1Suppose one decides to walk around the earth on the equator,the top of the person's

head would describe a circle whose circumference would be longer than the circle

described by his feet.

how great do u think the difference would be?

2.compute the number?

n(n^2 +1)(n^2 -1)

n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,17wen n is an integer greater than 1 what factors do all the numbers possess?

 

3.Eelamynthan buys 80 tubes of tamarind.All except one weigh 1000 gms.To determine

the tube with lesser weight he uses a spring balance .How many weighings are required

to find out the defective tube?

 

4. 3 idiots divided some bullets among them equally. After all of them shot 4 bullets,

the total number of bullets left is equal to the bullets each had after division. Find the

original number of bullets divided.

85 children went to park.they went horse ride,elephant ride,lion ride.It was known 20 of

them took all 3,55 of them took at least 2 of 3 rides.Each ride costs Re.1 and the total

receipts of park were Rs.145.how many not try any ride?

 

 

 

5. Four sisters selvi,Kanimozhi,Kulalvaaimozhi,senthamarai are playing the game such

that the loser doubles the money of each of the players for her share.They played four

games and each sister last one game in alphabetical order .At the end of the fourth

game, each sister has Rs.32.Can u calculate who started with lowest and highest

amount? 

 

 

6.step 1: Put A=0, B=1,C=1

step 2: Replace A by c

step 3: Replace B by 2A +1

step 4: Replace C by A+B

step 5: If c=100 go to step 7 otherwise go to step 6

step 6: Go to step 2

step 7: stopWhat is the value of A?

 

7.There is a G-8 summit next month.Total 24 Delegates are attending the meeting on

global warming.In how many ways can eight foreign minister, ambassador and

secretary of a country be seated ate the round table, if the secretary has to sit between

the foreign minister and the ambassador?

 

 

8.In palani hill basement N persons stand on the circumference of a circle at distinct

points .Each possible pair of persons, not standing next to each other , sings a two

minute song,one pair after the other.If the total time taken for singing is 28

minutes,What is N?

 

9.An outdoor amphitheater holds 120 humans or 144 dwarves.If 90 humans are in the

amphitheater,how many dwarves can also be admitted?

 

10.A new flag is to be designed with 6 vertical stripes using some of or all of the colors

yellow, blue, green and red. The no of ways this can be done so that no 2 adjacent

stripes have the same color?

 

a) 12*27 b) 12*81 c) 16*36 d) 16*27

11.A man on a park bench is looking at a small portrait. You ask him, Who is that in the

picture?

The man says, Brothers and sisters, I have none, but that man's father, is my father's

son.

Can you tell what person is in the picture?

 

Radioactivity refers to release of particles and energy from unstable nuclei.The release of

particles from unstable atoms continues until the substance reaches stability.This decomposition of

the nuclei is called radioactivity.It occurs both in nature and artificial.

 

Nature Radioactivity

These elements are found in nature.Only heavy elements whose atomic number greater than 82

exhibit natural radioactivity.Positrons are not emitted.

Artificial Radioactivity

These isotopes are found in nature but are produced by artificial ,exhibited by both light and heavy

elements.Positrons are emitted.

Positrons are positively charged particles whose mass is equal to mass of an electron.

Isotopes are chemical elements which have differing numbers of neutrons.

 

New Maze Gene, called Meg1

 

The gene regulates the transfer of nutrients from the plant to the seed. It could increase the crop

yields and improve food security.

 

Atmospheric Lifetime of GHGs

  Carbon dioxide has variable atmospheric lifetime and cannot be specifies precisely.GWP is 1.

Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 to 15 years and a Global warming potential (GWP) of 72

over 20 years,25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years. Nitrous oxide has an atmospheric lifetime

of 114 years.GWP is 289 Chloro fulro carbon has a lifetime of 100 years.GWP is 11000. Hydro

choloro fluro carbon has a lifetime of 12 years.GWP is 5160. Tetrafluromethane has a lifetime of

50.000 years.GWP is 5210. Sulphur hexafluoride has a lifetime of 3,200 years.GWP is 16300.

Nirogen trifluoride has a lifetime of 740 years.GWP is 12300.

Global Warming Potential

The contribution of different gases to the greenhouse effect is often expressed in relation to the

effect that the same amount of CO2 would have.This is measured by their Global Warming

Potential (GWP).For example Methanee has a shorter average life in the atmosphere than CO2 ,so

its GWP is higher when looking at a short time horizon.

 

Scientists Develop Biological Computer to Encrypt and Decipher Imag

 

A Union Between Biology and Computer Science They developed a "biological computer" made

entirely from biomolecules that is capable of deciphering images encrypted on DNA chips. Although

DNA has been used for encryption in the past, this is the first experimental demonstration of a

molecular cryptosystem of images based on DNA computing. Various small DNA molecules are

mixed in solution with selected DNA enzymes and ATP. The latter is used as the energy source of

the device.

 

fetal alcohol syndrome

 

Alcohol in pregnancy; Drinking alcohol during pregnancy; Alcohol-related birth defects; Fetal

alcohol effects; FAS.

 

Fetal alcohol syndrome is growth, mental, and physical problems that may occur in a baby when a

mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

 

Using or abusing alcohol during pregnancy can cause the same risks as using alcohol in general.

However, it poses extra risks to the unborn baby. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it easily

passes across the placenta to the fetus. Because of this, drinking alcohol can harm the baby's

development.

 

A pregnant woman who drinks any amount of alcohol is at risk for having a child with fetal alcohol

syndrome. No "safe" level of alcohol use during pregnancy has been established. Larger amounts

of alcohol appear to increase the problems. Binge drinking is more harmful than drinking small

amounts of alcohol.

 

Timing of alcohol use during pregnancy is also important. Alcohol use appears to be the most

harmful during the first 3 months of pregnancy However, drinking alcohol any time during

pregnancy can be harmful.

Symptoms

 

A baby with fetal alcohol syndrome may have the following symptoms:

 

Poor growth while the baby is in the womb and after birth

Decreased muscle tone and poor coordination

Delayed development and problems in three or more major areas: thinking, speech, movement, or

social skills

Heart defects such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD)

Problems with the face, including:

Narrow, small eyes with large epicanthal folds

Small head

Small upper jaw

Smooth groove in upper lip

Smooth and thin upper lip

 

Signs and tests

 

A physical exam of the baby may show a heart murmur or other heart problems. As the baby

grows, there may be signs of delayed mental development. There also may be problems with the

face and bones.

 

Tests include:

 

Blood alcohol level in pregnant women who show signs of being drunk (intoxicated)

Brain imaging studies (CT or MRI) after the child is born

Pregnancy ultrasound

 

Treatment

 

Women who are pregnant or who are trying to get pregnant should avoid drinking any amount of

alcohol. Pregnant women with alcoholism should join an alcohol abuse rehabilitation program and

be checked closely by a health care provider throughout pregnancy.

