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SECTION 1 Celtic Ireland
SECTION 2 Christianity
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• Saint Columba • Pope Gregory I • Ethelbert • Bede • Alfred the Great
People to Know
• shires • sheriff • king’s peace • witenagemot • witan
Terms to Learn• coracles • Saint Patrick
• British Isles • Kent • Wessex • Daneland
Places to Locate
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Celtic Ireland• When the Anglo-Saxons came, most of the
Celts who lived in Britain fled to Ireland.
• Ireland became the major center of Celtic culture where clans of people farmed and raised cattle.
• Seafaring Irish made boats large enough to hold 30 people, called coracles, by stretching cow hides over a wooden frame.
• The Irish remained free of Germanic attacks because their island was located farther out in the Atlantic Ocean than Britain.
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Celtic Ireland (cont.)
• Saint Patrick, who was born in Britain in the 400s A.D., founded the Irish Church.
• Ireland lost contact with Rome during the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire.
• The monasteries became centers of Irish life.
• Church organization was weak, however, because of poor transportation and communication.
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• Saint Columba, one of the best-known monks, set up a monastery on Iona, an island off the west coast of Scotland.
• Monks from Iona went to northern England to preach to the Anglo-Saxons; other went to northern Europe, where they built monasteries and churches.
• They helped spread Christianity and learning throughout Charlemagne's empire.
Celtic Ireland (cont.)
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Christianity and Anglo-Saxon England• Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms of Britain followed the Germanic religions.
• In 597 A.D., Pope Gregory I sent a mission of 41 monks from Rome to England under the leadership of Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
• Ethelbert, the king of Kent, allowed Augustine to build a church in the town of Canterbury.
• One monk, Bede, was a great scholar and wrote the first history of the English people.
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Alfred the Great• About 835 A.D., bands of Danes began
attacking the coast of England to make permanent settlements.
• The English kingdoms decided to resist the invaders. They chose Alfred, King of Wessex, who later became known as Alfred the Great, to resist the invaders.
• As Alfred was never strong enough to completely drive the Danes from England, he signed a treaty with them.
• Alfred had London rebuilt after destruction by the Danes.
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• The government of Anglo-Saxon England centered on the king who was elected by a council of lords.
• Since the central government was too weak to govern the whole country, the king set up local governments divided into districts called shires.
• Each shire was run by a sheriff, who was a local noble chosen by the king.
• The king and his household moved around; the area the royal household was in was under the king's peace, or royal protection.
The Government
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• A group of nobles and church leaders, known as the witenagemot, met with the king to advise and act as a court.
• Each member of the group was known as a witan, or wiseman.
• The group approved laws drawn up by the king and his household.
The Government (cont.)
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• The people in Anglo-Saxon England were generally divided into two classes–nobles and peasants.
• An Anglo-Saxon became a noble by birth or as a reward for special service to the king.
• Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in local areas, and serve the king in war.
• The king rewarded nobles with gifts of gold, silver, horses, weapons, and estates.
The People
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• The peasants lived in huts in small villages on the estate and did not own their own land.
• They helped each other farm the noble's land by sharing tools and oxen.
The People (cont.)
