Chapter 2 Notes - The Nature of Matter

Lesson 2.1

Atoms

The subatomic particles that make up atoms are _____________________, ___________________and

___________________________.

Elements

An __________________is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of __________________.

Atomic number of the atom above = __________________________.

Isotopes

Because they have the same number of _____________________, all _____________________ of an element have the same chemical _____________________.

Chemical Bonds

A chemical ________________________ is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more __________________ in definite proportions.

The ____________________ and ________________________ properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.

Ionic Bonds

An _________________ bond is formed when one or more electrons are __________________ from one atom to another.

Covalent Bonds

A _______________________ bond is formed when atoms ________________ electrons.

Van Der Waals Forces

Van der Waals forces are _____________________________ forces of attraction due to a slight ______________________ between ______________________ charged regions of nearby molecules.

Electrons in oxygen = _______________

Total electrons = ___________________

Review of Bonding

Compare and contrast ionic bonds and covalent bonds using a Venn diagram.

Chapter 2 Notes – Properties of Water

Lesson 2.2

The Water Molecule

Water molecules are ____________________; the charges are _____________________ distributed in the molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

Cohesion

Cohesion : ___________________________ between molecules of the same __________________.

Adhesion

__________________: attraction between molecules of ______________________ substances

Heat capacity

______________________: amount of ______________ it takes to raise __________________________

Solutions

Water’s __________________________ gives it the ability to ______________________ both ionic compounds and other polar molecules.

Acids, Bases, and pH

______________________ pH = _________________________; higher concentration of H+

______________________ pH = _________________________; lower concentration of H+

Buffers

___________________________ help maintain _____________________________ in organisms.

Chapter 2 Notes – Carbon Compounds

Lesson 2.3

The Chemistry of Carbon

_______________ ___________________

Macromolecules

____________________________ are large organic molecules found in living things.

Carbohydrates

Living things use ______________________________ as sources of _________________ and for structural purposes.

_______________________ _____________________

Lipids

___________________________are a large and varied group of ______________________ that are not generally ___________________________ in water.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are ____________________________ made of __________________________monomers.

Proteins

__________________________ are polymers made of ____________________________ monomers.

Protein structure

A _______________________ is a functional molecule built from one or more ____________________.

Chapter 2 Notes – Chemical reactions and enzymes

Lesson 2.4

Chemical Reactions

A ______________________________________ changes one set of chemicals into another.

Energy in Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur _______________________________.

Chemical reactions that __________________ energy require a source of ______________________.

Which reaction can occur spontaneously?__________________________________________________

Enzymes in the body

Carbonic anhydrase _______________________________ up this reaction by a factor of 10 million.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The Active Site

The ________________________ of the enzyme and the substrate have __________________________ shapes.

Explain how an enzyme and substrate is like a lock and key.