Issues of Implementation of Buffer Zone Concept in Nepal

Maheshwar Dhakal, PhD

Ecologist

Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

Biodiversity Status in Nepal

Birds

Mammals

NepalWorld %

1814,000 4.52

8679,040 9.53

0.09%

Reptiles

Butterfly

Fish

Amphibians

1186,300 1.87

774,184 1.84

18218,150 1.84

640/2,2531,12,000 1.00

118

Eco-systems

Eco-systems

under PA =80 ˜

Protected Area System in Nepal

Protected Areas No

.

Area

(km²)

National Parks 10 10,853

Wildlife Reserves 3 979

Hunting Reserves 1 1,325

Conservation

Areas

6 15,426

Buffer Zones 12 5,603

Total 32 34,187

23.23%

Nepal

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October 23, 2011

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Protected Areas Act/Regulations/Policies

Regulations– National Park and Wildlife Conservation Regulation,

1974

– Chitwan Nationa Park Regulation, 1974

– Wildlife Reserve regulation, 1976

– Himali National Park Regulation, 1980

– Khaptad National Park Regulation, 1983CITES Bill

Under

Act:National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973

– Khaptad National Park Regulation, 1983

– Buffer Zone Management Regulation, 1996

– Bardai National Park Regulation, 1997

– Conservation Area Management Regulation, 1997

– Conservation Area Public Management Regulation, 2000

Related Acts: � Forest Act 1993

� Export Import (Control) Act 1961

� Customs Act 2007

� Environmental Protection Act 1997

Under

Discussion

Policies:� Wetland policy

� Wildlife farming policy

� Infrastructure development policy

� Wildlife Victims compensation policy

Organization of DNPWC

Director General-1

Deputy Director General-1

Management Section1. Under secretary-12. Officer-13. Radio operator-1

Administration Section1. Section Officer-12. Nayab Subba-43. Typist NASU-14. Kharidar-3

Protected Areas in Nepal1.National park

1. Chitwan2. Bardia3. Sagarmath

Planning Section1. Under secretary-12. Officer-13. Engineer-14. Sub-overseer-1

Conservation Education Section

1. Under secretary-12. Officer-13. Ranger-1

Ecological Section1. Under secretary-12. Officer-13. Ranger-1

4. Kharidar-35. Driver-36. Peon -8

Account Section1. Account Officer-12. Accountant-13. Sub-accountant-1

Computer Section1. Programmer-12. Officer-13. Ranger-1

3. Sagarmath4. Langtang5. Shy Phoksundo6. Rara7. Khaptad8. Makalu Barun9. Shivapuri Nagarjun10. Banke

2.Wildlife Reserve1. Shuklaphanta2. Parsa3. Koshi Tappu

3.Hunting Reserve1. Dhorpatan

4.Conservation area1. Annapurna2. Manasul3. Kanchanjhaga4. Appinappa5. Gaurishankar6. Krishnasar CA

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World BankICIMOD

BCN

October 23, 2011

DNPWCWWF

IUCN NTNC

UNDP

WTLCP CSUWN

MCAP GCAPACAP

Major International Treaties/agreements

International treaties Ratification Enforcement

CITES 18 June, 1975 16 September, 1975

UNESCO World Heritage List 21 June, 1978 20 September, 1978

Ramsar Convention 17 December, 1975 17 April, 1988

Convention on Biodiversity 23 November, 1993 21 February, 1994

Global Tiger Forum 1993 1994

SA-WEN January 2011 January, 2011SA-WEN January 2011 January, 2011

National Tiger

Conservation

Committee

(Prime

Minister)

Wildlife Crime

Control

Coordination

Committee

(Minister)

Wildlife Crime

Control

Bureau

(DG, DNPWC)

Wildlife Crime

Control units

(15 districts,

DFO/Warden)

THE SNOW LEOPARD

CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR

NEPAL

MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND SOIL

CONSERVATION

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PARKS &

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

KATHMANDU

Management and Action Plan

Snow LeopardTiger

(2008-2012)

Fiver Year Periodic Planning

Rhino

(2006-11)

Snow Leopard

(2005-2015)(2008-2012)

Vulture

(2008-2013)

Three Year Periodic Planning

Annual Planning

Buffer Zone Area Declaration by Fiscal Year

1257

2599

1500

2000

2500

3000

Are

a d

ecla

red

(km

2)

5,603km² =

1257

275417

298414 343

0

500

1000

1500

2053 2055 2058 2061 2062 2063 2067

CNP/BNPLNP/SPNP/MBNP SNP SWR/KTWR PWR RNP/KNP BaNP

Fiscal Year/PA

Are

a d

ecla

red

(km

2)

Ratio of BZA and CAT

ota

l A

rea

(k

m2

)

BZA CA

5603 11673

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

To

tal A

rea

(k

m2

)

Ratio of CA and BZA

Buffer Zone Institutions

Buffer Zone Management Committee (BZMC)

Pla

nn

ing

Reso

urc

es

User Committee User Committee User Committee 206

DDC member 1

CW as MS HH: 118036

Popn: 63500012

User GroupUser GroupUser Group

womenMixMan

Pla

nn

ing

Reso

urc

es

Buffer Zone revenue (50%)

4,184

Paradigm shift in conservation

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Environment

protectionSustainable

development

Climate

change

Species Ecosystem Landscape

Integrated

development

Buffer zone concept

Ecosystem Species

conservation conservationLandscape

conservation

Protection

approachParticipatory

approachMulti-stakeholder

approach

Wildlife farming

Ecotourism

Protection

approach

Ecosystem

conservation

From beginning…….Poaching and Illegal Trade……

Protected Area in Nepal

27,595

33,662

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Are

a (

km

2)

an

d S

taff

ing

PA Area Staffing

hgzlQmsf] cefj

Patrolling

Staff/unit

area=34 km²

4,574

18,571

677 884 951 9990

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Year

Are

a (

km

2)

an

d S

taff

ing

October 23, 2011

Patrolling

Monitoring

record keeping

Reporting

Quality PA

Management?

