2 Supply Chain. Linde LH2 Distribution Equipment. · 5/9/2019 · 3 Linde plc –Group Profile. Organization Structure 9th May 2019 Manufacturing Gases Division Engineering Division

Making our world more productive

Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain.

Linde LH2 Distribution Equipment.

Peter Gerstl

PyeongChang, 9th May 2019

2

Agenda.

1. Linde plc – Group Profile

2. Product & Service Portfolios of Linde Gas & Linde Manufacturing

3. Reasons for Liquid Hydrogen Usage, Supply chain

4. Stationary LH2 Solutions

5. Mobile LH2 Solutions

6. Conclusion & Outlook

3

Linde plc – Group Profile.

Organization Structure

9th May 2019

Manufacturing

Engineering Division Gases Division

EMEA

Asia/Pacific

Americas

Linde plc

H2 Fueltech

GmbH

International Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”

4

Linde plc

Adjusted Pro Forma Financials (1)

9th May 2019

▪ Adjusted for comparability

- Merger, PPA(3) & other effects removed

- Estimated divestures removed

- Sales growth consistent with trends

▪ Operating Profit +7%

- +30bps margin expansion

- Pricing and volume contribution

▪ EPS +8%

- Lower net interest expense1 Non-GAAP measures 2 Income is from continuing operations3 PPA = Purchase Price accounting

Pro Forma Financials 2018 2017 Change

Sales in $ Billion 28.1 26.9 5%

Gross Profit in $ Billion 11.2 10.5 6%

Operating Profit in $ Billion 4.8 4.5 7%

Income (2) in $ Billion 3.4 3.2 8%

Diluted EPS in $ 6.2 5.7 8%

Number of employees 80,000


5

Agenda.







6

Linde Engineering, Schalchen Plant in Germany

The Manufacturing Facility for Cryogenic Equipment!

9th May 2019

— Location: about 100 km

east of Munich

— 25 workshops, large

indoor manufacturing

area (65,000m2)

— All necessary disciplines

available: engineering,

sales & production, etc.

— High-quality materials

only: Aluminum &

Stainless Steel


7

Linde Manufacturing – Product Portfolio

Vast experience in the field of cryogenic plant equipment!

9th May 2019

HELICS™ & HYLICS™Spirally-welded

Aluminum Pipes

Cryogenic Storage TanksVaporizersCoil-wound HXBrazed Aluminum HX

& Cold boxes

Custom engineered Products Standardized Products


6_Workshop-Sonatrach-Linde_2018_WBV_AHV_HeCon.pptx

Helicons.pptx

Helium storage tanks.pptx

Water Bath Vaporizers .ppt

Linde CWHE.ppt

4_Workshop-Sonatrach-Linde_2018_ReplacementPFHE.pptx

8

Hydrogen solutions | Production, Distribution, Fueling.

Linde covers the full value chain!

9th May 2019

Production &

StorageDistribution

H2 Fueling

Stations

Infrastructure &

vehicles

Conventional

(e.g. SMR)

Renewable

(e.g. Electrolysis)

Onsite Electrolysis

Ionic compressor

Cryopump

LH2

Liquid Hydrogen

CGH2

Compressed Gaseous

Hydrogen

Liquefaction


Boil-off mgmt.

system

Dispenser

9

Agenda.







10

Cost of Energy Transport.

9th May 2019

Source: Study as published by Strategic Analysis Inc. (June 2018)

Remarks:

• High Voltage DC: “electrical transmission faces high cost for sending electricity.”

• Pipelines:

- Investment costs for H2 pipelines (e.g. 36’’) require sufficient consumption.

- Today, initial H2 consumption is too low to justify the CAPEX.

