2 maximum pv power integration into the grid by dipl phys oussama chehab

Maximum PV Power Integration into the Grid: Challenges and Options for Energy Management Systems

Dipl.- Phys. Oussama ChehabVice President Sales Emerging Markets, SMA , GermanyRenewable Energy Asia 2015, 3 June 2015BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand

SMA Solar Technology AG

IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE

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All information contained herein has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, we do not guarantee its accuracy or completeness and nothingherein shall be construed to be a representation of such guarantee.

The information contained in this presentation is subject to amendment, revision and updating. Certain statements contained in thispresentation may be statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements that are based on the management's currentviews and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results, performance or events may differ materiallyfrom those in such statements as a result of, among others, factors, changing business or other market conditions and the prospects forgrowth anticipated by the management of the Company. These and other factors could adversely affect the outcome and financial effectsof the plans and events described herein. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-lookingstatements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on forward-lookingstatements which speak only as of the date of this presentation.

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This document is not an offer of securities for sale in the United States of America. Securities may not be offered or sold inthe United States of America absent registration or an exemption from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, asamended.

Disclaimer

2


Agenda

3

1 Renewable Energy

2 Low Voltage Regulation

3 Medium Voltage Regulation

4 Grid Monitoring


> PVPS: 177 GW of PV installed worldwide

> the Asia Pacific region represented about 59% of the global PV market in

2014

> Installed PV Power in Thailand 2012, 377 MW ( source DEDE)

> In 19 countries the annual PV contribution to electricity demand has passed

the 1% mark.

> with Italy at the top with at least 7.9 % followed by Greece at 7.6% and

Germany at 7%.

> The overall European PV contribution amounts to about 3.5% of Europe’s

electricity demand. Australia, Denmark, Israel and Japan have also passed

the 2% mark but larger consumers, such as China and the U.S., will require

more PV capacity to reach this threshold

Actual PV Contribution ( According to IEA PVPS)

4


In 2030 more than 60% of the electric power supply will come from Renewables.

The dynamic of growth will be carried by Windpower and Pholtovoltaics.*

> Renewables can substitute a big part of the conventional power systems

> Therefore a massive paradigm change regarding the grid distribution system is

necessary

> Reneables must take aktive part in grid management

Progress of Renewable Energy in Germany

5*Source: Leitstudie 2010, BMU - FKZ 03MAP146, Basisszenario 2010A


> An optimal Integration of existing and

prospective renewable power into the grid

is important and urgent

> Most of the PV-Power Generating Units

are feeding into the Low Voltage Grid

> Therefore grid management functions are

necessary both for the low- and medium

voltage grid.

> The regulations for the low- and medium

voltage grid take this into account.

Progress of Renewable Energy

6


> Active power limitation on demand

(Low Voltage [LVG] and medium voltage grid [MVG])

Target: Reducing the active power of a PV-plant via remote signal

> Frequency-dependent control of active power


Frequency > 50,2 Hz reduction of active power

Target: Reducing the active power in the grid

> Reactive power setting


Reactive power supply by fix cos , cos (t), cos (P) or Q(U)

Target: Stabilize the voltage in the grid

> Dynamic grid support

(Medium voltage grid [MVG])

During a grid failure the inverter still stays on the grid (specific time and special cond

Target: Stabilize the grid during grid failure

Basic Gridmanagement functions

7


Agenda

8

1 Renewable Energy



4 Grid Monitoring


> Capability to reduce active power for plants above 100 kW

> % of nominal power

> On direction of the system operator

> steps100 / 60 / 30 / 0 %

> Automatic reduction due to over-frequency

> No disconnection from the grid between

47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz

> Over 50.2 Hz: automatic active power

reduction according to the diagram

> PM equals the power when 50.2Hz is reached.

> When frequency sinks below 50.2 Hz, a max. power ramp of 10% nom. power per minutes

Plant Power Management

9


> Reactive power is now required for interconnection to the low-voltage grid.

