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Sentences without linking
words
Some people hate driving small cars.
The gas mileage is good.
Insert the disk into the A-drive of thecomputer. Make sure the power
switch is turned on.
You can increase your cumulativeGPA. Attend all classes.
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Some people hate driving small carseven thoughthe gas mileage is good.
Beforeinserting the disk into the A-drive of the computer, make sure thepower switch is turned on.
You can increase your cumulativeGPA. For one thing, attend allclasses.
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Transitions bridge the gap.
Transitions have bridged the gaps between ideas.
In Latin, trans means "across," so transitions carrythe reader "across" from one thought to another.
There are a number of ways in which transitionsconnect ideas and show relationships. Here is alist of the major types of transitions. Words that show addition
Words that show time
Words that show contrast
Words that show comparison
Words that show illustration
Words that show cause and effect
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1. WORDS THAT SHOW
ADDITION
One, also and words like them are
known as addition words.
Addition words tell you that the writeris presenting one or more ideas that
continue along the same line of
thought as a previous idea. Suchwords introduce ideas that add to a
thought already mentioned.
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Addition Words
One In addition First of all Furthermore
Also Moreover Second Last of all
Another Next Third Finally
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Practice 1
1. One reason Faiza is angry with her brother is that he borrowed her creditcards without asking. _______reason is that he used the cards to buy gifts
for his friends.
1. One reason Faiza is angry with her brother is that he borrowed her creditcards without asking. Another reason is that he used the cards to buy gifts
for his friends.
2. Living in the mountains can be troublesome. For one thing, heavy
rains can create mudslides on local roads. one can losecommunication with the rest of the world at times.
2. Living in the mountains can be troublesome. For one thing, heavy
rains can create mudslides on local roads. Furthermore one can losecommunication with the rest of the world at times.
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2. WORDS THAT SHOW
TIME
First and then and words like these are time
words.
These transitions indicate a time
relationship. They tell us when something
happened in relation to something elsehappening.
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TIME WORDS
first next as while
then before now during
often after until immediately
since soon previously frequently
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Practice 2
1. Advances in medical technology have forced doctors to redefine
when death actually occurs. the definition of death
seemed simple.
1. Advances in medical technology have forced doctors to redefine
when death actually occurs. Previously the definition of death
seemed simple.
2. the summer, we spend most of our time reading for pleasure,
watching movies and meeting friends.
2. During the summer, we spend most of our time reading for pleasure,watching movies and meeting friends.
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3. WORDS THAT SHOW
CONTRAST
Despite the fact, however, In contrast
and words like them are contrast
words. Contrast words inform us that
something is going to differ from what
we might expect.
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CONTRAST WORDS
but despite conversely on the other hand
however instead nevertheless on the contrary
yet still even though in spite of
although in contrast
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Practice 3
1. Many believe that Frankenstein is a monster ___ "Frankenstein" is the
name of the doctor who created the monster, which was never named.
1. Many believe that Frankenstein is a monster. However "Frankenstein" is
the name of the doctor who created the monster, which was never named.
2. Aslam wanted to watch the late movie on television; he went to
bed early because he was to get up early to go to the University.
2. Aslam wanted to watch the late movie on television; neverthelesshe went to
bed early because he was to get up early to go to the University.
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4. WORDS THAT SHOW
COMPARISON
Similarly, likewise, just as and words
like these are comparison words
The comparison words signal thatthe author is pointing out a similarity
between two subjects. They tell us that
the second idea is like the first one insome way.
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COMPARISON WORDS
Like Just as In the
same way
As well
As Likewise In like
manner
Equally
Just like Similar In a similar
fashion
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PRACTICE 4
1. A swarm of locusts looks a massive, dark
cloud moving across the sky.
1. A swarm of locusts looks like a massive, dark
cloud moving across the sky.
2. As a young boy, Rehman was often beaten by his
parents. Unfortunately, he now treats his own
children ____ .
2. As a young boy, Rehman was often beaten by his
parents. Unfortunately, he now treats his own
children in the same way.
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5. WORDS THAT SHOW
ILLUSTRATION
For example, to illustrate, and other
words like these are illustration words.
These illustration words indicate thatan author will provide one or more
examples to develop and clarify a
given idea. They tell us that a specificidea is an example of a general idea.
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Illustration Words
For example For instance To illustrate
Such as Once Including
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Practice 5
1.Throughout history, men have chosen to marry for
different reasons. In ancient Sparta, , men
needed wives solely for childbearing.
1.Throughout history, men have chosen to marry fordifferent reasons. In ancient Sparta, for instance , men
needed wives solely for childbearing.
