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Journey from communism to integrative Europe in psychotherapy training
The 9th Conference of the European Associationfor Integrative Psychotherapy, Oct. 12 – 14., 2018,
Prague, Czech Rep.
[email protected] Institute Prague, Czech Republic
– www.skaluvinstitut.cz – www.psychotherapy.info ‐+420 602 642 616
1918 – 1938 ‐Czechoslovakia– among 10
most developedcountries in the
world
1938 – II. world war –protectorate of Czechiaand Moravia
1948 –Communistic
power
1989 –democraticstate – 1993
Czech Republic
Czech land ‐Before and after the communism
17.10.2018 2
Czechs appreciate learning from others, BUTdo not like „the only one“ approach and ideology
• the Czech Republic is one of the most secularized nations in the world ‐ 40% of the Czech population identifies itself as agnostic or church‐less• „If you are in the middle … integration is a decent way to exist“
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Pragmatic (Eclectic) and system approach with own search for integration matches with our nation
Born in the Czech region:
• Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis •Max Wertheimer, the father of Gestaltpsychology
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Freud´s psychoanalysis in Czech land– from 1914‐• Czech psychoanalytics = first group registered by the International Psychoanalytical Association – IPA‐ 1936• Jaroslav Stuchlík, Otto Fenichel, Emanuel Windholz
• Nikolaj Osipov ‐ Božidar Dosužkov – founded psychoanalytical group – forcibly disbanded –functioned unofficially
• II: world war – many psychoanalysts emigrated or died in concentration camps
Nikolaj Osipov
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Ferdinand Knobloch – developer of his own system‐ Integrated psychotherapy• Student of Dosužkov ‐ Ideologically problematic author ‐ could travel to the west and study there as a member of communistic party
• His emphasis on group therapy was in accordance with the Communist ethos of collectivism
• 1968 emigrated to the USA – professor in Canada – founded TC in Vancouver
• 1989 – back in Czech Rep. ‐ he organized training in integrated therapy
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Knobloch´s method integrates • Psychoanalytic concepts• Role of interpersonal relations • Learning theories • Theory of small social groups • psychodrama• autogenic training• Verbal and nonverbal techniques ‐psychogymnastic
• It combines individual, group and familytherapy and it encompasses the community and follow‐up care as well
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Behavioral therapy – resembled the methods of the totalitarian régime for Czech psychotherapists• Traditionally considered as manipulative and superficial approach treating only symptoms
• Pavlov´s theory of hypnosis – From 1970 Kratochvilorganised one‐week courses of hypnosis every year –book The Basis of Psychotherapy• Autogenic training from Eastern Germany
• Group therapy – socialist stress on the collective as opposed to the individual was especially widespread
• Eclectic form of psychotherapy – „rational“psychotherapy
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Since 1960s –psychotherapy acommon part of the treatment
• Therapeutic communities for neurotics, for alcoholics• employing the theories and methods of various psychotherapeutic approaches
• Eclectic approach –
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Psychotherapeutic sectionof Psychiatric Society
Cabinet for Training in Psychotherapy ‐ 1979 ‐
Psychotherapeutic Society 89
1968 – new stimuli from the Western countries
• 7th World Psychotherapeutic Congress in Wiesbaden ‐ psychotherapeutic approaches to Czechoslovakia
• Logotherapy – Frankl• Moreno psychodrama• Rogers
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The foundation of original psychotherapeuticschool ‐ the SUR system 1968creating islands of positive deviation –civic freedom in oppressive régime • SUR – derived from the initial letters of the first names of its founders:
•Skala, •Urban • Rubeš
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Most Czech psychotherapists have undergone SURtraining community based on
• a strict régime Skala´s anti‐alcoholic régime,
• Rubeš´s idea of psychotherapeutic community • self‐experience as a method of training –
Jaroslav Skala – a key figure of therapy for
alcoholism since the 1959s and psychotherapy training
Various psychotherapeutic techniques –psychodrama, art therapy, or autogenic training, morning exercise –
Provided for free ‐17.10.2018 12
LSD treatment in CzechoslovakiaSTANISLAV GROF
• after emigration to USA ‐ developed a method of Holotropic Breathwork instead of LSD• known as one of the founders of transpersonal psychology –emigrated to USA –‐
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Stanislav Grof / co/founder of transpersonal psychology
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Family therapy and Directive marriage therapy
• Petr Boš• 1979 – organized weekend training practice with Virginia Satir
• from 1980 with Jan Spitz Sympozia ofsystemic and family therapy
• 1988 on International Congress of Family Therapy 1987
• M. Plzák from 1960´s ‐ has founded the field of „matrimoniology“
17.10.2018 15Miroslav PLZÁK
Velvet Revolution 1989 (called that due to its relatively nonviolent course)
establishing many training institutes (about 30)
according their psychotherapeutic schools COMPETITIVE STRUGLE
Psychotherapy not listed as an independent profession • X Psychotherapy has become a part of the free market• x lot of unprofessional practitioners to offer their potentially harmful services under the label of „integrative“ psychotherapy
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Psychotherapist – doctors of medicine or psychologist with psychotherapy training and exams – can be provided under the
auspices of health system only
COMPETITIVE STRUGLE
1989 – 2018: Integrative movement:Three branches
SUR system‐ Skaluv institut
Knobloch – Kratochvil – IPIPAP – INCIP –
KUBÁNEK
Gestalt – RoubalDaseins – Růžička
INSTEP – Jára, Drahota
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1998 ‐ establishing integrative training in supervision– What are the supervision competencies?
