20: Host Parasite II

  • Upload
    nyucd17

  • View
    215

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    1/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    1

    [Microbiology] [20] [Host-Parasite Relationships II] by [professor]

    [Slide number] [Key Point]

    [speaker]Key questions. Is caries like these other infectious diseases? I just told

    you. Is there any animal that has caries? Your dog, hamsters, mice, rats, camels,

    bats? No. Its specific to humans. Remember what I told you about co-evolution.Caries are site/ human specific. It tells you a well-involved infectious disease. I will

    tell you its caused by the indigenous biota of the human body. Its not species

    jumping. There are infectious diseases that you can get from your dog or cat.

    [Slide number] [SARS]

    [speaker]Btw, if you lived through the so-called SARS hysteria they thought it was

    these cute little animals called polecats. Arent they cute? I didnt even know what

    they were. Cute. So they said, SARS came from that. They went on to kill every

    polecat in Asia. It was a massive slaughter. It was intense. People in Asia were saying

    What are you doing? They overreacted. The end up killing all of these poor

    animals. It turned out it wasnt the polecats at all. You know why? None of this

    people went to this lecture. If they went to this lecture, they would have seen thatthe polecats were dying from SARS. So they couldnt be the source. People thought

    they were the source. They were dying b/c someone else was the carrier and the

    disease jumped to them.

    [Slide number] [Bats]

    [speaker]Turns out it was bats. They were the natural killers. Co-evolution. Bats

    had SARS. They bit the polecats werent happy, and they infected humans. Thats a

    funky looking dude there for being such a bad guy.

    [Slide number] [Toxoplasmosis]

    [speaker]Just to be contempory, this is a 2-hour lecture. Are you getting antsy? I

    get finish the first 2/3rds in a second. This was in timeout magazine. Front page.

    Toxoplasmosis and it has to do w/ a parasite that is a protozoa. This protozoa isfound in cats.

    [Slide number] [Toxoplasmosis- Cat and Mouse]

    [speaker]The way it works is that cats infect humans. If you were a pregnant

    human and had cats you have to be careful of toxoplasmosis since it can be harmful

    to the fetus. This became a great concern in NYC. Heres what happens. It turns out

    cats as you know eat mice. Not many cats will go after rats in NY. They will go after

    mice. Toxoplasmosis is co-evolved w/ a specific species of mouse. The mouse w/ the

    toxoplasmosis if eaten by the cat, the cat then develops toxoplasmosis. Those two

    havent co-evolved but the cat can tolerate it, but when it goes to the bathroom, the

    feces had toxoplasmosis and infects the human. Where this host parasite species

    works out for the cat and the mouse is that if the mouse is infected w/toxoplasmosis it loses its fear of the cat. Toxoplasmosis is smart. It says how can I

    perpetuate my species into the next set of generation. The best way to do it is to

    effect my carrier (the mouse), make it stupid. Look at this mouse. They actually

    found out the gene that is turned off in the mouse brain cells that make it lose fear.

    The mouse has no fear of cats. The cat eats the mouse. The cat then does its poop in

    the kitty box and then toxoplasmosis is then eaten by the mice so the mice nibble at

    the feces and so it perpetuates. Who is driving this? The smart guy driving this

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    2/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    2

    interaction? The cat, the mouse, or the toxoplasmosis. The toxoplasmosis is driving

    this whole ecosystem to its benefit. He/she is thinking perpetuate and the cat

    always get the mouse.

    [Slide number] [Jonathan Swift]

    [speaker]Stupid stupid I know. Im going to take it out next year. Give me a couple

    minutes and then well do part 2 after we take a short break. Jonathan Swift fromDublin community college and wrote this piece back in 1800s where they didnt

    have a lot of complicated microscope. So, naturalists observe the fleas so that the

    fleas have fleas. This precedes ad infinitum So when you see a host parasite

    relationship, theres more layers to it. Sometimes we just lookat the civits (I cant

    understand what he is saying here) and thats just one part of it and we wipe them

    out and we miss the other part of it. So host parasite relationship.

    [Slide number] [Oriental Rat Flea]

    [speaker]Heres my favorite example. Heres the oriental rat flea. Its a carrier of

    Black Plague. One of the most feared and deadly fleas ever. It lives on the rats. They

    are pretty happy together. If the flea is infected and if it bites the human, you get the

    Black Plague. Theres the flea, theres the carrier. Hes not really the true carrier. Itsthe bacteria that lives in the flea. Heres another picture now of what theyve stained

    for the bacteria in the gut of the flea. The dark area is biofilm forming so when it

    bites the human, then it passes the bacteria onto the human and the human gets the

    Black Plague. Not pretty.

