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Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden 1 ADFOCS 2018 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

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Page 1: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Chapter 2. 

OMv Lower Bounds

Danupon NanongkaiKTH, Sweden

1ADFOCS 2018Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Page 2: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

THE CONJECTURESPart 1

2

Page 3: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Input: Boolean matrix MThen: Boolean vectors 

Output:

Conjecture: No algorithms with total time 

𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝒏

𝑴𝒗𝟏 𝑴𝒗𝟐

𝑴𝒗𝒏

OMv Conjecture(Online Matrix‐Vector Multiplication) [Henzinger, Krinninger, N, Saranurak, STOC’15]

Current Best: √ [Larsen‐Williams SODA’17]

(OR,AND)‐mult.not , ‐mult.

Answer 𝑀𝑣 beforegetting 𝑣

Example on board?

Page 4: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

OuMv Conjecture (Matrix Form)

4

Input: Boolean matrix MThen: pairs of Boolean vectors  𝒊 𝒊

Output:   Answer u 𝑀𝑣 beforegetting  u , 𝑣

Conjecture: No algorithms with total time even with polynomial time to process M! 

Example on board?

Page 5: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Input:

Output:

Preprocess:

(𝐿 , 𝑅…(𝐿 , 𝑅

Any edge linking 𝐿 and 𝑅 ?… Any edge linking 𝐿 and 𝑅 ?

𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦 𝑛 time

e.g. 

yes NoOuMv ConjNo n time

Write on boardWrite on board

OuMv as Independent set

𝐿 ∪ 𝑅 is independent set?

Output before next input arrives

Page 6: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

‐OuMv Conjecture (or just a “free‐form” of OuMv)

7

Input: Boolean matrix M, 𝟐𝜸,  .

Then: pairs of Boolean vectors  𝒊 𝒊

Output:  

Conjecture: No algorithms with total time even with polynomial time to process M! 

Example on board?

Page 7: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Formal Statements

OMv Conjecture:  For any constant  , there is no  ‐time algorithm that solves OMv with an error probability of at most 1/3.

8

‐OuMv Conjecture:  For any constant  , there is no algorithm for  ‐OuMv with parameters 

using preprocessing time and computational time  that has error probability of at most 1/3.

Page 8: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Plan• Some lower bounds from OuMv

• Prove above Theorem

9

Theorem: OMv implies ‐OuMv

Page 9: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Part 2

11

Some Update Time Bounds

Page 10: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example set 1: Fully‐Dynamic Graphs

After each edge insertions/deletion check:1. st‐reachability2. undirected st‐shortest paths

– Unweighted/weighted3. strong edge‐connectivity

These bounds hold against amortization & randomization!Main reason:  ‐OuMv allows arbitrary (polynomial)  preprocessing time and number of updates.

13𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges What lower bound can you prove under OMv?

Page 11: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example 1.1

20

st‐Reachability

Page 12: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Dynamic st‐Reachability Problem 

Input:Update in G

insert(1,3) delete(3,t) insert(2,t)

Picture

Output:s reach t?

No Yes No Yes

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

21

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Page 13: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Known Results for st‐Reach

• Incremental: O(1) amortized update time•𝛀 𝒏 lower bound assuming OuMv

• Hold against randomized and amortized algorithms• … even with oblivious‐adversary & empty‐start assumptions• Higher lower bound for a related problem called #SSR• Ω 𝑛 lower bound for “combinatorial” algorithms

• Fully‐dynamic: 𝚯 𝒏𝟏.𝟒𝟎𝟕 worst‐case update time• Lower bound assumes a variant of OuMv

22

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges

Page 14: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

st‐Reach‐ Preprocess: ‐ Update:  (amortized)

Independent Set‐ Preprocess: ‐ Time (for 𝑛 queries): 

Will show…

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edgesThanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Impossible!assuming OMv

So this cannot exist

Page 15: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Independent Set st‐Reach

s t

Same graph but directed

Preprocess

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Page 16: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

s t

After O(n) updates…an edge linking and  s can reach t

st‐Reach

From 𝑹𝟏To 𝑳𝟏

Edge( )?

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Independent Set

Page 17: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

s t

st‐Reach

From 𝑹𝟏To 𝑳𝟏

Edge( )?

After knowing “Edge( )?”, UNDO.

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Independent Set

Page 18: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

s t

Use O(n) updates.

st‐Reach

From 𝑹𝟏To 𝑳𝟏

Edge( )?

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Independent Set

Page 19: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

ts

Edge( )? (another example)

After O(n) updates…Not an edge linking 

and  s can not reach t

From 𝑹𝟐

To 𝑳𝟐

st‐Reach

Thanks Thatchaphol Saranurak for slides

Independent Set

Page 20: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Check: The lower bound hold for amortized update time?