• most important figures from various psychotherapeutic schools train together, search a common language and enriches one another –
• Foundation of several Training institutes on integrativeSupervision – ČIS, ČMIKS …. Members of EAS
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How to train psychotherapy integration and who does it ?
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sharing various approaches and the discussion about potential structure
of more effective programs
Where do we go? Eclectic Integrative
Skala institute from 2019 ‐Hours offered to students:
• Self‐experience – 570 (50) • Theory – 205 • Supervision – 110 (30)
• Skills rehearsal: 600
Certification demands• Self‐experience ‐ 430 (50) • Theory – 160 • Supervision – 130 (30)
• Self‐experience with skillsrehersal ………………400
• Theory – 100 hours + test• Supervision – 100
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720 hours
600 hours
Schools, techniques,skills
Integrative supervision
Practice, competencies
Assesment, relationship
Plan with withre/contract
Cooperation withothers in program
Closing with after‐care attention
Evaluation oftreatment
„Philosophy“ of integrative training in Skala Institute:1. Difference between „pure system“ and „integrative“
• Every psychotherapeutic school is a system, integrating some theoretical and philosophical „starting points“‐ on which level have they integrated what? Differentiation between „pure“ and integrative is just line of sight.
• Probably, psychotherapists after 50 years will not differentiate between „Pure“ and „Integrative“ psychotherapeutic schools – but they will work with some common or most functional and effective factors of today.
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2. It does not match with reality, that we can integrate just what we know the best• We should not see creating integrative perspective as a process which should take place after gathering enough data. I observe my grandchildren how they handle reality and virtual data on internet – their process of differentiation and integrating goes always together at the same time. We have enough reasons to learn from the psychotherapeutic schools the most functional processes without time‐killing learning the rest.
• Process of integrating and differentiating is a lifelong process and psychotherapy can be seen as „never ending story“ , mirroring our pictures about our psychic world.
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3. 20 years of natural Czech experiment with providing training in eclectic psychotherapy proves enough, that you do not need to begin just with „pure school“.• With very small access to data source, we can relish Comenius´ approach as „one after another“, „from simple to complicated“, but psychotherapy is not at this point. There are many sources of information and we need a kind of a global map now, without loosing oneself in blind alleys.
• We should give students our „good enough“ knowledge and experience to submit to discussion our global psychotherapeutic map and cooperate with them on clearing the picture.
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4. Our aim is to offer students good enough structure with relating factors and teach them competencies we know as good ones for our professions.• If we give them global picture with clear several structures• functional and intervention levels, • and phases of development, change and treatment –
it might help them to orient themselves with less anxiety. • We work with the basic psychotherapeutic models and techniques and give students some knowledge, but also a space to think and discuss, where concrete direction can go and what outcomes they can expect.
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5. Integrative approach gives students information about where they are on certain spots on the „map of psychotherapy“ and possibility to discuss, what they should learn and what they can rely on.• Some people choose their psychotherapeutic school without knowing how it goes together with their personality. If they have an opportunity to deal with the whole picture, they are more aware of their own development, in which direction to go nexttime.
• They go for specialization with the better knowledge of the other possibilities. Betterselection make them more effective for their patients.
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6. We need to be creative and free for original, flexible interventions and be prepared to name the intervention so the others can refine it.
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Trainers´ Competenciesin integrative psychotherapy training – Skala institute• Care for own personal development. Flexible and opened to feedback and outcomes from research, be aware of different ethics. • Helping students to reflect their own personality
• weak and strong personal factors• Help with the process of creating their own therapeutic style
• To teach people integrative type of thinking – to put themselves in the middle of more models and views and search for coherence and differences, to analyze them from different views. To be prepared to experiment due to search for important change.
• Be able to offer global and basic map of psychotherapy field with reflection of its development changes• to give and co‐create basic scales, structures, techniques and models of psychotherapeutic processes and problems
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