1 LNG Conference June 12, 2007

Experiences with LNG Worldwide

LNG Conference 12 June 2007

by Thomas Dahlgren and Steen Rasmussen, COWI

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COWI LNG Experience

� COWI has been involved in the planning and design of more than10 major LNG Terminals since 2002

� Experience has been gained predominantly in the Middle East and Africa and to a lesser degree in North America and Europe

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LNG Growth - Receiving End

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European LNG Receiving Terminals

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North America/Mexican ReceivingTerminals

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China LNG Receiving Terminals

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Example LNG Terminal - EgyptianLNG

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Example LNG Terminal - EgyptianLNG

� Design Year: 2002

� Vessel size: 137,000 m3

� Train size: 3.6 MTA

� Transfer rate: about 7-8000m3/hour

� Storage tank size: two tanks each with 140,000 m3 capacity

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Example LNG Terminal - Port of Ras Laffan, Qatar

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Example LNG Terminal - Port of Ras Laffan, Qatar

� Design Year: 2006

� Maximum vessel size: 267,000 m3

� Train size: 7.8 MTA

� Transfer rate: about 14,000m3/hour

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Port of Ras Laffan - 77 MTA LNG in 2011

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Port of Ras Laffan - Latest Developments

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Key challenges with smallerreceiving terminals

� Local approval - many sees LNG vessels and storage tanks as highexplosion risks - this is major concern in f.ex. the US.

� Securing supply. Many countries are planning smaller import terminals (around 2-3 MTA) but are facing difficulties in securingsupply as the export countries give priority to large import clientssuch as Japan, Korea, US etc.

� Distribution - how to fit the LNG into the existing distribution system. Can it compete with piped gas where this is an option?

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LNG Supply System

Unique technologiesfor LNG supply anddistribution

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LNG Satellite

LNG station constructed at the demand area at distance from LNG receiving terminal is so called "LNG Satellite".

Generally, LNG tank, LNG vaporizer, BOG treatment unit, Calorific control unit and Odorization unit are installed in LNG Satellite.

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LNG Container

LNG container in addition to previous tank lorry for LNG inland transportation.

LNG inland transportation cost is drastically reduced by way of using this LNG container on railway.

Furthermore, on-site LNG supply is easily realized simply by way of putting this LNG container within the battery limit of the customer’s site.

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Composite Insulation Vessel40 ft Container

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Composite Insulation Vessels30 ft Container

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13.52437*2472*12192

23 50040 FT

10.952490*2500*9122

20 00030 FT

Capacityton

DimensionW*H*L mm

WeightKg

Container

Composite Insulation Vessels

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Vacuum insulation(Composite System)

Outer VesselInner vesselGas phase

Liquid phase

Customer

Pressurizer combination typeUnderdevelopment

Customer

LNG Supply

LNG Delivery EquipmentLNG Container

LNG

LNG

LNG Supply

Unloading Pressurizer

Unloading Pressurizer

12.4 t5.6 t20 ft cont.

19.8 t10.9 t30 ft cont.

23.5 t13.5 t40 ft cont.

Total weight

Load weight

Size

Specifications