> Above 20% of nominal power a power generating unit must have the following

reactive power capability / power factor:

> Generating unit < 3.68 kVA

> Not required

> Generating unit between 3.68 kVA and 13.8 kVA

> cos = 0.95leading to 0.95lagging

> Generating unit > 13.8 kVA

> cos = 0.90leading to 0.90lagging

Power Factor Design and Operation Requirements

10

SMA Solar Technology AG 11

Capacitive and Inductive Reactive Power

ohmic load

Blue: Voltage

Red: Current

inductive load

Blue: Voltage

Red: Current

•Examples for inductive loads:

•Transformer

•Generators

•Filters

•Motors

capacitive load

Blue: Voltage

Red: Current

•Examples for capacitive loads:

•Cable

•Capacitors


System Design with Reactive Power Supply

QIV QI

P

Q kapazitiv Q induktiv

QIV QI

PPlimit


QIV QI

PPlimit


S max

QIV QI

PPlimit


Sm

ax

QIV QI

PPlimit


Smax

QIV QI

PPlimit

Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.

QIV QI

PPlimit


S max

QIV QI

PPlimit


S max

Q max,ind.

QIV QI

PPlimit


S max

Q max,ind.

P max

QIV QI

PPlimit


S max

Q max,ind.

P max

P=Plimit - Pmax

Qmax,cap. Qmax,ind.Qmax,capacitive Qmax,inductive


Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)

13

Low voltageline

House connection

Medium voltagegrid

MV-Station

Load

Cable lengthMax. Load

> Power supply for a remote consumer



14

> Supplying of several consumers with the necessity to adjust the voltage at the

MV-Station to be within the allowed voltage range

Low voltageline

House connection 1 + 2

Medium voltage grid

MV-Station

Load 1

Cable lengthMax. Load with voltage regulation at MV-

Station

Load 2

Max. Load without voltage regulation at MV-Station



15

> High irradiation (and therefore high power feed in from house 2) and low power

consumtion result in to high voltage at consumer 1 connection.

Low voltageline


Medium voltage grid

MV-Station

Load 1

Cable length

Max. Load with voltage regulation at MV-Station

Load 2

High PV-Feed in with low load



16

> Inverter can deliver inductive reactive power to lower the voltage at the

connection point to be again within the allowed range.

Low voltageline


Medium voltage grid

MV-Station

Load 1

Cable length

Max. Load with voltage regulation at MV-Station

Load 2

High PV-Feed in with lowloadsame but with reactivepower


~ ~Uo

UEZA

IEARk

Grid-short circuit impedance

Open circuitvoltage

Xk

ZkPower Generating Unit

(PGU)with impedance angle k

Uo

UPGUIEA

IEA

URk

UXkUZk

Uo

UPGUIEA

URk

UXk

UZk

k

k

IEA

cos =1

cos ≠1(lagging ‐ induktiv)

Uo

UPGU

IEA URk

UXkUZk

k

cos ≠ leading, capacitive)

UZk

With capacitive reacitve Power the voltage at connection pointincrease

With induktive reacitve Power the voltage at connection pointdecrease

[Que

lle: S

MA

]



> Is defined by the system operator.

> Follows two control mechanisms:

> Constant cos or

> cos (P) – response curve

> Default response curve:

cos as a function of the generator

apparent power

> 13.8 kVA: cos = 0.9

> 3.68 kVA ≤ 13.8 kVA: cos = 0.95


18

1

0,9/0,95

P/PEmax

1

Ove

r-ex

ited

Und

er-

exite

d

cos 0,9/0,95

0,50,2


> Single-phase interconnection ≤ 4.6 kVA per phase.

> A maximum of 3 x 4.6 kVA ≤ 13.8 kVA

can be interconnected.

> Generating units > 13.8 kVA only as three-phase device,

fulfilling max. imbalance requirements of 4.6 kVA.

> Single-phase inverters with Power Balancer capability

are allowed.