Support Groups

 

The following organizations may offer assistance:

 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency -- www.ncadd.org

National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Referral Routing Service -- 1-800-662-4357

 

Expectations (prognosis)

 

The outcome for infants with fetal alcohol syndrome varies. Almost none of these babies have

normal brain development.

 

Infants and children with fetal alcohol syndrome have many different problems, which can be

difficult to manage. Children do best if they are diagnosed early and referred to a team of health

care providers who can work on educational and behavioral strategies that fit the child's needs.

Complications

 

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may result in:

 

Miscarriage or stillbirth

Premature delivery

 

Complications seen in the infant may include:

 

Abnormal heart structure

Behavior problems

Infant death

Mental retardation

Problems in the structure of the head, eyes, nose, or mouth

Poor growth before birth

Slow growth and poor coordination after birth

 

Calling your health care provider

 

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you are drinking alcohol regularly or

heavily, and are finding it difficult to cut back or stop. Also, call if you are drinking alcohol in any

amount while you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant.

Prevention

 

Avoiding alcohol during pregnancy prevents fetal alcohol syndrome. Counseling can help women

who have already had a child with fetal alcohol syndrome.

 

Sexually active women who drink heavily should use birth control and control their drinking

behaviors, or stop using alcohol before trying to get pregnant.

 

 

The World's Most Perfect Cone Volcano! Mayon Volcano!

  Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano located in Legaspi City Albay,

on the island of Luzon in the PHILIPPINES. Renowned as the "perfect cone" because of its almost

symmetric conical shape. The cone is considered to be the world's most perfectly-formed volcano

for its symmetry. It is the most active volcano in the Philippines having erupted over 48 times in

the past 400 years.

Botanical Information

 

Largest, tallest etc.

 

Largest flower -Rafflesia

Largest tree-grown fruit -Jackfruit

Tallest grass -Bamboo

Tallest tree Coast- Redwood

 

Plant products

 

The plant from which opium (rich source of morphine) is obtained- Poppy (Papaver Somniferum)

The plant from which Marijuana is obtained- Cannabis

The plant from which anti-malarial drug quinine is obtained -Cinchona

The plant from which anti-hypertensive drug reserpine is obtained- Rauwolfia serpentina or

Sarpaganda

The plant from which chicory commonly used as a substitute for coffee, is obtained- Cichorium

intybus

The tree from which turpentine is obtained- Pine tree

The tree that yields an aromatic medicinal oil also known as Niligiri tel- Eucalyptus

The plant from which a blue dye for use in textile industry is obtained- Indigo

The plant from which bio-diesel is being produced-Jatroph

National Emblem

 

The National Emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.

 

The four smaller animals at the bottom of national emblem are horse and bull (visible) and lion and

elephant (not visible).

 

The National Emblem was adopted by the Government of India on 26 January 1950.

 

'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below has been taken from the Mundaka Upanishad.

 

National Anthem

 

The national anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' was first sung at Calcutta session of Indian National

Congress in 1911, 27 Dec.

 

It was adopted by the Indian constitution on 24 Jan 1950.

 

Its English rendering has been given by Tagore himself.

 

The song was composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, the National Anthem is its

Hindi version.

 

The complete song consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the National

Anthem.

 

The playing time for full version of the song is 52 seconds.

 

National Song

 

The national song Vande Mataram has been taken from Bankim Chandra Chatterji’s Anand Math.

 

It was first sung at 1896 session of INC.

Its English rendering has been given by Shri Aurobindo.

 

National Calendar

 

The national calendar based on the Saka Era was adopted on 22 Mar 1957.

 

Chaitra is the first month of the year whose 1st day falls on 22 March normally and on 21 March in

a leap year.

 

The national calendar also has 365/366 days

 

Chaitra has 30 days normally and 31 days in a leap year.

 

National Flag

 

The design of the national flag was adopted on 22 July 1947.

 

The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three.

 

The design of the wheel at the centre is taken from the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of

Ashoka.

 

The 'Dharmachakra' (wheel) at the centre has 24 spokes.

 

The display of the National Flag is governed by Flag Code of India, 2002, which took effect on 26

Jan 2002.

 

As per the provisions of the Flag Code of India, 2002, there shall be no restriction on the display of

the National Flag by members of general public, private organisations, educational institutions,

etc.,except to the extent provided in the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act,

1950 and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 and any other law enacted on the

subject.

 

Other National Symbols

 

The national bird is Peacock (Pavo cristatus)

 

The national fruit is Mango (Manigifera indica)

 

The national flower is Lotus (Nelumbo Nucipera Gaertn)

 

The national tree is Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)

 

The national animal is Tiger (Panthera tigris)

 

The national aquatic animal is River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica)

 

The national river is the Ganges

New UN iPhone Application Highlights Role of Ecosystems in Tackling Climate Change

 

How many mangroves does it take to offset a transatlantic flight? What consumer

actions can we take to reduce damage to rainforests? Check the new UNEP iphone app

on blue carbon - being launched at the eye on earth summit in Abu Dhabi

 

 

The Palestinian flag was raised for the first time at the Paris headquarters of United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) today as the UN agency marked

Palestine’s admission as a full member.

Senior UNESCO officials and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas attended the

ceremony, which follows the decision of the agency’s General Conference on 31 October to admit

Palestine as UNESCO 195th member.

UID', Losing Its Own Identity

 

It is a 12-digit unique number said to be stored in centralized database and linked to the basic

demographics and biometric information such as photographs, fingerprints and iris identific

In the words of the Chairman of UIDAI, Nandan Nilekani, “UID is the number of life” for those

millions of Indians who at present don’t have access to public schemes.

 

Till date, more than one 5.75 million, UID cards are issued. Aadhaar was meant to be the single

source of identification one day. But this UID project is facing a lot of criticisms and risks; because

of which the project is about to be abandoned.

 

Technically, as Aadhaar is entirely dependent on biometrics, there have been concerns expressed

by some experts that the biometrics data is not reliable as it has shown 0.01 percent of error in

fingerprints and iris alone; this low rate combined with the photograph match can achieve the

massive level of uncertainty, to which the experts says this test ‘actually tells nothing’ and also

that Aadhaar may achieve the power for civil autonomy and also can capture one’s solitary

desecration while indulging their UID registering in non-government agencies

 

 

Miscellaneous Information ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY:::::::::

 

Konkan railway passes through Sahyadari mountains in the western ghats. It connects Mumbai and

Mangalore.

India with railroad network of 63,028 km ranks fourth in the world after the US, Russia and China.

The total electrified route of Indian Railways is 16,001 kms The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the

Nilgiri Mountain Railway, The Kalka Shimla Railway collectively known as Mountain Railways of

India are classified as a world heritage site by UNESCO. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly

known as Victoria Terminus Station, in Mumbai is also a World Heritage Site. Bholu, an elephant is

the mascot of Indian Railways.

