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2-14-2002Page 2
Introduction to Return Path Testing
Testing on the return path is significantly different than the forward path.
Ingress from anywhere in the node can effect all subscribers on that node and interfere with data traffic.
Subscriber’s modems must time share bandwidth on the return with all other users on that node.
Spectrum displays and the zero span display of a spectrum analyzer are very useful tools for analyzing the return path and the signals carried on it.
2-14-2002Page 3
Noise and Ingress Funneling
Noise and ingress from anywhere in the node can effect all users on that node
tap tap
tap tap
tap tap
Noise or Ingress
Return Modem Signal
Return Modem Signal
Node
Noise Ingress and Modem
Signals Combine
To Headend
2-14-2002Page 4
Using a Spectrum Display to Track Ingress and Noise
Use a spectrum analyzer display to track the source of noise and ingress in the system.
tap tap
tap tap
tap tap
Noise or Ingress
Return Modem Signal
Return Modem Signal
Node
To Headend
Check at various points in the system to locate source
of ingress or noise
2-14-2002Page 5
Limitations of Spectrum Displays for Catching Fast Transients.
Scanning Spectrum Analyzers measure only one band of frequencies at any given instant.
Frequency Range Where Measurement is Being Made at That Instant
Frequencies Stored From Last Pass of
Filter
2-14-2002Page 6
Limitations of Spectrum Displays for Catching Fast Transients.
If the spectrum analyzer is at another frequency when the transient appears it will not be displayed.
A transient happening at this time will be missed by the filter unless it is still there when the filter comes
by again
2-14-2002Page 7
Max Hold Function
Max Hold allows the spectrum display to catch transient signals such as ingress and modems.
Max hold displays the highest level measured and holds it until the trace is cleared by the user or a setting changed.
Max hold will only catch a transient if it is present at the time the sweep passes the frequency of the transient.
Allowing the trace to build up over time using max hold increases the chance of catching fast transients.
Current Sweep
Max Hold Trace
2-14-2002Page 8
Zero Span
Zero Span mode on a spectrum analyzer is a very useful tool for viewing and measuring fast transient signals or ingress.
Zero Span mode stops the sweep of the spectrum analyzer and parks it at the center frequency changing the display from the frequency domain to the time domain.
FrequencyFrequencyAm
plit
ude
Am
plit
ude
Am
plit
ude
Am
plit
ude
TimeTime
Frequency Domain Time Domain
2-14-2002Page 9
Zero Span
By parking on a frequency the analyzer will now display any amplitude variations over time.
Zero span displays the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier over the time of the display.
Time
Modem Bursts
Display In Zero Span
2-14-2002Page 10
Zero Span
Amplitude variations displayed will include cable modem bursts and intermittent ingress.
Because the center frequency is always tuned to the carrier and doesn’t sweep, extremely fast transients can be viewed.
Cable Modem Signals
Noise Floor viewable
between modem bursts
2-14-2002Page 11
Zero Span Markers
Markers in Zero span allow you to measure the level of individual modems and the desired to undesired ratio.
Noise and ingress can be viewed at the carrier frequency between modem bursts
Marker 1 Marker 2
1st Modem Burst
Modem Level (Mkr 1)
Desired to Undesired
Ratio
Noise Level (Mkr 2)
2nd Modem Burst
2-14-2002Page 12
Zero Span Trigger Threshold
Since return path modem signals appear at random times it is necessary to trigger the display on a modem signals rising edge to catch it at the correct time. Trigger level is adjustable to match the level of the modem signal.
Trigger Threshold adjusted to about 50%
of burst amplitude.
2-14-2002Page 13
Zero Span Time Per Division
Since the zero span display is in the time domain, the horizontal axis is calibrated in time/division.
Selecting a longer time per division will show a longer snapshot of the modem traffic.
Longer times will not display the resolution in time so adjust the time/division to get the type of display you are looking for.
2ms/div
200s/div
2-14-2002Page 14
Effects of Resolution Bandwidth on Zero Span
Since the analyzer is parked at the center frequency and doesn’t scan, only signals within the bandwidth of the resolution bandwidth filter will be displayed.
To accurately display wide band signals such as cable modem return path signals a wide resolution bandwidth filter such as 2 MHz is required to accurately display the signal.
When viewing narrower signals such as noise and ingress it may be better to use a narrower resolution bandwidth such as 300 kHz.
2 MHz Resolution Bandwidth
300kHz Resolution Bandwidth
2 MHz RBW required to capture entire bandwidth
2-14-2002Page 15
Return Path Testing Conclusions
Testing on the return path is much different than on the forward path due to noise and ingress funneling and the bursty nature of return path signals.
The spectrum analyzer display is a very useful tool for tracking down ingress and noise in the field.
The zero span display of a spectrum analyzer stops the frequency sweep and turns the display into a time domain display of the signals in the frequency band of the resolution bandwidth filter.
The zero span display of a spectrum analyzer allows you to see fast transients events such as modem bursts and ingress as well as the noise in between the events.