• Suppose that an algorithm 𝑨 for st‐reach takes 𝑶 𝒏𝟎.𝟗𝒕 time after 𝒕updates, when start from an empty graph. 

• Setting up the original bipartite graph: Take 𝑶 𝒏𝟐.𝟗 time to insert 𝒏𝟐edges. 

• Handling one pair of  𝑢 , 𝑣 :  Take 𝑶 𝒏𝟏.𝟗 time to insert 𝒏 edges. 

Take 𝑶 𝒏𝟐.𝟗 time to handle all pairs of vectors

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Page 21: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Check: The lower bound hold against randomized algorithms?

• The conjecture was also for randomized algorithms. • The reduction is between decision problems. There is no difference between oblivious and non‐oblivious adversary. • Must be more careful for, e.g. approximation algorithms. 

32

Page 22: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example 1.2

33

st‐Distance(Undirected)

Page 23: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

34

Input:Update in G insert(1,3) delete(3,t) insert(1,t)

Picture

Output:st‐distance 3 2

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

1

t2

3

s

• Easy:  lower bound for exact version• How about approximate version?

Dynamic st‐Distance Problem 

Page 24: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

for unweighted (5/3‐ )‐approximation

35

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges

uMv = 1  dist(s,t) 3  

uMv = 0  dist(s,t) 5  

Same reduction as st‐ReachabilityOutput number 𝑥 s.t.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑠, 𝑡 𝑥53 𝜖 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑠, 𝑡

Algorithm’s output  𝜖 3 5

Algorithm’s output  5

Page 25: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

for weighted (3‐ )‐approximation

37

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges

uMv = 1  dist(s,t) 1  

uMv = 0  dist(s,t) 3

Same reduction as st‐Reachability

Page 26: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Known Results

Fully‐dynamic•𝛀 𝒏 lower bound assuming OuMv for (5/3‐𝜖)‐approx

• Hold against randomized and amortized algorithms• … even with oblivious‐adversary & empty‐start assumptions• Hold against (small‐)approximation algorithms

•𝐎 𝒏𝟏.𝟕𝟐𝟒 worst‐case update time for  𝟏 𝝐 ‐approx

Incremental/decremental: • Exact: Θ(n) amortized update time, Θ 𝑚 worst‐case• 𝟏 𝝐 ‐approx: 𝑂 𝑛 amortized  

38

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges

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Example 1.3

39

Strong Edge‐Connectivity

Page 28: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

40

Dynamic Strong Edge‐Connectivity Problem 

Input Update Output

A directed graph Edge insertions/deletions Is the graph strongly connected?(Every s can reach every t)

Page 29: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

for strong edge‐connectivity

• Reduce from st‐Reachability by adding• edges 𝐸 from t to every node, and• edges 𝐸 from every node to s.

• Observe: Adding edges pointing to s and from t does not change st‐reachability.

• If t is not reachable from s, this remains the case. • If t is reachable from s, then 

• s can reach all nodes via 𝐸 , and• all nodes can reach s via 𝐸

• Easy: Extend to Ω 𝑚 lower bound

41

Page 30: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example set 2: Non‐Graph Problems

1. Erickson’s Problem2. Pagh’s Problem

These bounds hold against amortization & randomization!

43

𝑛 = # of nodes, 𝑚=# of edges What lower bound can you prove under OMv?

Page 31: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example 2.1

44

Erickson’s problem

Page 32: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Erickson’s problem

45

Reduction

1 1

1

1 1

1

Page 33: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Example 2.2

46

Pagh’s problem

Page 34: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

• Input: 𝑘 subsets 𝑋 , 𝑋 ,… , 𝑋 over a universe 𝑈 1,… , 𝑘• Update: Given a pointer to two subsets 𝑋 and 𝑋 , create a new subset 𝑋 ∩ 𝑋

• Output: After each update outputs whether the new subset is empty or not.

47

Pagh’s problem (a variant)

Page 35: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

48

Page 36: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Pagh’s problem ‐‐ Reduction

1 1

1

0 0

0

Page 37: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Pagh’s problem ‐‐ Reduction

1 1

1

0 0

0

Page 38: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

Pagh’s problem ‐‐ Reduction

1 1

1

51

1 1

1

0 0

0

Page 39: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

55

Questions?

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 715672

Thanks to co‐authors: Sayan Bhattacharya, Jan van den Brand, Deeparnab Chakraborty, Sebastian Forster, Monika Henzinger, Christian Wulff‐Nilsen, Thatchaphol Saranurak

Page 40: 2. OMv Lower Bounds · Chapter 2. OMv Lower Bounds Danupon Nanongkai KTH, Sweden ADFOCS 2018 1 Last edited: Aug. 15, 2018

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