 

Fairy Queen is the world’s oldest working steam locomotive plying from New Delhi to Alwar.

World's first railway timetables were designed by George Bradshaw. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway

has a rack section of the line, from Kallar to Coonoor (elevation 1,712 m). This is the only place

where rack system is used in Indian Railways.

The station which has all the three gauges viz narrow, metre and broad is Siliguri station. The state

which does not have a railway line is Meghalaya. The scheme of the Indian Railways to issue travel

passes priced at Rs. 25 to the poor whose monthly income is below Rs 1,500 and which enables

them to travel upto 100 kms in general class and second class trains is called Izzat.

This is the first time that a Secretary-General and Assembly President have visited Somalia

together, and the first by a UN chief in nearly two decades. 

 

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon paid an unannounced visit to Mogadishu today together with the

President of the General Assembly, Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, to express the solidarity of the

United Nations at what he called a “critical juncture” for the future of the Somali people.

 

One of the World's Smallest Electronic Circuits Created

 

It is formed by two wires separated by only about 150 atoms or 15 nanometers (nm),could have a

significant effect on the speed and power of the ever smaller integrated circuits of the future in

everything from smartphones to desktop computers, televisions and GPS systems.

 

 

EARTH IS NOT FEELING WELL

 

Plant-for-the-Planet

 

UNEP hands over the well established "Billion Tree Campaign" to the Plant-for-the-Planet Children

Initiative

 

Ceremonial handover in the course of the COP 17 UN-Climate Summit on December 7th 2011 in

Durban 

Felix Finkbeiner (14), founder of Plant-for-the-Planet, demands from every world citizen to plant

150 tree until 2020

 

 

Workplace Suicide on Rise in India

 

This mechanical world ultimately affects the psyche of the techies and they automatically become

the victims of various psychological disorders. Though these disorders seem very common, they

are very serious if they are not been detected and counseled at the right time. If they are not

detected at the right time nothing else can be more serious than committing suicide. In India, the

death rate has increased among the techies because many of them are into depression and other

psychological reasons, it can be their problem related to their profession or personal life.

Sometimes the professional pressure may have resulted in personal problems.

 

 

Man responsible for three quarters of climate change

 

UNFCCC cop/17 concluded that natural climate variability is highly unlike to have contributed more

than a quarter of the total dramatic temperature increase the Earth has faced since the 1950s. The

study concludes that man made activities resulting in greenhouse gas emissions are responsible

for at least 74% of the current global temperature rise.

 

"Every one of us needs to change our behaviour, business needs to change their investment

patterns, everybody”

Christiana Figueres, UNFCCC executive secretary

 

 

BEDMAP-ANTARCTICA

 

Scientists produced the most detailed map of Antarctica, which can help understand how

Antarctica might respond to a warming world. This is the second generation of the digital BEDMAP.

It incorporates 27 million measurement points.

 

Scientists report significant changes at the margins of the continent, with increasing volumes of ice

now being lost to the ocean, which in turn raises global sea levels. The type of information

contained in BEDMAP will help scientists forecast the pace of future events.

 

 

 

Inhaler Treatment for lung cancer

 

Lung cancer patients could receive safer and more efficient treatment through a system, a method

for giving drugs by inhalation to patients through a nebuliser, rather than the current approach of

intravenous delivery.

 

The system could administer the treatment far more quickly than existing methods and without the

harmful side effects associated with current systems, which can cause kidney damage.

 

 

COP17: Figueres makes an emotional plea for the low-carbon economy

 

TWO PLANS DECLARED

 

PLAN A : REDUCE CARBON EMISSION AS PER KYOTO PROTOCOL,WHERE DEVELOPED GIANTS NOT

AGREE

 

PLAN B : AS THERE IS NO PLANET B,FOLLOW PLAN A

 

 

Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary UNFCCC

 

 

Rocket Woman' Propels India's Missile Mission

 

The 48-year-old Tessy Thomas is the first-ever woman director of an Indian missile project

 

"If women are willing to get into combat roles, I think, yes, they should be allowed to join. This, I

am sure, will happen over time," said the 'Agni Putri' (Daughter of Fire), a sobriquet she had earned

for her association with the Agni missiles since 1988.

 

 

Freedom of Women!!

 

Is this viable?

 

4 Irula girls allege rape by police 

 

compensation 5 lakhs 

 

five policemen attached to the Tirukovilur police station — Srinivasan (inspector), Ramanathan (SI),

Dhanasekaran (head constable), Karthikeyan and Bhakthavatsalam (constables) have been placed

under suspension after the Tirukovilur judicial magistrate submitted a report on the probe into the

rape charges levelled by four Irula women.

 

 

 

Commonly Used Geographical Terms

 

Acid Rain : The name given to rain, snow or sleet contaminated with

acid substances so that its acidity is greater than the limit expected by

normal concentrations of carbondioxide dissolved in the rain to give carbonic

acid. The increased acidity is caused by larger concentrations of a number

of contaminants, particularly the strong acids, nitric and sulphuric which

arise from industrial effluents containing oxides, nitrogen and sulphur.

Alluvium : Sedimentary matter deposited by rivers. It makes the soil fertile.

Antipodes : It is a region or place on the opposite side of the earth.

Aphelion : The position of the earth or of any other planet or comet in

its orbit when it is at its greatest distance from the sun.

Archipelago : A group of islands, such as Malaysian Archipelago.

Asteroid : A limp of rock or metal in orbit around the sun.

Atoll : It is a coral reef of the shape of a horse-shoe or ring with a lagoon in the centre.

Biosphere : The organic life on earth both animate and inanimate including plants, vegetables,

animals, birds and men.

Bore : A tidal wave which breaks in the estuaries of some rivers and being impelled by the

narrowing channel rises in the form of tide, and courses along with great force and noise.

Chromosphere : A shell of hot gas about 1600-4800 km thick encircling the visible surface of the

sun.

Comet : A body of gas and dust traveling in an elongated orbit around the sun.

Cape : The point of termination or a neck of land extending into the sea.

Confluence : Meeting place of two or more rivers as at Allahabad where the Ganga, Yamuna and

Saraswati meet.

Cosmis Rays : Atomic particles from spare whim travel close to the speed of light.

Continental Shelf : Apart of land which is submerged under the sea and whose depth is not more

than 600 ft.

Contours : Lines connecting parts of the same Altitudes above sea level. 

Date line (or International date line) : It is situated 180. meridian from Greenwich, a ship while

crossing the line eastwards goes forward a day, while westward it goes back a day.

Delta : An alluvial deposit shaped like the Greek letter formed at the mouth of river. The Nile Delta

is well-known.

Earthquake : It is shaking of earth’s crust sometimes accompanied by permanent elevations or

depression, but often no lasting effect is visible on the surface, except the damage done by

shaking.

