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2 Questions. 2 minutes.
1. Which of these covalent bonds is/are polar?a) O—Hb) C—Hc) C—C
2. Identify a chemical group with a polar covalent bond and one that has a nonpolar covalent bond. For the polar group, indicate which atom is electronegative.
Chapter 5
Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Polymers and their Monomers!
• These are polymers…• What monomer
components are they made of?– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Nucleic acids
• These are monomers…• Can you match them to
the correct polymer?
– Amino acids– Nucleotides– Monosaccharides
How do we put the monomers together to form a polymer?
05_02Polymers_A.swf
05_05Disaccharides_A.swf
05_21aPrimaryStructure_A.swf
What about lipids?
05_11Fats_A.swf
Why is this molecule a “lipid”?
What kind of chemical bond links monomers together?
• Monosaccharides• Amino acids• Lipid components• Nucleotides
• Glycosidic bond• Peptide bond• Ester bond• Phosphodiester bond
Theme: Structure & Function• A macromolecule’s function(s) is/are determined by
its structure!
• Some examples……
Proteins are another compelling example of structure-function relationships
• 4 levels of structure in proteins:– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary– Quaternary
Primary Protein Structure
• How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyze a polypeptide consisting of 11 amino acids?
• What makes each of the 20 different amino acids unique?
• What determines primary protein structure?
• Why is primary structure so important in proteins?
• How many different polypeptides are possible in a chain consisting of 12 amino acids?
Secondary Protein Structure05_21bSecondaryStructure_A.swf
• What determines secondary structure?
• What is the relationship between primary and secondary structure?
Tertiary Protein Structure
05_21cTertiaryStructure_A.swf
• What causes tertiary structure?
• How is tertiary structure related to primary and to secondary structure?
Quaternary protein structure05_21dQuaternaryStructure_A.swf
• What causes quaternary structure?
• How might a change in amino acid sequence affect quaternary structure?
What is denaturation?
What causes denaturation? WHY?
Summary…
Structural variation = Functional Variation
05T_01GeneRegulatoryProt_A.swf05T_01ContractileProtein_A.swf
05T_01DefensiveProteins_A.swf
05T_01TransportProteins_A.swf 05T_01Enzymes_A.swf
Nucleic Acids!
• DNA – genetic material• RNA – ribosomal, transfer, or messenger RNA• Nucleotides – cAMP, ATP (functional n.t.’s)
• What is the relationship between DNA and protein structure?
Review…
• How do nucleotide bases pair up with one another?
• WHY??
Structure-Function (again??!!)
• The structure of DNA inspired Watson and Crick to state that they saw “inherent in its structure a mechanism for its own replication”– An important feature, given its function !