    [Slide number] [Key Point]

    [speaker]This I thought was the most amazing SEM Ive ever found. This is the

    same flea. Do you remember what the flea looked like? If you had scales, the flea had

    fleas. Swift was right. Look at those. See those? You have those too. I dont but you

    do. He doesnt either since we shaved our head. Its all from hair. The guy w/ the

    heavy hair is a goner. Theres arachnids is there.

    [Slide number] [Host- Wolbachia Interactions][speaker]This bacteria that lives in the parasitic wasps selects the sex of the

    wasps offspring. The bacteria that parasitizes this wasp actually determines if its

    going to be female or male. Wow. Who is in the drivers seat in that family?

    [Slide number] [Quiz]

    [speaker]Ok this is what you are all waiting for. You came for, your ready. Waking

    up if you were sleeping in here. This is what youre ready to do right? You have the

    scantron. Answer 1 is T/F Answer 2 is T/F. You will get A+. There is no wrong

    answer. If you get that, cosmetology is a good career. Theres other things you can

    do. Ok. Question #1, the most prestigious journal in science is science. If you get

    published in science you can quit your job at NYU and go somewhere else. We all

    want to get published in science. Science report interspecies cooperation. Theyshow this picture. Is this T/F host- parasite relationship. An Asian toad helping a

    mouse avoid monsoon water. How is this going to work out in the host-parasite

    relationship. Do we need a couple years of co-evolution. Does this happen all the

    time? Host parasite. Who is the host who is the parasite? Mammals are higher

    evolved right? No. Everything is equally evolved. Mammals higher in the order than

    a frog. Who is the host who is the parasite? T/F. too bad there is no room for your

    own comments. Host parasite relationships, look at this. Complicated but not

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    3/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    3

    complicated. Who are the players? Is this is a host parasite relationship? Ill tell you

    theres 3 layers that we can see. Thats microscopic. Well talk about this after the

    break. But hang on. Question #2. Host-parasite relationship, does it meet those

    rules? Yes or no? Ill just point to the 3 areas. The big thing is an insect. The little

    thing is an arachnid. The little things are the back Ill tell you later. Theyre a form of

    egg. Ok so if you have that, now Im going to show you one on the slide. This isoptional if you really want to get a brain inspiration here, host parasite. This is a big

    protozoa eukaryote. It has the mitochondria. This the bonus extra. This is host

    parasite relationship b/w whats called the mitochondria. Ill tell you more about

    this in the second half. Answer 3 T/F host parasite relationship. Can we take a 6-

    minute break and Im sorry but Ill finish early. B/c if you disappear and stuff. Dont

    all disappear.

    [Slide number] [Key Point]

    [speaker]Obviously if you dont turn in your thing and if you dont do it, your

    classmates will be mad at you and you dont want to change your answer b/c its not

    worth it. So lets go to #1. Cute right? Im sorry right. Thats called a distractor. We

    use that on test questions too. You have to look at the data, and thats the data isright there. So science reported this but they never said that its a host parasite

    relationship. Some photographer just took a cute picture when they saw this. Im a

    patient person. I can wait 100,000 years and maybe I will find an amphibian mouse

    team. Theres some problem w/ this co-evolution. If the host is the frog, the mouse

    doesnt know how to swim under water that well. I dont think I can sustain this

    relationship. It works now but I dont think I can sustain it. This is not a host

    parasite relationship. Anybody disappointed and want to argue? Theres a great

    future for this, a million years from now when you see amphibians develop longs.

    Oh it happened in evolution but not in this case. Its cute. You will not be flawed if

    you didnt get it right. Remember were talking about eons of co-evolution. Host

    parasite relationship. This could be the very beginning of a long friendship but Idoubt it. Its not impossible. If you answered this as yes, but its very first, very

    beginning would you make that argument? Thats true. One of the rulesis true.

    Future benefit in this particular case. But its not sustained. Theres other rules. Co-

    evolution, Darwin selection, hows something is going to combine both of them.

    Thats not good to be swimming around w/ big fish. Theres no wrong answer. Your

    thought process is working. Someone else said that as well. Thats fine. Youre doing

    fine. I wouldnt call it but it has potential. I will say that. Ok, now this is a

    quintessential host parasite in the making. Its probably pretty well evolved but its

    no fully evolved. Whats on the back of that beetle are eggs from a parasitic wasp. So

    parasitic wasp lays its eggs on beetles. When the eggs develop and mature and

    become larvae they eat the beetle. This is not a nice relationship. But not all thetime. Sometimes only a few of them and they dont come to term. The wasp gets a

    benefit b/c hes got his babies being carried around the beetle. The beetle is not that

    happy but hes getting older. The beetles got another problem or asset. Is it a

    problem or asset? This is called an arachnid. Theres a really well host parasite

    relationship. Im not that well termed to know these are always found together.