El Nino : A phenomenon noticed in the Pacific Ocean near the Chilean Coast. It is now believed that

it has a major impact on the onset of monsoon’s in India.

Equinox : March 21 and September 23, when days and nights are of equal durations throughout the

globe.

Fog : When moist air meets cold surface of earth, some of the water ‘ours condense on the

particles of dust in air. This cloud of condensed vapour is called fog.

Glacier : A vast accumulation of ice and snow, which moves slowly, till it melts and forms a river is

caned glacier.

Geyser : It is a fountain of hot water issuing from a hole which extends deep into earth’s crust. The

chief geysers of the world are found in Iceland, New Zealand and Yellow Stone National Park (USA).

Gulf Stream : It is a warm ocean current, which flows along the eastern coast of North America and

drifts towards the western coast of Europe.

Iceberg : A large mass of ice, detached from a glacier and floating in the sea, is called an iceberg.

Igloo : It is the dome-shaped hut of snow in which Eskimos live,

Lagoon : A shallow lake formed at the :mouth of a river or near the sea but separated from it by a

sand mound.

Meteor : A particle from space which burns up by friction in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Midnight Sun : In the Arctic region, the sun is visible even at midnight in summer. Norway is called

the land of midnight sun.

Milky way : A band of stars, gas and dust across the night sky.

Ocean Currents : These are great circulatory movements of ocean either warm or cold and are

caused by (i) permanent winds, i.e., trade and westernly winds; and (ii) by difference in density of

sea water.

Oceans : 71% of the total area of the earth is covered by water. In the ancient times, these oceans

were regarded as great hindrance in the development of relations between different countries. But

now these have become great highways for transportation.

Orbit : The path of the earth or any other planet round the sun is called its orbit.

Photosphere : The bright surface layer of gases on the sun.

Pampas : Dreary expanse of treeless grassy plains between the Andes and the Atlantic ocean.

Prairies : Extensive treeless tracts, covered with tall coarse grass, situated ill Central and North

America.

Rainbow : It is an arch in the sky, caused by the reflection and refraction of breaking up of the rays

of the sun by tiny droplets of rain suspended in air.

Satellite : Natural satellites also called :moons are small planets which revolve round the larger

ones.

Savannas : Land covered with natural grass in the tropical region from 5° N and 5°C of equator to

23° N and 30° S.

Selvas : The plains covered with thick forests near the river Amazon (Brazil) in South America.

Tides : Tides are the alternate rise and fall of the sea water. The tides are caused by the

gravitational pull of the moon and to a lesser degree of the sun.

Volcano : It is large conical hillock having a funnel-shaped opening from which lava comes out.

Cotapaxi is a lofty active volcano in South America.

 

 

Ministry of Environment and Forests has organized the ‘First Indian Forest Congress, 2011’ .

The central theme is ‘Forests in a Changing World’.

 

World Cup over, Kabaddi players back to auto rickshaw

 

Indian women Kabaddi players were seen on the streets waiting for auto rickshaw to reach home.

The players who made the country proud on Sunday were badly treated by their team

management. The players were not provided conveyance to reach their home,most of them went

their home walking.

 

Players said that they had to spend the entire week in one pair of clothes as their luggage got

burnt in the bus accident ahead of the semi-final clash. The team management didn’t arrange for

fresh pair of clothes for the players.

 

 

 

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) 

Revolution in AMERICA

 

SLOGAN: We are the 99% refers to the growing difference in wealth in the U.S. between the

wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population

 

kabadi

 

Indian team won the world kabadi cup 2nd time consecutively, beating canada in guru nanak

stadium , punjab. Never a single team in world won the great indians in kabadi. 

 

 Indian women`s kabaddi team winning the prize money of Rs 25 lakh beating UK

 

Which is the biggest scam????? 

 

NESTLE/CERELAC/AMUL(INFANT MILK SUBSTITUTES) OR 2-G:

 

MOST OF THE PARENTS IN INDIA DOESNT TAKE DOCTOR'S SINCERE ADVICE TO

BREASTFEED THE NEWBORN EXCLUSIVELY(ONLY BREAST MILK, NOT EVEN WATER) FOR

FIRST 6 MONTHS AND ADD COMMON HOME FOODS AS SUPPLEMENT AFTER 6/12 AGE.

 

ALMOST EVERY NEWBORN IS FED WITH FEEDING FORMULAS. EARLY 70'S ITSELF VARIOUS

PROTESTS AGAINST IMS AND MANY COUNTRIES BANNED ITS USE. IN INDIA ACT AGAINST ITS

PUBLICITY IS THERE BUT NO STRICT BAN TO PRODUCTS.

 

1. IMS ARE NUTRITIONALLY POOR COMPARED TO BREAST MILK. IF FED WITH IMS, NO SPACE FOR

BREASTMILK, 

2. ALSO BREASTFEEDING IS A GREAT EXERCISE TO NEWBORN . BUT WHEN GIVEN WITH NIPPLE-

BOTTLES,IT IS VERY EASY AND ONCE THE PRACTICE STARTS, BABY PREFERS EASY WAY , THE

BOTTLES.

3. BREAST MILK IS NOT ONLY FOOD BUT ALSO CONTAINS ANTIBODIES, IMMUNOGLOBULINS. THAT

IS BABY GETS PROTECTED TO DISEASES FREE OF COST.

4. AND THERE IS VERY LESS CHOLESTEROL AND COMPLEX PROTEINS COMPARED TO IMS AND

COW'S MILK. BREAST MILK IS EASILY DIGESTED. SO BRESTFED BABIES CRY VERY OFTEN. THIS IS

THE CONCERN. WHEN FED WITH COW'S MILK/IMS, THEY TAKE VERY LONG TIME TO DIGEST AND

HENCE BABIES SLEEP WELL( UNHEALTHY SLEEP).

5. ALL THESE TOGETHER DEPRIVES BABY FROM BREAST MILK AND PREVENTS ACQUIRING MUCH

NEEDED IMMUNITY. SO THE BABY SUCCUMBS TO REPEATED INFECTIONS. SO PARENTS RUN FOR

COSTLIER VERSIONS OF IMS.

 

SUPPOSE A PARENT STARTS IMS AROUND 2MNTH. EACH PACK COSTS ARND rS.300 AND U NEED

4/MNTH. SO 1200..IT IS USUALLY CONTINUED MINIMUM UPTO 2 YRS..SO TOTAL COST FOR IMS

ALONE:rS.25000...THER R ABT 20 BIRTHS/1000 POPN IN INDIA...SO ARND 2 CRORE BIRTHS PR

YR...SO ARND 5 CRORE BELOW 2YRS AT A TIME. ..

SO SCAM COMES TO.. 1,25,000 CRORE RUPEES PER YR AND CONTINUING...

 

DO U STILL WANT TO KILL YOUR BABY AND ITS FUTURE WITH IMS???

