure to sunlight and UVExposure to sunlight and UV pruritus, + vitamin/proteins deficiencies pruritus, + vitamin/proteins deficiencies - - -”the tramps (melanoderma) pelerine”-”the tramps (melanoderma) pelerine” – – neck and scapular-humeral regionneck and scapular-humeral region
– nutritional:nutritional: pellagra associated with photosensibilitypellagra associated with photosensibility vitamin A deficiencyvitamin A deficiency
Causes:Causes:
– metabolicmetabolichepatolenticullary cirrhosishepatolenticullary cirrhosistardive cutaneous porphyriatardive cutaneous porphyria
– hormonal:hormonal:pregnancypregnancypubertypubertyACTH secreting pulmonary tumorsACTH secreting pulmonary tumors
– deposits of metaldeposits of metal (silver, gold, mercury, chrome, arsenic)(silver, gold, mercury, chrome, arsenic)
– drugs:: chlorpromazine (chlorpromazine (brownbrown), amiodarone (), amiodarone (blue-greyblue-grey), ), tetracyclinetetracycline
OTHER GENERALIZED HYPERPIMENTATIONOTHER GENERALIZED HYPERPIMENTATION
Causes:Causes:
LOCAL HYPERPIGMENTATIONLOCAL HYPERPIGMENTATION
PREGNANCY MASKPREGNANCY MASK = = irregular symmetric patches like a irregular symmetric patches like a mask- pregnant women after the 5mask- pregnant women after the 5thth month month
FACEFACE - - thalassemia, malabsorption syndrome, thalassemia, malabsorption syndrome, contraceptivescontraceptives
PERIOCULAR PIGMENTATIONPERIOCULAR PIGMENTATION – – hepatic diseases, hepatic diseases, ovarian tumors, Graves-Basedow diseaseovarian tumors, Graves-Basedow disease
RIEHL DISEASERIEHL DISEASE Pigmentary patches at the level of face and thoraxPigmentary patches at the level of face and thorax Carencies syndromes, malabsorption, emotionsCarencies syndromes, malabsorption, emotions
REGIONAL HYPERPIGMENTATIONSREGIONAL HYPERPIGMENTATIONS SHANKS- chronic venous insufficiencySHANKS- chronic venous insufficiency NIPPLES AND MAMMARY AREOLAS NIPPLES AND MAMMARY AREOLAS
- - pregnant women, patients with prostate cancer pregnant women, patients with prostate cancer treated treated
with estrogenswith estrogens AXXILAS - “acantosis nigricans” AXXILAS - “acantosis nigricans”
- associated with hyperkeratosis in plaques --- - associated with hyperkeratosis in plaques --- “carbon “carbon
powder” appearance powder” appearance - gigantism, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, - gigantism, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus,
abdominal abdominal cancercancer UNCLOTHED PARTS OF THE BODY UNCLOTHED PARTS OF THE BODY
- - porphyria, pellagra, Felty syndromeporphyria, pellagra, Felty syndrome DIFFERENT ZONESDIFFERENT ZONES
- - due to the itching lesions or to the application of due to the itching lesions or to the application of
heated objectsheated objects
ACANTOSIS NIGRICANS
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
PELLAGRA
PORPHYRIA
CIRCUMSCRIBED HYPERPIGMENTATIONCIRCUMSCRIBED HYPERPIGMENTATION FRECKLESFRECKLES LENTIGO (moles) = AGE SPOTSLENTIGO (moles) = AGE SPOTS ““CAFÉ AU LAIT” PACTHES – CAFÉ AU LAIT” PACTHES – Recklinghausen neurofibromatosisRecklinghausen neurofibromatosis
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
= periorificial lenticulosis + colic poliposis= periorificial lenticulosis + colic poliposis LEOPARD SYNDROME (L= lentigo, Ecg =conduction problems,LEOPARD SYNDROME (L= lentigo, Ecg =conduction problems,
O= ocular hypertelorism, P= pulmonary – pulmonary stenosis,O= ocular hypertelorism, P= pulmonary – pulmonary stenosis,
A = genetic anomalies, R= retard, D= deaf)A = genetic anomalies, R= retard, D= deaf) FIX DRUG ERUPTION FIX DRUG ERUPTION
- erythemaous- pigmentary plaques- erythemaous- pigmentary plaques URTICARIA - mastocytosisURTICARIA - mastocytosis MALIGN MELANOMA – tumor developed around a nevusMALIGN MELANOMA – tumor developed around a nevus
Recklinghausen neurofibromatosisRecklinghausen neurofibromatosis URTICARIA - mastocytosisURTICARIA - mastocytosis
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROMEPEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME MALIGN MELANOMAMALIGN MELANOMA
FIX DRUG ERUPTIONFIX DRUG ERUPTION
Ocular hypertelorismOcular hypertelorism
FRECKLES
LENTIGO
ERYTHEMAERYTHEMA= redness of the skin which = redness of the skin which Is due to tegument vasodilatation (hyperemia ) Is due to tegument vasodilatation (hyperemia ) disappears with digital pressuredisappears with digital pressure
Classification :Classification :A.A. LOCALIZEDLOCALIZED
PHYSIOLOGICAL:PHYSIOLOGICAL: pudic, emotional pudic, emotional
PATHOLOGICAL:PATHOLOGICAL: PALMO-PLANTAR: liver cirrhosis PALMO-PLANTAR: liver cirrhosis
E. of ZONES EXPOSED TO SUNLIGTH: E. of ZONES EXPOSED TO SUNLIGTH: pellagra, photosensibilisating diseasespellagra, photosensibilisating diseases
ERYTHEMAERYTHEMAB.B. GENERALIZEDGENERALIZED
– PHYSIOLOGICAPHYSIOLOGICALL: solar: solar– PATHOLOGICALPATHOLOGICAL
ERUPTIVE DISEASESERUPTIVE DISEASES ““RASH” = diffuse erythema, transient, precedes the eruptionRASH” = diffuse erythema, transient, precedes the eruption MORBILIFORM E. in MEASLESMORBILIFORM E. in MEASLES SCARLATINIFORM E. SCARLATINIFORM E.
DRUG ALLERGIESDRUG ALLERGIES ROSEOLA ROSEOLA (secondary syphilis)(secondary syphilis) CARCINOIDCARCINOID
– “– “FLASH”FLASH” = sensation of heat followed by redness = sensation of heat followed by redness
FIGURATE/ANULLAR ERYTHEMAFIGURATE/ANULLAR ERYTHEMA→ → RHEUMATHIC RHEUMATHIC
FEVERFEVER children, teenagerschildren, teenagers EXFOLIANT ERYTHEMA:EXFOLIANT ERYTHEMA: leukemiasleukemias
FIGURATE/ANULLAR ERYTHEMAFIGURATE/ANULLAR ERYTHEMA