    What would the arachnid do if it was part of the host parasite relationship? What

    would the guy do for the beetle? Eat the eggs. His job is to clean those eggs off.

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    4/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    4

    Right? Tasty right? Tasty like quail eggs. His job, but hes slacking. So hes gotten

    behind in his job. The eggs are really numerous. They should have been picked off

    by the afternoon and have a beer by 5. Im making this up. This is my free-based

    imagination b/c everything I said is my own to entertain you mostly. The arachnid

    doesnt want to hang around w/ the host very long. The arachnid has to make a

    quick judgment. Do I stay w/ the host since its going down and lose my free ride? Ordo I stay and feast on this tremendous meal? If a young attractive beetle comes by,

    fresh w/ no eggs on it this arachnid will leave you like this. So hes looking for

    someone to come by and so anyway, host parasite. This could be a good host

    parasite. The ultimate example. I would say this is true. Similar w/ the beetle and

    the was eggs. But we should talk about how far evolved this is. This is the best

    example probably. Its the mitochondria. We all have it. The only reason Im talking

    to you is b/c your Krebsscycle can make 34 ATPs. Its b/c of our mitochondria.

    Mitochondria are bacteria. Theres an early time where the first eukaryotic cell

    became parasitized by a bacterium that was protogenic form of mitochondria.

    Mitochondria actually has closed circular bacterial DNA. Used to be a bacteria. Cant

    live w/o it. Its the ultimate form of endosymbiosis where both work together. Nowthe mitochondria has lost most of its DNA coating b/c the host does it. Its a

    beautiful relationship. Its what makes us walk, talk. If we didnt have those ATPs,

    youd be really hurting.

    [Slide number] [Part II]

    [speaker]Ok. Lets swing to indigenous floraagain I will finish early. I promise.

    [Slide number] [Indigenous biota]

    [speaker]Indigenous use to be called indigenous flora. Theres books written by

    Theodore Rosebury. He was a mentor of my mentor. Theres old history w/ the idea

    of indigenous. If you picked up a medical textbook by Davis on Medical

    microbiology. Theres only that much of this big huge book talking bout the

    indigenous biota. B/c who cares? When you do a throat culture and see S.Pyogenous you called it non-specific flora. Its notimportant medically. The

    ingenious biota except for a people like Rosebury, and most the people in dental

    research were the first to really understand the role of indigenous biota. Now the

    rest of the world is caught up in the metagenome. Half of the articles in science

    dealing w/ microbiomes deals with microbes has to do w/ the indigenous microbes.

    The other genome. This is probably one of the biggest topics. It began in dentistry

    b/c the mouth is a great laboratory. The whole concept of biofilms, ingenious biota,

    cultivation, all developed by dental researchers since the mouth was easily

    accessible. Its a lot harder to get helical back to plylorie w/ a biopsy when you have

    to put a scope down there and take a snip. The indigenous biota by its very nature

    since its found in humans it tells you longer-term co-evolution. When I tell you thebacteria has co-evolved w/ us, it should tell you a lot about its natural history.

    [Slide number] [Indigenous biota]

    [speaker]Mostly beneficial but indigenous biota can cause you harm if its in the

    wrong component for example. If you get a wound to the abdomen and the normal

    bacteria in the gut leak into the peritoneum, before antibiotics would have been

    almost fatal. Any wound that you get in the peritoneum unless you drink a lot of

    beer and you develop a beer belly thing as protection, the knife has to be long to get

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    5/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    5

    through that. If you dont have that, you puncture the small intestine and large

    intestine, you will die. You will die. IF you go to the ER and they dont jump on it, it

    will be difficult to manage. Indigenous biota from the GI tract in the wrong

    component will kill you. Its beneficial but not in the wrong place. Before antibiotics

    in the 1930s, if a person was bitten by another person, the human mouth has

    hundreds of microorganisms, 50% were fatal if you bit another person. If you bitsomeone on the nose, the ear, or anywhere in this area, and you bit them, you had a

    50-50 chance of living before antibiotics. Thats why biting is not permissible in this

    culture. Unless youre in a heavy weight boxing fight and you bite an ear off. Its a

    taboo since it was fatal in 1940. Thats your own flora. These nice guys in the wrong

    component. If a dog bites you, heres some advice. You know what you should do?

    Bite him back. Youll live, hell die. Do you have that vision? Can you see that? Ok.