 

Acid Pollution in Rain Decreased With Emissions, Long-Term Study Shows

The National Atmospheric Deposition Program collects rainfall samples weekly from more than 250

stations across the United States and analyzes them for pollutants. The program recently released

a report detailing trends in acidic rainfall frequency and concentration over 25 years, from 1984 to

2009.

 

The year 2011 also marks the 150 years of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). ASI

would be celebrating 150 years of its existence in December 2011. The events would include a

major exhibition, “Rediscovering India 1961-2011” :::::::::

 

Chief Crops and Producing States

(The first mentioned is the chief producing State)

 

Bajra (millets): Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Barley: U.P., Bihar, Haryana. Its cultivation requires cool climate.

Cardamom: Karnataka. India is the largest producer of cardamom in the world.

Cashewnut: Kerala.

Cinchona: Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills); West Bengal (Darjeeling).

Coconut: Kerala is the leading producer of coconut in India. A coconut tree normally yield 60-70

nuts in a year.

Coffee: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) and Kerala. It is a tropical shrub.

Cotton: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Maharashtra.

Cotton Seeds: Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Gram and Pulses: U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Groundnut: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

Hemp: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and U.P.

Jute: Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

Linseed: Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, U.P., Maharashtra and West Bengal.

Maize: U.P., Bihar and the Punjab.

Mustard and Rape-seed (Sarson): U.P., West Bengal, Punjab, Bihar and Orissa.

Poppy (opium plant): U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir.

Rice: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Orissa. Rice is sown

on the largest acreage in India.

Rubber: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.

Saffron: Jammu and Kashmir. It is obtained from the stigma of the saffron plant.

Silk: Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal and Assam.

Spices: Pepper in Kerala and West Bengal; Chillies in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra;

Cardamom in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; Betelnuts in West Bengal and South India.

Sugarcane: U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra.

Tea: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills), Uttarkhand (Dehradun) and

Himachal Pradesh (Kangra Hills).

Tobacco: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Wheat: U.P., Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. To some extent in Bihar, Rajasthan and

Maharashtra. It is sown in October-November and reaped in April.

 

Nickname Person 

Frontier Gandhi, Badshah Khan Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai

Bengal Kesari Ashutosh Mukherji 

Deshbandhu Chitta Ranjan Das 

Quaid-i-Azam Md. Ali Jinnah 

Man of Blood and Iron Otto Van Bismark 

Shakespeare of India Mahakavi Kalidas

Machiavelli of India Chanakya 

Napoleon of India Samudra Gupta 

Lal, Bal, Pal Lala Lajpat Rai,balagangadhar

tilak and bipin chandra pal

Tota-e-Hind Amir Khushro 

Young Turk Chandra Shekhar 

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan

 

Indian Coast Guard

The Coast Guard is headed by a Director General. It headquarters is based in the Capital, New

Delhi.

It has Indian Coast Guard

* 3 Regional headquarters at Mumbai, Chennai and Port Blair

* 1 District Headquarters in each of the nine coastal states and 2 in the Unionterritories of

Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands.

* 4 Coast Guard Stations, one each at Vadinar, Okha, Tuticorin and Mandapam.

* It also has aerodromes in Daman and Chennai

Air Enclaves at Goa, Kolkata and Port Blair.

 

 

Indin Navy

Indian Navy is organised into following commands:-

Indian Navy

S.No. Command Headquarter

1 Eastern command Vishakhapatnam

2 Southern command Kochi

3 Western command Mumbai

 

Indian Army

The Indian Army is organized into seven commands:-

Indian Army

S.No. Command Headquarter

1 Western command Chandigarh

2 Eastern command Kolkata

3 Northern command 56 APO

4 Southern command Pune

5 Central command Lucknow

6 Army Training Command Shimla

7 South Western Command Jaipur 

 

Indian Air Force

Indian Air Force is organised into seven commands:-

India Air Force

S.No. Command Headquarter

1 Western command New Delhi

2 Central command Allahabad

3 Eastern command Shillong

4 South western command Jodhpur

5 Training command Bangaluru

6 Maintenance command Nagpur

7 Southern command Thiruvananthapuram

 

"FOOD IS A WEAPON DONT WASTE IT" 

TAKE AN OATH IN THIS CHILDREN'S DAY 

About one third of the food production has wasted annually all over the world in the year 2011.

Most loss of food occurs during production in under developed countries, whereas in developed

countries about 100 kilograms of food is waste at the consumption stage by each person in a year.

The cause for this may be biological, environmental, social and economical. It is also difficult to

reduce the food waste produced by processing because while reducing we must see that it is

reduced without affecting the quality of the finished product. 

OECD Environmental Data Compendium, here is a top 10 countries where most food is wasted:

United States of America:

Australia:

Denmark:

Canada:

Norway:

Netherlands:

Germany:

United Kingdom:

Malaysia:

Finland:

 

The ACHIEVEMENT OF FIRST INDIAN WOMAN

The `thinking man`s actress`

For portraying the plight of voiceless women authentically through cinema, critically acclaimed

actress-director Nandita Das has become the first Indian to have been inducted into the Hall of

Fame by the International Women`s Forum (IWF) 

The most sensitive actresses around, she is best known for her performances in films like `Fire`,

`Earth`, `Bawander`kannathil muthamittal'.

 

National Education day 11.11.11

123rd birth anniversary of Moulana Abul Kalam Aazad, who was the first Union Minister of

Education in independent India.

UNESCO will participate in the event as Maulana Azad was the president of its general assembly

during his tenure as the first education minister

 

Natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected areas in the territory of the European Union

This legislation is called the Habitats Directive and complements the Birds Directive adopted in

1979. These two directives are the basis of the creation of the Natura 2000 network of protected

areas.

http://indianeconomyforcs.blogspot.in/

Draft Cabinet Note on grant of Maharatna status to Bharat

Heavy Electricals Limited and GAIL India Limited circulated for

Inter-Ministerial consultations

 

Climate Shift Could Leave Some Marine Species Homeless

Rising temperatures will force many species of animals and plants to move to other regions and

could leave some marine species with nowhere to go

 

Hormone in Birth Control Shot Linked to Memory Loss

medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the hormone active in the birth control shot Depo Provera

and many widely used menopausal hormone therapies, to impaired memory in rodent

 

The Trigger behind Brain Tumour Identified by the Scientists

Scientists identified a new biochemical mechanism, which allows brain tumours to survive and

grow. This finding will pave the way for new and effective treatments for some of the most

aggressive tumours. An international team, led by the University Hospital of Heidelberg made the

discovery. Scientists identified the major role played by kynurenine, in favouring the brain tumour

growth and at the same time suppressing anti-tumour immune response 

Kynurenine is a by-product of metabolism of essential amino acid tryptophan.

 

All eyes are on the village of Sunheda in Uttar Pradesh's Baghpat district. The United

Nation's Population Fund claims that the world's seven billionth baby will be born in Sunheda

village on October 31.

