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ONSTRU TION
TE HNOLOGY
CEM 571
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CHAPTER 2
STAGES FOR CONSTRUCTION
1. Building
2. Retaining walls, Drainage
3. Road, Highway, Bridges
4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure
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BUILDING
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At the end of lectures, student will be able to :
- Identify setting out works involve in building
construction, i.e., site clearing, setting out and
establish the building datum level. (CO1:PO2)
- identify the accommodations, storage and security
requirements during the building construction
stage. (CO1:PO2)- describe the detail building stages involved
during
the building construction process. (CO1:PO2)
LESSON OUT OME
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BUILDINGAny man-made structure used or intended for
supporting or sheltering any use or
continuous occupancy.
1. Site works and setting out
2. Accommodation, storage and security
3. Detail building stages
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CONSTRUCTION SITE
A building or construction site can be considered as a
temporary factory employing the necessary resources
to successfully fulfill a contract.
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1. SITE WORKS AND SETTING
OUT
Contractors responsibility after beinggiven possession and site
layout planand detail drawings necessary
Commencing tasks:-a. Clearing the site
b. Setting out the building
c. Establishing a datum level
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Construction documents
ARCHITECTDRAWING
ENGINEERSDRAWING
SCHEDULES/PLANNING
SPECIFICATIONBILL OF
QUANTITIESCONTRACTDOCUMENT
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SITE INVESTIGATION
Soil investigation include the following:-
a) Land surveying
• Boundaries determination and set up
• Establishing a datum level (TBM)
b) Assessment and testing
• Sampling of media such as soil, water or air.
c) Availability of materials and basic supply• Construction
materials
• Available road and drainage systems
• Electrical and water supply
• Environments
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Clearing the Site
May involve:-
Demolition of existing buildings (by experiencedcontractor)
Grubbing out bushes and trees (by manual ormechanical means, or
by specialist for the large trees)
Removal of soil to reduce levels following to BuildingRegulation
C1 (sterilize the top 300 mm to contain plantlife and decaying
vegetation)
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Removal of tree trunks
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Grubbing of trees, shrubs and roots
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Site clearing work carried out
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Excavator heaping up top soil
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Earthwork operation
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Setting Out the Site
1. Establish a base line from which the whole of thebuilding can
be set out.
Marked on site clearly so that it can be re-established at
any time Using steel tape (30 meters and not stretchable is
more
suitable)
Marked each corner with a stout peg
Check on the right angle and correct lengths (advisableusing
different method)
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a) SITE BOUNDARY The surveyor must to determine the
site boundary of the
construction area to avoid trespass to the anotherconstruction
area.
The boundary had determine
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Land surveyor
determine the
OGL
b LEVELING
The land surveyor willdetermine the original ground
level for the land and mark a
survey peg for drain, pipes,cables and main sewerage
treatment plant (MSTP), also
the road complying with theJabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
(JPS).
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Setting Out the Site
2. Set up profile board-after the main buildinglines
Should set up clear of the foundations trench
positions to locate the trench, foundations andwalls
Required at all trench and wall intersections
2.0
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Typical profile board
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Establishing a Datum Level
All levels in a building are taken from a fixedpoint called a
‘datum’
Should establish after the setting out and
related to ordnance benchmark
An arrow with a horizontal mark above thearrow
The centerline of the horizontal being theactual level indicated
on an ordnance surveymaps
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Rise and fall method:
Staff reading at A = 2.500 m
Staff reading at B = 0.750 m
Ground level at A = 100 m above ordinance datum(AOD)
Level at B = 100 m + rise (− fall if declining)
Level at B = 100 m + (2.500 − 0.750) = 101.750 m.
Alternative height of collimation (HC) method:
HC at A = Reduced level (RL) + staff reading = 100 m + 2.500 =
102.500 (AOD)
Level at B = HC at A − staff reading at B
= 102.500 − 0.750 = 101.750 m
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Sloping Sites
Three methods in reducing levels:-
1. Cut and Fill - usual method, the amountof cut will equal
the amount of fill
2. Cut – Advantages of havingundisturbed soil
over the site, buthaving disadvantages of cost ofremoving the spoil
from the site
3. Fill – Not to be recommended,
deepfoundation would be needed, the riskof settlement and the
amount of fillshould be limited to 600 mm
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Sloping sites
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Accommodation,
Storage and
Security
SITE OFFICE
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SITE OFFICE
HOARDING
PROJECT SIGNBOARD
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Accommodation
Regulations 1996 (Health, safety andwelfare)
Requirements defers due to numbers of siteworkers and duration
of contract
Staff accommodations usually:-
semi-portable units
mobile caravans or cabins
Facilities provided:-
First aid, stretcher ambulance, first aidroom, shelter and
clothing, meals room,washing facilities and sanitary facilities
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Semi-portable Units
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Mobile Caravans OrCabins
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Storage
Type of storage depend on:- Durability
Vulnerability to damage
Vulnerability to theft
Examples..