2. Common courtesies, sayingplease and thankyou,are becoming less and less common.
2. Common courtesies, such assayingplease and thank
you,are becoming less and less common.
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6.WORDS THAT SHOW
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Because, therefore, consequently and
words like these are cause-and-effect
words. These cause-and-effect words signal
that the author is explaining why
something happened or will happen.
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Cause and Effect Words
Thus Because Because of If..then
As a result Result in Consequently since
Therefore Leads to Accordingly So
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Practice 6
1. there is an agrarian crisis in
India, farmers are committing suicides.
1. Because there is an agrarian crisis in India,
farmers are committing suicides.
2. Conflict can be beneficial. For instance, conflict
can needed social change.2. Conflict can be beneficial. For instance, conflict
canresult in needed social change.
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Some Points About Transitions
Here are two points to keep in mind about transitions:1. Some transition words have the same meaning. For example, also,
moreover, and furthermore all mean "in addition." Authors typicallyuse a variety of transitions to avoid repetition.
2. In some cases the same word can serve as two different types oftransition, depending on how it is used. For example, the word firstmay be used as an addition word to show that the author isbeginning a series of similar thoughts, as in the following sentence:
Plant researchers have developed promising new types ofapples. First, the apples are disease-resistant and don'tneed pesticides. Moreover,....
First may also be used to signal a time sequence, as in thissentence:
We had a terrible time last night. First, the electricitydisappeared. Then,....
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Addition
Paranoid people often believe that someone isplotting against them. ___________________,theymay believe that everyone is talking about andstaring at them.
Moreover
Provident Fund has several advantages.______________, it is taken out of your paycheckautomatically, so you can easily save regularly.
First of all One responsibility of a university student is to be
regular and punctual in the classes. Another is doall assignments on time. A _____ is to makepresentations.
Third
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Time
_________ I complete my work, I will be ableto help you.
After
San Francisco tailor Levi Strauss originallymade jeans from canvas. It wasn't ________the early 1860s that he started using a softerfabric called denim.
Until My next-door neighbor ___________ plays
loud music, which annoys a number ofresidents around.
often
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Contrast The boss continues to defend Saleem ________the fact that
Many of his projects have failed.
despite
Some people think they have to exercise every day to stay in
shape. _________,three workouts a week are all they needto do.
However
Some people look upon eating as something to be done
quickly, so they can get on to better things. ____________,other people think eating is one of the better things.
In contrast
Professional writers don't wait for inspiration.______________, they stick to a strict schedule of writing.
On the contrary
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Contrast
_________________ the Khalid's lack of sales experience,the manager of the record store hired him because heknows a lot about music.
In spite of __________________ a large number of Pakistanis are
now concerned with fitness, the typical person can't climb aflight of steps without getting short of breath.
Even though Most American-born college students cannot converse in a
foreign language. __________________ a large number ofstudents in the developing countries can speak at least oneforeign language.
On the other hand
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Comparison
The computerized scanner has streamlined the supermarketcheck-out line. ______________, computerized fingerprintidentification allows the police to do in seconds what oncetook two hours.
Similarly
If advertisers make a hit slogan, they tend to repeat the ideain their next campaign, _____________ certain authors whokeep writing the same type of story over and over.
just like When individuals communicate, they are more likely to solve
their problems. ______________,countries can best solvetheir problems through communication.
In a similar fashion
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Comparison
My mother used to read stories to me at nights.______________, I read stories to my children now.
In the same way
_______________ people put their best qualitiesforward for romance, birds show off their skills orlooks during courtship.
Just as
Dogs can be trained by using a system of rewards. A_________ method can reinforce desirable behaviorin children.
similar
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Illustration
I can work as anchorman on many news channel, _________Geo and Business Plus.
including
Sometimes drivers don't seem to be paying full attention totheir driving. ______________, this morning I saw peopledriving while talking on car phones, combing their hair, andglancing at newspapers.
To illustrate Your relationship with the customers leaves a great deal to be
desired. _____________, it is rude to answer the phone bysaying "What do you want? and make it fast.
For example
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TRANSITIONS PRACTICE
Cause and Effect
The fire had quickly destroyed nearby telephone lines._____________, witnesses were unable to call the firedepartment to report the blaze.
Consequently
____________ the enrolment in the college is beyondclassroom capacity, a large number of students are foundstanding during classes.
Since
There was a protest against the unions secrecy regardingfinancial record. ______________ the union executivesresigned.
As a result
_______________ one of the teams was late, the match wascancelled
Because