Statistics show that 51 babies are born every minute in India, of these 11 babies are born in Uttar

Pradesh alone. So as per the UN body's calculations, the world's 7 billionth inhabitant will be born

in Uttar Pradesh.

 

Artificial blood could be used within next decade

Patients undergoing transplant operations could be given artificial blood produced from stem cells

within the next decade, researchers claim.

 

Qazinag National Park is a commissioned national park in the Baramulla district in the state of

Jammu and Kashmir. It is part of a proposal for a trans-Karakoram Peace park with Pakistan. 

 

Following the ceasefire after Kargil War, and based on mounting pressure to conserve the rare

Markhor wild goat, the Government of India, based on the recommendations of the Wildlife Trust of

India, commissioned a new national park near Uri close to the Line of Control, the international

jurisdiction boundary with Pakistan.

 

The Planet with Water Ice Discovered by the Astronomers

 

Astronomers discovered a mysterious little dwarf planet which is believed to be covered in ice. The

planet was nicknamed Snow White.

The official name of the planet is 2007 OR 10. It is red in colour and half of its surface is covered by

water ice. The planet is red because of the thin layer of the methane. Snow White had broken off

long ago from another dwarf planet, called Haumea.

 

Strawberries Protect the Stomach from Alcohol, Rat Experiments Suggest

 

Scientists gave ethanol (ethyl alcohol) to laboratory rats and, according to the study have thus

proved that the stomach mucous membrane of those that had previously eaten strawberry extract

suffered less damage.

 

The conclusions of the study state that a diet rich in strawberries can have a beneficial effect when

it comes to preventing gastric illnesses that are related to the generation of free radicals or other

reactive oxygen species. This fruit could slow down the formation of stomach ulcers in humans.

 

Treatments for ulcers and other gastric pathologies are currently in need of new protective

medicines with antioxidant properties. The compounds found within strawberries could be the

answer.

 

National Safety Council(NSC)----India

German Social Accident Insurance(DGUV)----Germany

Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA) ----Korea

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)----America

Chinese Occupational Safety and Health Association (COSHA)----Chinese

Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH)----Malaysia

Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) ----UK

 

It's shocking! One in four Indian MPs has a criminal record or faces prosecution. But, an

exciting new law could change all that, if it gets enough public support.

 

Union Law Minister Salman Khursheed has drafted a bold bill which would make it impossible for

any convicted politician to run for office or remain in parliament. But corrupt politicians threatened

by the bill plan to derail it at an all party meeting in a few days time. Only we can stop them with a

massive public call to party leaders to support the law.

 

This is our best chance to clean up our politics. Let’s send political party bosses a strong signal to

accept the draft bill and agree to pass it in the winter session. Sign the urgent petition, and

circulate it to everyone -- we'll deliver it to party bosses ahead of the all party meeting.

 

 

 

New delhi or lutyen's Delhi is an impressive expression of 20 th century garden city principles.

Delhi will become the first indian city to receive world heritage status . There is absolutely no

reason why it shouldn't.

 

Monsanto , dupont and syngenta , the world' s three largest GM companies , now control

nearly 70 per cent of glac seed sales. This allows them to 'own' and sell GM Seeds through patents

and intellectual property rights and to charge farmers extra .

 

Supreme Court directed States and UTs to build Toilets in Government Schools

 

The Supreme Court of India directed all states and union territories (UTs) to build toilets,

particularly for girls, in all government schools by the end of November 2011. A bench headed by

Justice D K Jain asked all the governments to take immediate steps regarding this and file their

compliance report before the deadline fixed by it.

 

The bench ruled that in case of any problem, the governments would at least provide temporary

toilets for the students by November-end and the permanent structure should be built by the end

of the year.

 

Supreme Court asked States and UTs to Appoint Child Welfare Officers in Every Police

Station

 

The Supreme Court of India directed the states and Union territories to appoint child welfare

officers in every police station for monitoring and extending better treatment to juveniles by the

police. The apex court, which is monitoring the implementation of Juvenile Justice (Care and

Protection of Children) Act, also directed that state and national legal services authorities issue

appropriate guidelines for training and orientation of police officers, who could be designated as

child welfare officers.

 

A bench of justices R V Raveendran and A K Patnaik said that the training and orientation should be

done over a period of six months to one year in every state and Union territory.

 

The 125th Assembly of the Inter-parliamentary union was held in Bern, Switzerland from 16

October 2011 to 19 October 2011. Bern was also the headquarters of the IPU from 1892 to 1911

 

World's biggest solar power station opened in spain

 

Adaminte Makan Abu.

This year india's official entry for oscar awards is Adaminte Makan Abu. National award winning

malayalam film selected from the 16 shortlisted films

 

The Brahmos Aerospace thiruvananthapuram limited has been contracted to build five

prototype airborne launchers of the BrahMOS Supersonic cruise missile with its first flight test on a

Su-30 MKI aircraft stated to take place by the end of the year 2012

 

The department of information technology has framed guidelines for social media interaction

with government organizations to optimise use of the popular communication tool to connect with

citizens.

 

USA issued a Travel Alert to its Citizens in India, Warning them of Possible Terror

Attacks

The USA issued a travel alert to its citizens in India, warning them of possible terror attacks in the

country during the holiday season. The State department in its statement urged the US citizens to

maintain a heightened situational awareness and a low profile and to be careful while visiting

public places. The places, such as markets, trains, buses, religious sites, hotels and restaurants

were defined as public places. The travel alert will expire on 20 January, 2012.

 

julian barnes

As expected the three time nominee julian barnes wins Man Booker for his fiction ' The Sense of an

Ending'. .

 

Five-time world champion MC Mary Kom won gold in the 51kg category by defeating Pinki

Jangra in the summit clash on the final day of the 12th Senior Women's National Boxing

Championships in Bhopal

 

IBSA (India Brazil South Africa) Summit Concluded in Pretoria, South Africa

IBSA leaders described terrorism as one of the most serious threats to international peace and

security. At their summit meeting, the IBSA leaders said the United Nations should play a central

role in co-ordinating international action against terrorism within the framework of the UN Charter

and in accordance with the international law.

 

Scientists found the Ozone Hole above Antarctica, the Fifth Largest on Record  Scientists

found the Ozone hole above Antarctica, which spans about 25 million square kilometers and it is as

big as North America. The Ozone hole found by the scientists reached its maximum annual size on

14 September 2011, becoming the fifth largest on record. The largest Antarctic ozone hole ever

recorded occurred in 2006, at a size of 27.5 million square kilometer.

 

India and UK agreed to Work towards the MoU in Areas Related to Urban Development

 

World’s First Drug was Created by the Scientists to Prevent Blindness from Cataracts

 

Australian Scientists created the world’s first drug which can prevent blindness from cataracts. At

present, the only treatment available to prevent the blindness from cataracts is to remove

surgically the affected eye lens and replace it with a synthetic lens. Cataracts are formed when a

protein, known as calpain, clouds the eye lens and impairs vision.