Poaching and illegal trade

ko{6s / /fhZjsf] ljj/0f

245

291

349

200

250

300

350

400

To

uri

st n

um

be

r (1

00

0)

792

902 935

1,340

785

946

1,178

1,354

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Re

ven

ue

co

lle

ctio

n (

NR

s. M

illio

n)

Tourists Revenue

October 23, 2011

139 148163 161

124110

172154

165

0

50

100

150

32 05 5/562056/572 05 7/ 582 058/592059/ 602060/ 612 06 1/ 622 062/632063/ 642 06 4/ 652 065/66

Fiscal year

To

uri

st n

um

be

r (1

00

0)

792

711

603

785

558

646

0

200

400

600

800

2 054/552 055/562 05 6/572 05 7/58205 8/59205 9/60206 0/61206 1/622 062/632 063/642 064/652 065/66

Fiscal year

Re

ven

ue

co

lle

ctio

n (

NR

s. M

illio

n)

Land use/Ecological map

GrasslandRange land

Forest areaWater body

Grassland

Snow land

Road networking

Biodiversity documentation

Way to forward

• Land use and ecological map (with biodiversity registration and documentation)

• Reform of organization set up (Organization and management survey completed)

• Reform in the policy and prevailing laws

• Creation of financial capital

– Increase in royalty rate– Increase in royalty rate

– Capitalize REDD and Payment for Environmental Services

– Fine new donors and projects

– Collaborate with governmental and non-governmental partners

• Capacity building

– Park staffs

– Local communities

SN

Protected Areas

Area(km2) Declared Date BS (AD)

NP/WR/HR/CA

Buffer

Zone Total

NP/WR/HR/CA

Buffer Zone

1 Chitwan National Park (CNP) 932 750 1682 2030 Aaswin 04 (1973-09-20) 2053 Mansir 17 (1996-12-02)

2 Langtang National Park (LNP) 1710 420 2130 2032 Chaitra 09 (1976-03-22) 2055 Baisakh 14 (1998-04-27)2 Langtang National Park (LNP) 1710 420 2130 2032 Chaitra 09 (1976-03-22) 2055 Baisakh 14 (1998-04-27)

3 Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) 1148 275 1423 2033 Srawan 04 (1976-07-19) 2058 Poush 17 (2002-01-01)

4 Rara National Park (RNP) 106 198 304 2034 Srawan 24 (1977-08-08) 2063 Aashwin 09 (2006-09-25)

5 Shey Phoksundo NP (SPNP) 3555 1349 4904 2041 Srawan 22 (1984-08-06) 2055 Kartik 02 (1998-10-19)

6 Khaptad National Park (KNP) 225 216 441 2043 Aashadh 09 (1986-06-23) 2063 Kartik 13 (2006-10-30)

7 Bardia National Park (BNP) 968 507 1475 2045 Mansir 20 (1988-12-05) 2053 Mansir 17 (1996-12-02)

8 Makalu Barun National Park (MBNP) 1500 830 2330 2048 Mansir 02 (1991-11-18) 2055 Magh 25 (1999-02-08)

9 Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park (SNNP) 159 159 2058 Falgun 06 (2002-02-18)

10 Banke National Park (BaNP) 550 343 893 2067 Aashadh 28 (2010-07-12) 2067 Aashadh 28 (2010-07-12)

11 Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (SWR) 305243.

5548.5 2033 Srawan 04 (1976-07-19) 2061 Jestha 09 (2004-05-22)

12 Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) 175 173 348 2036 Falgun 13 (1980-02-25) 2061 Bhadra 14 (2004-08-30)

13 Parsa Wildlife Reserve (PWR) 499298.1

7797.1

72041 Jestha 08 (1984-05-21) 2062 Aashadh 13 (2005-06-27)

Institutional Mechanism

Buffer Zone Management Committee

User Committee

12 Buffer zone MC

206 User Committee50%

revenue

User Groups 4093User Groups…%

The income of community forest is largely based on eco-tourism and fund provided by the BZMC

In the recent years, the trend of BZCF formation seems similar to normal

community forestry user group

Details of Buffer Zone Community forests at some selected protected areas

Protected Area

No of

BZCF

Area Covered by

BZCF

Benefited

HH Annual Income

Chitwan NP 22 3632 9990

Bardia NP 46 12978 9500

Shy Phoksundo

NP 24 2617 1591NP 24 2617 1591

Koshi Tappu WR 11 127 1926

Parsa WR 24 3596 6594

Buffer Zone area covers 27 districts, 83 VDCs and 0.7 million population