    First line of defense when a baby is form. A baby comes through the canal coated w/

    its mothers bacterium. The coating from the canal protects the baby from infectious

    disease. Its not immunoglobulins and breast milk, placenta. Those are there but

    those are only in the blood stream. The first line of protection is the mothers

    bacterium. You have to be coated w/ them. Thats why you have to go through thebirth canal. Can C-section kids be different? Thats a different lecture. First line of

    defense is your indigenous bacteria. Your skin, mouth, GI tract, any susceptible area

    is already colonized by your indigenous bacteria and for a pathogen to get

    established it has to compete against self, self which is your other co-evolved

    bacterial flora. When I say bacterium, I say Im a bacteriologist which includes

    protozoa. Ill show you those. Indigenous biota doesnt kill the host but I have to

    carry these bacteria around. This morning you got up and carrying this 10% body

    weight. If you want to lose 10lbs? Take anti-biotic and kill all your bacteria. Probably

    from the diarrhea. Were going to change the way in antibiotics folks. When you

    have cellulitis and you tell them to take it for 20 days youre killing off the good

    guys. We will change the way we do antibiotics. So indigenous bacteria are speciesspecific. They have a specific niche and tissue they live in. Think about it and youre

    indigenous and you want to be sure to get into that baby next generation,

    remember co-evolution, Im an indigenous bacteria of a mother and I need to go into

    the offspring right? Well, thats the best for me as a bacterial indigenous biota. How

    do I do that? I go vertically. I go mother child. Thats another lecture in caries. Well

    talk about that. You go vertical not horizontal. I have a slide on it.

    [Slide number] [Q?]

    [speaker]- So cariogenic bacteria why are they good? Well-evolved parasites.

    [Slide number] [Indigenous biota of Humans]

    [speaker]-Well they are among a group of parasites that have co-evolved w/ us. Illshow you one. They include the bacteria, they are all cavity GI tract. They make

    vitamin K and other things. Protozoa. I dont know all the protozoa that you have or

    I have. Fungi. We have some fungus. I dont. Theres other things that you have but I

    dont.

    [Slide number] [Demodex follicularis]

    [speaker]-Everyone in your class has this. If youre not alarmed its ok, why should

    you be? Its Demodex follicularis. It lives on your head. Only your head. What part of

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    6/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    6

    your head? The eyebrows. Ladies, I know none of you shave. These little hairs here,

    just the right size. They can hold on and what they do every day and get up in the

    morning before you do and they clean all these oily place where bacterium and

    other things accumulate. You dont have pimples for the most part right? I use to but

    thats adolescence. They get up and clean your skin everyday. Your eyebrows. They

    overpopulate in your hair. Not mine b/c I brush them out every morning. Do youknow how you use your toothbrush to clean your teeth? I use it to do this? Not

    really. Thats part of your indigenous biota, it tells you an important part. It was

    discovered a while back, but its working in your eyebrows. Everyone has it. How is

    it transmitted? We dont know. It has to be vertical. Im not sure everyone has it, b/c

    I havent studied this. There are very few papers on this. Its probably indigenous.

    [Slide number] [Picture]

    [speaker]-Theres only a certain size here that these guys can associate w/. If you

    have short arms you have to go w/ skinny hair. He can only do hair size that fits

    certain size criteria. Thats why hair has to be a certain criteria. Its the same for

    head/body/ pubic lice. Different sized hair, different ecosystem, different co-

    evolution. Theres 3 of them. 3 of them all buried up at the bar and its your hairfollicle cleaning it out. 1,2,3. Those are those tails. There he is. Theres 3 of them that

    work. Thats indigenous biota.

    [Slide number] [No title]

    [speaker]-Maybe youll like this. If you look at the human body its 1015cells. It was

    done by Dwight Savage at Tennessee. He was the first to make this discovery. No

    one read it and no one understood it. 1015cells. The human body. Your body, my

    body. Only 10% of the human body are human cells. 10%. 90% so when you got up

    this morning, you wash, you feed, you carry these things around. They protect you.

    Your body is 90% bacterial cells w/ some protozoa and some other things. How is

    that possible. Look how big I am. Ok. But you know why right? This is why.

    [Slide number] [Human cells have greater volume than bacterial cells][speaker]-The human cell is that big. Bacterial cells are 10x more of these. But the

    human cells are much bigger. Thats why we consider ourselves human. If you count

    the mitochondria as indigenous were almost all bacterial. If you count the

    mitochondria. No one is really excited about this. Dont use those antibacterial

    soaps. Dont buy that. Working on patients is a different story. If Im bathed w/

    antibacterial soaps, dont do it. Youre hurting your indigenous biota. Bathe please I

    beg you, brush your teeth, but please dont come to class like that. Dont use anti-

    bacterial soap. If you have it at home, throw it away.