 

Thalassemia the genetic defect, which could be either mutation or deletion, results in reduced

rate of synthesis or no synthesis of one of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. This can

cause the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, thus causing anemia, the characteristic

presenting symptom of the thalassemias.

Symptoms

The most severe form major causes stillbirth (death of the unborn baby during birth or the late

stages of pregnancy). Children born with thalessemia major (Cooley's anemia) are normal at birth,

but develop severe anemia during the first year of life.

Other symptoms can include: Bone deformities in the face Fatigue Growth failure Shortness of

breath Yellow skin (jaundice)

 

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by

fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules (lumps that occur as a result of a process in which

damaged tissue is regenerated) leading to loss of liver function. Cirrhosis is most commonly caused

by alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease, but has many other possible causes. Some

cases are idiopathic, i.e., of unknown cause.

 

Scientists move closer to HIV vaccine isolate Antibodies Scientists have isolated the most

powerful broadly neutralizing antibodies(bNAbs) against HIV so for-a major step towards finding an

effective vaccine against the deadly virus. 17 antibodies discovered jointly which is 10 to 100 times

as potentially as the previously discovered bNAbs. The new antibodies that target the CD4 binding

site on HIV-the site where the virus engages the T cells to initiate its infection-was isolated from

blood serum samples across the world.

 

Planning Commission Deputy Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia told the 2009-10 data shows a

decline in poverty from 37.2 per cent in 2004-05 to 32 per cent in 2009-10 as the per the

preliminary data worked out by the Planning Commission member Abhijit Sen.

 

Information Technology (Guidelines for Cyber Cafe) Rules, 2011.

 

The log register shall contain at least the following details of the user,

namely : —

(ii) Name

(iii) Address

(iv) Gender

(v) Contact Number

(vi) Type and detail of identification document

(vii) Date

(vii) Computer terminal identification

(viii) Log in Time

(ix) Log out Time

 

 

. Management of Physical Layout and computer resource.—

 

(1) Partitions of Cubicles built or installed if any, inside the Cyber Cafe, shall not exceed four and

half feet in height from the floor level.

(2) The screen of all computers installed other than in Partitions or Cubicles shall face 'outward',

i.e. they shall face the common open space of the Cyber Cafe.

(3) Any Cyber Cafe having cubicles or partitions shall not allow minors to use any computer

resource in cubicles or partitions except when they are accompanied by their guardians or parents.

(4) All time clocks of the computer systems and servers installed in the Cyber Cafe shall be

synchronised with the Indian Standard Time.

(5) All the computers in the cyber cafe may be equipped with the commercially available safety or

filtering software so as to avoid as far as possible, access to the websites relating to pornography

including child pornography or obscene information.

(6) Cyber Cafe shall take sufficient precautions to ensure that their computer resource are not

utilised for any illegal activity.

(7) Cyber Cafe shall display a board, clearly visible to the users, prohibiting them from viewing

pornographic sites as well as copying or downloading information which is prohibited under the

law.

(8) Cyber Cafe shall incorporate reasonable preventive measures to disallow the user from

tampering with the computer system settings.

(9) Cyber cafe shall maintain the user identity information and the log register in a secure manner.

(10) Cyber cafe shall also maintain a record of its stafr for a period of one year

(11) Cyber cafe shall not misuse or alter the information in the log register.

 

NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY

ONE NATION,ONE-LICENSE REGIME

 

1.Full mobile number portability & free national roaming

2.Broadband internet on demand

3. Targets increases in tele-density to 60% by 2017 all indians to have phones by 2020

4.300mhz of spectrum available by 2017

200mhz more by 2020

5.Spectrum delinked from license :radiowaves to be available at market price

6.Will seek TRAI's recommendation on new licenses migration to new licenses and exit policy

 

PSLV-C18 carrying weather satellite launched

SRIHARIKOTA (ANDHRA PRADESH): PSLV-C18, the Indian rocket carrying the Indo-French tropical

weather satellite Megha-Tropiques and the three smaller satellites carried by the PSLV-C18 are the

10.9 kg SRMSAT built by the students of SRM University near Chennai, the three kg remote sensing

satellite Jugnu from the Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur and the 28.7 kg VesselSat from

LuxSpace of Luxembourg to locate ships on high seas.

 

The satellite will provide scientific data on contribution of the water cycle to the tropical

atmosphere with information on condensed water in clouds, water vapour in the atmosphere,

precipitation and evaporation.

 

India is the second nation in the world to launch such a space mission. The French space agency

Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) has built three instruments of Megha-Tropiques: SAPHIR,

SCARAB and GPS-ROS. The fourth, MADRAS, is a joint effort of ISRO and CNES.

 

MADRAS - built by ISRO and the CNES, will provide an estimation of rainfall, water vapour, liquid

water, ice and surface wind.

 

 

 

Migraine

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by moderate to severe headaches, and

nausea. It is about three times more common in women than in men.

causes

# stress triggers changes in the brain

# these changes cause serotonin and/or histamine to be released

# blood vessels constrict and dilate

# chemicals, including substance P, irritate nerves and blood vessels, causing neurogenic

inflammation and pain.

 

Nobel Prize in Economics

Noble Prize for Thomas sargent and christopher sim (2 Americans)--for cause and effect relations in

macroeconomy.i.e cutting of taxes in macroeconomic variables like GDP and Inflation

 

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011

Tomas Tranströmer

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 was awarded to Tomas Tranströmer "because, through his

condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality".

 

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 was awarded to Daniel Shechtman "for the discovery of

quasicrystals".

 

Nobel Peace Prize awarded to two Liberian and one Yemeni women

The 2011 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded on Friday to Liberian President "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf",

Liberian peace activist "Leymah Gbowee" and "Tawakkul Karman" of Yemen for their work on

women's rights.

 

The 2011 Nobel Prize for physics has been awarded to three U.S.-born scientists for “the

discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe” through observations of exploding stars.

American Saul Perlmutter will share the $1.5 million award with Adam Riess and U.S.-Australian

Brian Schmidt. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the discoveries by the scientists “have

helped to unveil a universe that to a large extent is unknown to science”

 

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided that

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 shall be divided, with one half jointly to Bruce A.

Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in

adaptive immunity

 

 

Alfred Nobel, Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Alfred Nobel

The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

 

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for

outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The

foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of

his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles,

photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a

glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred

Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.

 

The Total Volume of Arctic Sea Ice Fell to a Record Low in 2010

According to the scientists, ice volume is now plunging faster than it did at the same time last year

when the record was set. The Arctic sea ice area fell below 4.6 million sq km recently, compared

with the record low of 4.13 million sq km in 2007, whereas the minimum ice extent in the early

1970s was 7 million square km.

