ISSN 0036-8075

20 August 1982Volume 217, No. 4561

LETTERS Academy Marijuana Report: J. Kaplan, L. Lasagna; Multiple Submission:S. Epstein, P. Nadler, J. Lunney; Missing Computers: P. Connes; Audit atthe University of California: E. F. Cheit; Sources of Northeast Pollution:K. A. Rahn ............................................................ 686

EDITORIAL Astronomy and Astrophysics in the United States .............................. 691

ARTICLES Melting of Two-Dimensional Solids: W. F. Brinkman, D. S. Fisher, D. E. Moncton

Critical Care at Tianjin's First Central Hospital and the Fourth Modernization:R. C. Fox and J. P. Swazey.............................................

Alternative Energy Futures: The Case for Electricity: U. Colombo ..............

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

A $20-Million Test of Cooperation ..........................................

A Turnabout on EPA Lead Rules.............................................

Briefing: Breeder Wins Exemption from Licensing Procedures; Stanford PatentDelayed; Mathematical Magic; Genex to Go Public ........................

Love Canal Study Attracts Criticism.........................................

Reagan Alters Makeup of Ethics Panel........................................

Darwin Died at a Most Propitious Time .......................................

"Wolf and Lamb" Chemistry ................................................

Polymer Briefing: Stereoselective Synthesis of Amino Acids; Novel Materials fromTelechelic Prepolymers; New Polymers by Blending; Biomimetic PhosphorusCondensing Agents.....................................................

CERN Gives Nod to Four LEP Detectors....................................

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BOOK REVIEWS A Century of Chemical Engineering, reviewed by J. J. Beer; The OceanicLithosphere, G. R. Heath; Fossil and Recent Ostracods, L. S. Kornicker;Experiences in Biochemical Perception, J. D. Lipscomb; Books Received.... 723

REPORTS Diving Depths and Energy Requirements of King Penguins: G. L. Kooyman et al. 726

Hypotensive Effect of Fasting: Possible Involvement of the Sympathetic NervousSystem and Endogenous Opiates: D. Einhorn, J. B. Young, L. Landsberg.... 727

Events in the Evolution of Pre-Proinsulin: R. J. Douthart and F. H. Norris.729

Neurotoxin-Specific Immunoglobulins Accelerate Dissociation of the Neurotoxin-Acetylcholine Receptor Complex: J.-C. Boulain and A. Menez .732

Psoralen Phototoxicity: Correlation with Serum and Epidermal 8-Methoxypsoralenand 5-Methoxypsoralen in the Guinea Pig: A. Kornhauser, W. G. Wamer,A. L. Giles, Jr . ......................................................... 733

Mucus Secretion-Stimulating Activity in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells:H. Kulemann-Kloene, S. S. Krag, F. B. Bang .736

Transformation of Human Leukocytes by Cocultivation with an Adult T CellLeukemia Virus Producer Cell Line: N. Yamamoto et al. 737.

Substance P: A Putative Sensory Transmitter in Mammalian Autonomic Ganglia:Z.-G. Jiang, N. J. Dun, A. G. Karczmar .739

Rabbit Hepatic Progesterone 21-Hydroxylase Exhibits a Bimodal Distribution ofActivity: H. H. Dieter, U. Muller-Eberhard, E. F. Johnson .741

Abnormal Development of Kitten Retino-Geniculate Connectivity in the Absenceof Action Potentials: S. M. Archer, M. W. Dubin, L. A. Stark .743

Prolactin and Growth Hormone Release by Morphine in the Rat: DifferentReceptor Mechanisms: K. Spiegel, I. A. Kourides, G. W. Pasternak.745

Mice Regrow the Tips of Their Foretoes: R. B. Borgens .747

Marmosets (Saguinusfuscicollis): Are Learning Sets Learned?:E. W. Menzel, Jr., and C. Juno .......... ................................ 750

Long-Term Consistency of Dominance Relations Among Female Baboons(Papio cynocephalus): G. Hausfater, J. Altmann, S. Altmann .752

Technical Comments: Uranium Series Ages of the Del Mar Man and SunnyvaleSkeletons: J. L. Bada and R. Finkel; J. L. Bischoff and R. J. Rosenbauer.... 755

COVER

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagon-ica) are the second largest penguin.Adults weigh about 15 kilograms. Itrequires about 12 months to fledge onechick, during which time the adult mustmake frequent trips to sea to forage.

------See page 726. [Gerald K. Kooyman,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,La Jolla, California 92093]

20 August 1982, Volume 217, Number 4561

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SCIENCE

)nomy and Astrophysics in the United Statesently issued report* on astronomy begins: "Nature offers no greaterr than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent, timeless, jeweled[e constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky haswonder throughout the ages."

most of human history, leadership in studying the heavens haselsewhere, but during the 20th century the United States has beenrld center of astronomy. This preeminence has been due to good1 support and the imaginative creation of innovative observingent. The capabilities of excellent optical telescopes, developedthe first half of this century, were later extended by equipmentd for observing throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Leadingters of the development of optical telescopes were the Carnegieion of Washington, with its 2.5-meter telescope at Mount Wilson,Rockefeller Foundation, which gave the California Institute of

logy funds to build the 5-meter telescope at Mount Palomar. Morey, the National Science Foundation has become a major funder of-based astronomy, while NASA has provided excellent facilities inThe United States has led in exploration of the solar system. Inn, it has launched space vehicles that have permitted observationscould not be achieved from the earth because of absorption ofxn in the atmosphere. The Space Telescope, to be launched in 1985,free from atmospheric inhomogeneities that blur sources of light andcapable of high resolution of objects.970, generous support of American astronomy had led to manyries, including Hubble's expanding universe, time and celestiale scales, quasars, x-ray sources, high-energy celestial gamma rays,mic microwave background radiation, and polyatomic molecules inllar clouds. Discoveries during the 1970's included neutron starsng matter from nearby companion stars, hot intergalactic gas whosevals that of the galaxies themselves, vast regions of interstellar gasto hundreds of thousands of degrees by shock waves from supernovaons, and a gravitational lens effect observed as the splitting of lightdistant quasar as the light passed through an intervening galaxy.wontributions of American astronomy are important and impressive.er, leadership cannot be maintained by resting on our laurels.ling preeminence of the United States will be dependent on well-people, who are provided with superior equipment.astronomical community has made a careful and searching study ofnities and needs for support for the 1980's. Through extensiveation and deliberation, a consensus has been achieved. The majoruipment recommended includes (i) an advanced X-ray Astrophysics( operated in space; (ii) a Very-Long-Baseline Array of radiopes; (iii) a New Technology Telescope, 15 meters in diameter, for-based studies in the optical and infrared regions of the spectrum;a Large Deployable Reflector in space. All of these proposals woulditially extend the capabilities of astronomy. For example, the Very-laseline Array would have an angular resolution 100 times better thanany other image-forming telescope at any wavelength. It would yieldJ radio images of quasars, the nuclei of galaxies, and features ofllar molecular clouds and other astronomical objects. The first andems above would be important for many studies, perhaps the mostling being the examination of extremely distant objects whosen was emitted early in the history of the universe.report is well constructed and readable. It states well the case fornal expenditures for astronomy. Because of current budgetaryns, its recommendations may not be quickly accepted. However, it isd to be relevant to the 1980's and at least part of it will surely beely implemented.-PHILIP H. ABELSON

my and Astrophysics for the 1980's, volume 1, Report of the Astronomy Surveyee (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1982).