> Max. imbalance per phase ≤ 4.6 kVA

Phase Imbalances

19


PV-Installation ≤ 3,68 kVA

20

Ripple controlreceiver

Low Voltage Grid

SB 3000HF-30with Power ControlModul

Anlage mit 3,00 kVA

DCACCOM

Phase 1 SB 3000HF-30Phase 2 -Phase 3 -∑ Power 3,0 kVA

Remote control reduction of feed-in capacityin grid overload situations


PV-Installation > 3,68 kVA and ≤13,80 kVA

21

Low Voltage Grid

SB 3800-11with Power Control Modul

SB 3300-11with Power Control Modul

Phase 1 SB 3300-11Phase 2 SB 3800-11Phase 3 SMC 4600A-11∑ Power 11,7 kVA

SMC 4600A-11with Power ControlModul

DCACCOM

Remote control reduction of feed-in capacityin grid overload situations

Ripple controlreceiver


Low Voltage Grid

STP 17000TLSTP 17000TL-10

Phase 1/2/3 STP17000TL-10STP17000TL-10

Phase 1 SMC 11000TLRP-10Phase 2 SMC 11000TLRP-10Phase 3 SMC 11000TLRP-10

∑ Power 67 kVA

SMC 11000TLRP-10

SMA Grid GateU<,U>,U>>,f<,f>

Sunny WebBox Power Reducer Box

DCACEthernetRS485Control line

PV-Installation > 30 kVA and ≤100 kVA


Agenda

23

1 Renewable Energy



4 Grid Monitoring


> Reduction of active power depending

on grid frequency

> in case of grid failures

> in case of power surplus

> to avoid grid instabilities

> Example: UCTE-grid failure in 2006

Under normal grid conditions:

no impact on energy yield

Maintaining Grid Stability: Active Power Limitation

24

Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008


> Target: Maintenance of grid voltage

> Generation systems must be able to supply

reactive power during normal operation

> Public utilities stipulate reactive power

or power factor

> The utility operator sets Qsoll

> The utility operator sets cosSoll

> The inverter delivers Reactive Power according

to the characteristic curve cos = f (P) – s

Figure

> The inverter delivers Reactive Power according

to the characteristic curve Q = f (U)

Power factor range

cos = 0,95ind. to 0,95kap.

Impact on PV inverter design!

Maintaining Grid Stability: Reactive Power Supply

25

Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Draft Version April 2008


> Generation systems must stay connected

during grid failures!

> Required performance:

> above limit 1:

stabile operation

> between limit 1 and 2:

to be discussed with DSO*

> below limit 2/30 % VNom:

instant disconnection accepted

> Deliver reactive current, to stabilize

the grid

Requirement for systems directly

connected to HV transformer

Dynamic Grid Stability: Fault Ride Through (FRT)

26

Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008

0 150 1.500

100%

70%

Zeit in ms

Zeitpunkt eines Störungseintritts

700

unterer Wert desSpannungsbandes

3.000

15%

45%

Grenzlinie 1Grenzlinie 2

Unterhalb der blauen Kennlinie bestehen keine Anforderungen hinsichtlich des Verbleibens am Netz.

30%

Grenzkurven Spannungsverlauf

U/Uc


Agenda

27

1 Renewable Energy



4 Grid Monitoring


Grid Stability Management

28


Multi-MW Plant with Sunny Tripower

29

20 kV

0,4 kV

0,4 kV

Gridstation800 kVA1

2

47

1

2

47

P, U, Q, cos j

U, I

Measuringtransducer

LocalSCADA

WAN

Sunny PortalRemote SCADA

Grid- and plant protection

Gridstation800 kVA

Grid supplier

PV-Plant control

Grid stability management

Target (P, Q, cos j, ...)release, emergency stop

feedback(P, Q, cos j, ...)

Digital- and Analogue-ValuesIn future potentially Remote-protocols

Router

Switch

Switch

Switch

Switch

Switch

Datalogger

Datalogger

Contact in ThailandSMA Solar (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

999/9 The Offices at CentralWorld

Level 17 Unit ML1708-10

Rama I Road, Pathumwan

Bangkok, Thailand

Main Line: +66 2 670 6900

[email protected]

Thank you for your kind attention

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2 maximum pv power integration into the grid by dipl phys oussama chehab