    [Slide number] [Mitochondria]

    [speaker]-Lets move on. Theres Mr. mitochondria. Thats the ultimate

    endosymbiote, but viruses and transposons are even more ultimate.[Slide number] [Indigenous biota]

    [speaker]-10% of our body weight. If you want to lose 10lbs get rid of the biota.

    Good luck w/ that. Youll probably die. Most live in the large intestine. Interestingly

    most of our immunity comes from the large intestine. What are they doing? What

    are those bacteria doing w/ our immune cells? Our Islands of Langerhans? All of that

    huge lymphoid tissue. Tonsils on down. Ingenious bacteria and immune system are

    working together. Its a beautiful pair. The immune system is not there to destroy

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    7/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    7

    them. The immune system says hey, lets co-exists. You dont get too much and I

    wont make immunoglobulins against you as long as you stay out of the perineum. If

    you go into the perineum I will come for you and destroy you since you will

    probably die.

    [Slide number] [No title]

    [speaker]-Ok this is Von Hagan w/ the dissections that you saw in anatomy. This ispart of his display. We unloaded the bodies back at NYU. We were the first school

    and probably the world other than the German schools to have the dissected bodies

    from him. The union of shippers in NYC, the guys who were unpackers would not

    unpack the truck since the license prohibited them from touching human remains. It

    was myself, Josh, and a few other people had to unload the truck. This is probably

    the most beautiful piece of work. What hes holding up is the skin. Hes holding up

    10% of the weight which is the skin. Thats the bacteria. Your indigenous bacteria is

    about 10%. So 10% of your dry weight, most of it is in the large intestine. You know

    your anatomy. Thats where they live.

    [Slide number] [Mucosal surfaces of the human body]

    [speaker]- Most of the mucosal surfaces are in the gut. All of these striations, all ofthese terms, they are there for a purpose. Lots of surface area ok.

    [Slide number] [Q:]

    [speaker]-Peptic ulcer, dental caries. Lots in common. Not today. B/c I promised you

    I would be done.

    [Slide number] [Beneficial role]

    [speaker]-This is in your handout. If I ask you the beneficial effects. The first line of

    defense. They stimulate the immune system. We said that. Bacteria in the gut make

    vitamin K, B12. They influence organs.

    [Slide number] [S. mutans]

    [speaker]-This is our friend S. mutans and he makes antibiotics b/c its tooth decay.

    Before he was doing tooth decay he did something else. He protected the mouthfrom S. pyogenes. He still does.

    [Slide number] [Harmful effects]

    [speaker]-Theres some downsides of biota. You have to carry them around and it

    slows are growth. I would have been 66 if I didnt have to carry these bacteria

    around. But hey, its a price Im willing to pay.

    [Slide number] [Vertical transmission]

    [speaker]-If youre indigenous:

    [Slide number] [Key point]

    [speaker]-Heres the most probably crucial key point. If youre all those other

    infectious diseases, they are transmitted horizontally. You sneeze, you transfer them

    from one human to another. All transmitted horizontally. You go across apopulation. If there are 200 people here and 5 are immune then 95% are wiped out.

    Its horizontally transferred. All the infectious diseases have to deal w/ that.

    Bacteria that are responsible for caries, a biofilm forms in the mouth vertically.

    Mother child. If youre bacteria and you need to get into a new host. Why take

    chances w/ a sneeze. Why not do it naturesway and have the mother do the work

    for you. Until recently there was no such thing as C-section. Youd have vaginal

    delivery or youd die or the baby would die.

  • 8/12/2019 20: Host Parasite II

    8/8

    Transcribed byAmit Amin Friday August 01st, 2014

    8

    [Slide number] [Vertical transmission]

    [speaker]-Thats how you transfer vertically. Thats how its developed. Mothers

    your job.

    [Slide number] [Beneficial role]

    [speaker]-Ok Ill give you this some other time. This last slide.Heres your last slide.

    If co-evolution has occurred bacteria cause tooth decay. Periodontitis is co-evolvedand are friendly helpers, pass vertically from mother to child. Whats wrong w/ this

    picture? Why do we have dental caries if they are co-evolved indigenous bacteria.

    What happened is that, do you remember the three triangles. Something that

    happened in the human experience that is unprecedented and thats called

    agriculture. It started in the middle east. Where people were able to grow food.

    Carbohydrates b/c of dental caries has changed everything. Specifically sucrose. We

    will give an entire lecture for sucrose. Thank you for enduring this. All of you got A+.