Transmission Method Electrical Gas Pipeline Liquid Pipeline

Energy Carrier HVDC Hydrogen Nat.Gas Methanol Ethanol Crude Oil

Flow (amps, kg/s) 6'000 69.54 368.9 1'863 1'859 1'969

Rated Capacity (MW) 2'656 8'360 17'391 37'435 50'116 91'941

Capital Cost ($M/mile) $3.9M $1.38M $1.69M $1.92M $1.92M $1.47M

Operating Power: Rated Capacity 12.9% 1.94% 2.67% 2.02% 1.51% 0.78%

Capital Cost ($/(mile x MW)) $1'467 $166 $97 $51 $38 $16

Transmission Cost ($/(MWh x 1000mile)) $41.50 $5.0 $3.7 $2.2 $1.7 $0.77


11

How to supply Hydrogen?

Four distribution options available …

9th May 2019

H2 Quantity

Dis

tan

ce f

rom

H2

sou

rce

CGH2 Trailer

LH2 Trailer/

Container

On-site production

Pipeline

?


12

How to supply Hydrogen?

LH2 versus CGH2.

9th May 2019

consumer close <250 km far >250 km

small CGH2 CGH2 / LH2

large CGH2 / LH2 LH2

Distance from H2 source

LH2

CGH2

Large tanks with high pressure

CGH2 get overly expensive!

Cost

of

H2

dis

trib

uti

on

© Norled, ferry boat

“Small consumer” means:

100-200 kg/day


13

Liquid and gaseous hydrogen.

Comparison of mass density.

9th May 2019

Only comparing CGH2 vs. LH2 density (at 1 bar):

300 bar: 1/3 LH2 density

500 bar: 1/2 LH2 density

Source of Chart: Eichlseder, H. & Klell, M. (p.86, 2008) “Wasserstoff in der Fahrzeugtechnik”, Wiesbaden, Vieweg+Teubner Verlag

Compression work

Liquefaction work

Wo

rk [

%H

u]

Density LH2

Density CGH2

De

nsi

ty [

kg

/m

3]

En

erg

y d

en

sity

[k

Wh

/ li

ter]

Pressure [bar]

Critical

Point

Density @ 300bar

Density @ 500bar


14

Liquid and gaseous hydrogen.

Comparison of energy density.

9th May 2019

▪ Hydrogen in its liquid form allows a significant reduction of the storage footprint!

▪ Total weight of the equipment and supporting structures are equally reduced.

▪ Rule of thumb: gaseous hydrogen requires 4 time more footprint than liquid

➔Where size & weight matter, liquid Hydrogen offers benefits.

300 bar /

4.4 tons

2 bar /

4.7 tons

Installation at DLR, Cologne, Germany


15

Liquid and gaseous Hydrogen.

Comparison of logistical aspects.Lo

rem

Ip

sum

9th May 2019

Method Facts + Pros - Cons

CGH2 Trailer - Transport at 20MPa & above

- Capacity: 900kg

- Time to fill: 4 hours

- Time to off-load: 45 minutes

(tube trailer swap!)

- Economical transport for

short to medium distances

- Comparatively low capacity (high

delivery frequency)

- Comparatively large on-site

footprint

- Residual gas in trailer (=waste)

the higher the pressure in the

supply chain, the higher the

amount/tonnage of CGH2 in

circulation!

LH2 Trailer - Transport at -253°C

- Capacity: 4,000kg


- Time to off-load: 1.0 hours


medium to long distances

- Comparatively small

footprint

- Comparatively high energy demand

(10kWh/kg for liquefaction)

- Some liquid needs to remain in the

distribution equipment to keep it

cryogenic cold during return to the

LH2 source!

➔ usable volume: 90%

LH2 Container - Transport at -253°C

- Capacity: 3,000kg


- Time to off-load: 0.5 hours

(container swap!)


medium to long distances

- Comparatively small

footprint,

- By remaining at customer

site,1x LH2 transfer can be

avoided ➔ less boil-off!

- Overseas transport possible

- Longer holding times

possible (LIN shield)


16

The LH2 Supply Chain.

Example: from Liquefier to Compressor.

