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2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 1
Outline
- progress in RFI mitigation (methods inventory)
- system design & RFI mitigation: what and where
System design & RFI mitigationDS4T3 (OPAR, ASTRON, INAF-IRA, UORL, CSIRO)
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 2
Deliverable Achieved1 RFI mitigation methods inventory fall 2007
2 Influence on data quality Y3Q4
3 Impact of moving interference sources fall 2007
4 Cost effect. and tech. Requirements SKA site Y3Q4
5 Demonstrations with EMBRACE, BEST … Y4Q4
6 RFI mitigation strategies for the SKA Y4Q4
phased-arrays
System design & RFI mitigationDS4T3 (OPAR, ASTRON, INAF-IRA, UORL, CSIRO)
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 3
RFI Mitigation Methods InventoryReport, June 2007
• Introduction
• Spectral selectivity
• Temporal selectivity
• Spatial Selectivity
• Multi-dimensional techniques
• Implications for SKA and conclusions
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 4
Figure 1: (a) A classical filter bank implementation. (b) polyphase implementation of any filter. (c)polyphase implementation of a filter bank. (d) Example of filter banks (M=64). The input signal was the sumof an impulse, a sweeping sine wave and 2 switching sine waves: (d.1) h(k) is a 64 long rectangular impulseresponse. The filter bank is just a FFT. (d.2) h(k) is a 64 long Blackmann-Harris window. (d.3) h(k) is 640long low pass filter.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d.1) (d.2) (d.3)
Spectral selectivitypolyphase filterbank
ALMA memo 447 (J. Bunton) for cascaded PFB
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 5
Spectral selectivitynarrow band RFI elimination
Figure 4 : Analysis/synthesis process with quasi perfect reconstruction filter bank. Discrete Cosinustransforms have been implemented. Narrow band interferences are visible on the time-frequencyrepresentation (left). After analysis, polluted channels have been removed and the signal has beenreconstructed through a polyphase synthesis filter bank. The resulting time-frequency plane is given on theright
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 6
Temporal selectivityBlanking
• Detection theory based on hypothesis testing
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 7
Temporal selectivityBlanking
• Single-antenna detection: Pfa and PD are known
Pfa = Q(2PD = Q(2/ (1+INR))
• Multiple-antenna (p) detection (spatial-temporal) matched spatial detector: compare the received energy from the
interferer to the noise
test : data covariance matrix, combined with known interferer direction
Pfa : same PD = Q(2/ (1+p.INR))
residual after blanking : INRres 1 / p.N1/2
N: number of samples
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 8
Spatial selectivityFiltering
• Algorithms are based on modifications of data covariance matrix by a spatial filter, such that:
Pkak = 0 (ak direction of interferer)
Pk applied to covariance matrix: interferer energy nulled
• when ak is unknown ?
=> find eigenvalues and eigenvectors• a correction (matrix) has to be applied to the filtered
covariance matrix• Constraint: astronomical signal power << interferer power• residual after blanking :
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 9
Multi-dimensional techniquesCyclostationarity
cyclostationary process : statistics are periodic with time
Random binary signal: temporal view
covariance : time origin as random
covariance : time origin as constant
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 10
system design & RFI mitigation ASTRON/ISPO SSSM SKA monitoring results 2005/2006
virtual site, i.e. median of maxima of curves from the four sites visited : South Africa, China, Australia, Argentina
Cf. SKA monitoring protocol 2003 S.Ellingson et al (SKA memo)
Number of ADC bits:- 3 to 7 effective bits - depending on f, BW, site- if nonlinearities for short timescales are allowed: only 3 to 5 bits are needed
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 11
system design & RFI mitigationdata transport bottleneck
From RFI & data coding perspective: • use large subband bandwidth from stations to central site• break bands into more subbands / isolate bands with strong RFI• apply (fixed) spatial nulls at station level (“cheap”)• apply parametric techniques (more expensive; specific to coding
scheme)
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 12
system design & RFI mitigation effectiveness
Bottom line: one can mitigate RFI down to the level that it can be detected
So: delay RFI mitigation to the last stages in the datastream where data compression reduces the RFI mitigation SP load (beamforming, post correlation integration), unless…
• for dynamic range reasons- linearity requirements of LNAs after BF (PAF)- reduce number of bits (data transport reduction / digital stages PAF/AA)
• RFI is strongly spatially distributed- then local spatial filter makes more sense, at stations or between several stations
• RFI spectral bandwith does not match channel bandwidth- all methods
• RFI temporal characteristics - excision of s bursts close to antenna; drawback: loss of gain information
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 13
system design & RFI mitigation effectiveness
Stacking of methods is not usefull unless …...different domains are combined, e.g.
• RFI source subtraction, sidelobe cancelling and spatial filtering in
arrays are all spatial methods – in general not much use combining them
• parametric methods (Glonass/DVB suppr., Ellingson et al) and spatial filtering
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 14
system design & spatial filtering
DOA, subspace techniques: order Nant3
Rank-one subspace techniques, single source DOA: order Nant2
If direction known, and apply to beamformer or correlator: cheap!
DOA and subspace estimation usually is expensiveespecially if it needs to be done at a high update rate
Applying fixed filters, known fixed directions• Most fixed transmitters: easily ~20 dB supp. • If propagation modifies spatial structure:
add closely spaced nulls / increase subspace to be removed• Very cheap method if combined with beamformer of correlator Applying on-line varying filters, moving interferers• Both for fixed and moving transmitters: good suppression• Filter distorts uvw data as well, but can be restored under certain conditions • Expensive method (online matrix operations)• Drawback: affects the beamshape => hampers on-line calibration, “smoothness
criterium”
2nd SKADS Workshop 10-11 October 2007 P. Colom & A.J. Boonstra 15
may be costlycan be used in combination with other methods
parametric techniques
(assuming wide bands)
may be costly; changing sidelobes may impair calibration
somewhat better suppression than fixed; tracking possibilities
varying spatial filters, sidelobe canceller
lower SP load at output station beamformers
-[excision]
fluctuating beam may impair calibration
reduce strong RFI enables the use of less ADC bits / lessens LNA req.
varying spatial filtering, including sidelobe canceller
Antenna beam- formers (e.g. PAF)
difficult; needs careful calibrationreduce strong RFI enables the use of less ADC bits / lessens LNA req.
fixed spatial filtering
bookkeeping very costly; impairing gain estimate otherwise
low SP load unless booking is done on excised samples; fast transients
excision (assuming no subband filtering is done yet)
may be complex; may be time consuming
very flexible; can be added when necessary; relatively cheap
Spatial filtering,
parametric techniques, …
Post processing
-can be done at short timescales and short bandwidths; common practice
excisionCorrelation
influences UVW data points;
may impair calibration
may be applicable at shorter timescales than at location of correlator output
Interstation sidelobe cancelling/ spatial filtering, moving sources
Pre-correlation
more complex operation; connection wit cenral systems
very cheap; reduce data transport rate to central site
fixed spatial filterStation beamformers
Con’sPro’sMethodSignal path
Applicability in SKA