Cement and plaster (in bag form) – dry store
free from
moist air
Aggregates and sand – clean firm base,
separate
different materials and grade, watch on moisture content
Bricks and blocks – stacked in stable piles,
covered
adequately
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Protection fencing
Typical fencing details
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Typical fencing details
Cleft chestnut pale fencing
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Chain link fence with concrete
posts2
Cl b d d f ith
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Close boarded fence with
concrete post
Security and Protection
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Security and Protection-
fencing- Hoardings
Close boarded fences of barriers erectedadjacent to a highway or
public footpath
Prevent unauthorized persons obtainingaccess to site and protect
public from dustand noise
Necessary to obtain written permission fromthe local
authority to erect a hoarding(Highways Act 1980)
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Hoardings
Two forms:-
Vertical hoardings
a series of closed boarded panels securely fixed to
resist wind load and accidental impact loadCan be free standing
or fixed by stays by the external
walls of an existing building
Fan hoardings
To protect persons from falling objects
Place at a level above the normal traffic height andensure any
falling debris is directed back towards thebuilding or scaffold
T i l f t di g
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Typical free standing
vertical hoarding1
Typical fan hoarding
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Typical fan hoarding
2
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BUILDING STAGES
Order of construction Excavation and
timberingFoundationsConcrete floors
Reinforced concrete framesRoofsBrickwork Internal fixtures and
fittings
InsulationPlumbing and wiringPainting and decorating
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Excavation and Timbering
Before a foundation can be laid, it is necessary to excavate a
trench of therequired depth and width (by hand or mechanical
excavator)
Timbering – term used to cover temporary
supports to the sides of
excavations and is sometimes called planking and strutting
Type and amount – depend on the depth, nature of
subsoil, weather conditionsand duration
Typical example of trench
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Typical example of trench
excavations
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Trench excavation
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FOUNDATIONS
Foundation is the base on which a building rests and
its purpose is to safely transfer the load of a building
tosuitable subsoil
Building regulations :-
Safely sustain and submit to the ground the combineddead and
imposed loads so as not to imposed anysettlement or other movement
in any part of the buildingor of any adjoining buildings or
works
Be a such a depth, or be so constructed, as to avoid anydamage
by swelling, shrinkage or freezing of the subsoil
Be capable of resisting attack by deleterious material, such
assulphates, in the subsoil
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Foundation
Shallow foundations – transfer loads to subsoil
at apoint near to the ground floor of the building…padfooting,
strip, rafts , combinations..
Deep foundations – transfer the loads to a
subsoilsome distance below the ground floor of thebuilding…..pile
foundations
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PROBLEM……………
Underground water
Pipe line….electrical, water,
sewerage, drainageSink hole
Ground settlement
CONSTRUCTION
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CONSTRUCTIONFOUNDATION…
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BEAM…
A beam is a structural element that is capable ofwithstanding
load primarily by resisting bending. Thebending force induced into
the material of the beam asa result of the external load, own
weight and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment(wikipedia).
Beam can be:
Suspended beam…simply @ fixed support.
Non suspended..cantiliver @ on ground.
Method of construction depends on type of materialsused.
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BEAM….
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SLAB…
A broad flat square or rectangular piece of wood, stone orother
solid material used to construct buildings, pavements,patios, paths
in horizontal plane
Can be suspended or non suspended
Method of construction depends on type of materials used
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SLAB…
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COLUMN…
A column in structural engineering is a verticalstructural
element that transmits, throughcompression, the weight of the
structureabove to other structural elements below. For
the purpose of wind or earthquakeengineering, columns may be
designed toresist lateral forces
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WALL…
A wall is a usually solid structure that defines andsometimes
protects an area.
Most commonly, a wall delineates a building andsupports
its superstructure, separates space inbuildings into rooms, or
protects or delineates a spacein the open air.
There are three principal types of structural walls:building
walls, exterior boundary walls, and retainingwalls.
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BRICKWORK…
ROOF…
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ROOF…
A roof is the covering on the uppermost partof a building. A
roof protects the buildingand its contents from the effects of
weather.Structures that require roofs range from aletter box to a
cathedral or stadium,dwellings being the most numerous .
The elements in the design of a roof are :-
the material
the construction
the durability
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ROOF CONSTRUCTION….
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Types of roof
Flat Roofs
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Types of roof Sloping Roofs
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Types of roof
Gable Roofs
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Types of roof
Salt Box
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Types of roof
Gambrel Roof
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Types of roof
Mansard Roof
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Types of roof
Hip Roof
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END OF LECTURE …………
ANYQUESTIONS
…..
CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND
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CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN…….
the setting out works involve in building construction, i.e.,
siteclearing, setting out and establish the building datum
level.(CO1)
the accommodations, storage and security requirements
during the building construction stage. (CO1) describe the
detail building stages involved during the
building construction process. (CO1)
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END..……
THANK
YOU