9th May 2019

LH2 – storage down-

stream of H2 liquefier

2-2.5 bar(a)

LH2 distribution

• Trailer filling requires

Dp of 1 bar

• Purging & cooling of

filling hose necessary

• Purging (He & H2 consumption)

& cooling of filling hose

• Dp for offloading 1-2 bar

• Mass flow 4.0t/h

• LH2 pressure in LH2

trailer 1.5 bar(a)

• Filling level: 95%

Pressure level

LH2 offloading:

7 bara

Pressure level:

6 bar(a)

Pressure loss:

1 bar

Vaporizer Pre

compressor

Main

compressor

Pressure level

suction side:

5 bar(a)

Pressure level

suction side:

25 bar(a)

Intermediate LH2 tanks:

• Different designs available,

based on boil-off/holding time

requirements!


17

Agenda.







18

Liquid Hydrogen Tanks – Examples.

Design for Industrial Applications.

9th May 2019

Key Data

— Inner volume: 71 m3 (references up to 270m3)

— Design pressure: 12 bar(g)

— Storage capacity: 4,600 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)

— Vacuum-perlite insulation

— Integrated cryogenic valves

— Designed for industrial applications with high

demand (electronics, chemical, etc.)

— Horizontal & vertical design

Performance

— Boil-off ratio: <44 kg/day (<0.95%/d)

Applications

— Typical industrial applications with high Hydrogen

demandInternational Hydrogen Forum 2019 (PyeongChang, Republic of Korea) – Linde / Peter Gerstl, “Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain”

19


Optimized Design for Fueling Stations.

9th May 2019

Key Data

— Inner volume: 11.5 m3

— Design pressure: 6 bar(g)

— Storage capacity: 900 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)

— Special integrated cryogenic valves

— Multi-layer insulation inside vacuum space

— Especially designed to fit into a 40ft container, and

for fueling stations

Performance

— Boil-off ratio: <5.5 kg/day (<0.6%/d)

Applications

— Fueling stations, with low to medium Hydrogen

demand


20


Special Design for extremely low Boil-off!

9th May 2019

Key Data

— Inner volume: 6,000 liters

— Design pressure: 12 barg

— Storage capacity: 400 kg LH2 (1bar, 5% ullage)

— Special integrated cryogenic valves

— Special insulation material inside vacuum space

— All necessary connections for LH2 pump

Performance

— Boil-off ratio: <2 kg/day (<0.5%/d)

Applications

— Fueling stations, with low Hydrogen demand

(tank for the early market phase)


21

Agenda.







22

Linde Liquid Hydrogen Container.

HYLICS™.

9th May 2019

Key Technical Data

Frame Size 40ft Container

Design UN Portable Tank

Design Pressure 12 bar(g)

LH2 capacity 3,000 kg (5% ullage)

Option LIN-Shield


23

Linde Liquid Hydrogen Trailer.

More Tons of LH2 on the Road!

9th May 2019

Key Technical Data

Vessel length 13.7 m

Approvals TPED / ADR 6.8

Design Pressure 12 bar(g)

LH2 capacity 4,000 kg (5% ullage)

No LIN-Shield


24

Agenda.







25

Conclusion & Outlook.

9th May 2019

Next steps and key success factors

— Our innovations will focus on:

— High-performing mobile & stationary LH2 distribution equipment to make

transportation and loading/unloading as simple as possible

— Minimization of boil-off losses over the complete supply chain, incl.

CAPEX/OPEX considerations

Drivers

— Regulations and policies will continue to change the energy mix and will require a

reduction of emissions in the various modes of transportation.

— Hydrogen & Fuel cell technology has a set of advantages over other zero emission

technologies.

Liquid Hydrogen

— LH2 is not a “one-size-fits-all” solution, but is most efficient especially for larger

FC power units, typically required for ships, energy storage systems, trains, etc.

— Supply chains for LH2 have to be well thought-through, in order to reach an

optimum between CAPEX and OPEX.


Making our world more productive

Thank you for your attention.

Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Engineering Division

Peter Gerstl

Tel +49 8621 85 6281

[email protected]

www.linde.com

Documents

2 Supply Chain. Linde LH2 Distribution Equipment. · 5/9/2019 · 3 Linde plc –Group Profile. Organization Structure 9th May 2019 Manufacturing Gases Division Engineering Division