 

Union Government increased FDI Limit for FM radio from 20 per cent to 26 per cent

 The FDI limit in terrestrial broadcasting and FM radio was approved by the Cabinet in July 2011.

TRAI in 2010 had made necessary recommendations arguing that increasing the limit will help the

third-phase for FM radio, which will see 806 FM stations across 217 cities.

International day of peace is celebrated on the eve of mahatma. The only statue in the world with

the position of walking is mahatma's..!

 

 

Biologists Find 'Surprising' Number of Unknown Viruses in Sewage

 

 

There are roughly 1.8 million species of organisms on our planet, and each one is host to untold

numbers of unique viruses, but only about 3,000 have been identified to date.

The viruses that were already known included human pathogens like Human papillomavirus and

norovirus, which causes diarrhea.

The big question we're interested in is, 'Where do emerging viruses come from?'"

"If gene exchange is occurring among viruses, then we want to know where those genes are

coming from, and if we only know about a small percentage of the viruses that exist, then we're

missing most of the forest."

 

NewDelhi

The place at which country's first Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre devoted to

the hearing impaired has been set up.............? 

Delhi has earned the dubious distinction of being the most unsafe metro in the country, topping

the list in number of crimes as well as in atrocities on women and children.

 New Delhi is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Humayun's Tomb, the Qutb complex

and the Jantar Mantar

 

KERALA

The state which has been declared the first total banking state in India, the declaration being made

as every household in all the 14 districts in the state has at least one bank account and the facility

for need-based credit..............?

 

The only state which has maximum percent of literacy and as well maximum percent of

unemployment .The credit goes to Keralaputra.

 

The Total Volume of Arctic Sea Ice Fell to a Record Low in 2010

 

According to the scientists, ice volume is now plunging faster than it did at the same time last year

when the record was set. The Arctic sea ice area fell below 4.6 million sq km recently, compared

with the record low of 4.13 million sq km in 2007, whereas the minimum ice extent in the early

1970s was 7 million square km.

 

 

Welcome Baby Seven Billion!

The world population will reach the 7-billion mark by the end of October.The counting of the

population will begin by oct 24 frequently to find the day of baby'birth to celebrate the 7-billion

mark.

 

UP ranks first in food grain production

Uttar Pradesh has been recognized as India’s ‘Best Performing State’ in foodgrain production for

producing 47.138 million tons during 2010-11.Uttar Pradesh for this achievement awarded Rs. 2

crore prize money, trophy and appreciation letter.

 

Space Telescopes Reveal Secrets of Turbulent Black Hole

Supermassive black holes at the hearts of active galaxies swallow large amounts of gas. During

this feast they spill a lot of their 'food', which is discharged in turbulent outbursts.An international

team of astronomers has revealed some striking features of such an outburst around a

supermassive black hole in a distant galaxy. They found a very hot 'convertor' corona hovering

above the black hole and cold gas 'bullets' in hotter diffuse gas, speeding outwards with velocities

up to 700 km/s.

This 'monster' black hole -- in the distant galaxy Markarian 509 -- has a mass 300 million times that

of the Sun

 

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

consists of

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

( NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL CAVITIES AND PHARYNX )

and

LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

( LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS )

 

 

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0

 

 

 

World Heart Day is a day to spread the world that the leading cause of death in the world is heart

disease and stroke, and that most of the deaths could be prevented. Over 17.1 million lives are

claimed each year. The day was started in the year 2000, and used to take place on the last

Sunday in September. Starting in 2011, it will be celebrated on September 29 each year. The

theme for 2011 is “One World, One Home, One Heart.”

 

GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is

configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for

transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will

augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education,

Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.

 

INDIA

 

Country rank-4

 

GDP -Purchasing power parity-4.06 trillion(as per 2010 end)

 

Contribution of Industrial sector in GDP-26.3%

 

Contribution of Agriculture sector in GDP - 18.5%

 

Contribution of Service sector in GDP - 55.2% (as per 2010 end)

 

Population - 1,210,193,422(as per 2011)

 

Unemployment rate - 10.8%(as per 2011 beginning)

 

 

RBI's Key guidelines for corporate India to enter Banking Sector

 

Entities with a successful track record of at least 10 years eligible.

 

Minimum capital requirement rs.500 crore ,against the existing Rs.300 crore.

 

Aggregate foreign shareholding in New bank not to exceed 49% for first 5 years.

 

only groups owned and controlled by resident Indians eligible.

 

New banks to be set up through wholly owned non-operative holdings companis registered as

NBFCs.

 

Atleast 25% branches must be in unbanked rural areas.

 

New bank must list on stock exchanges within 2 years of licensing

 

 

 

List of Heart Diseases:

 

Coronary heart disease

Coronary artery disease

Alcoholic heart disease

Congenital heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease

Valvular heart disease

Inflammatory heart disease

Dilated Heart Disease

Hypertrophic Heart Disease

Restrictive heart disease

 

Medicines to cure 

 

1. Play Often

2.Do Yoga

3. Walk More

4. Become Stronger(Building muscle, builds your bones as well, which can stop osteoporosis in its

tracks.)Not talking Arnold here.

 

If you notice I am giving you ideas but still leave it, up to you to move. Being active is the key to

the whole shebang. If you are out there and moving there is really no wrong way to do it! Just keep

it varied, fun and regular!

 

“One World, One Home, One Heart.”

 

 

Tiny bits of debris are a big problem in space

A national Research Council (USA) study reveals that the amount of debris orbiting the Earth has

reached a tipping point for collisions,which would in turn generate more of the debris that

threatens astronauts and satellites.The study says that the amount of orbital debris tracked by the

USA space Surveillance Network jumped from 9,949 cataloged objects in Dec 2006 to 16094 in july

2011.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Targeting HIV's Sugar Coating: New Microbicide May Block AIDS Virus from Infecting

Cells

 

A new class of compounds that stick to the sugary coating of the AIDS virus and inhibit it from

infecting cells -- an early step toward a new treatment to prevent sexual transmission of the virus.

 

World Heart Day is a day to spread the world that the leading cause of death in the world is heart

disease and stroke, and that most of the deaths could be prevented. Over 17.1 million lives are

claimed each year. The day was started in the year 2000, and used to take place on the last

Sunday in September. Starting in 2011, it will be celebrated on September 29 each year. The

theme for 2011 is “One World, One Home, One Heart.”

 

GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is

configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for

transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will

augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education,

Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.

 

 

INDIA

 

Country rank-4

 

GDP -Purchasing power parity-4.06 trillion(as per 2010 end)

 

Contribution of Industrial sector in GDP-26.3%

 

Contribution of Agriculture sector in GDP - 18.5%

 

 

 

Contribution of Service sector in GDP - 55.2% (as per 2010 end)

 

Population - 1,210,193,422(as per 2011)

 

Unemployment rate - 10.8%(as per 2011 beginning)

 

The goal of zero nuclear weapon has been suggested by the report of informal group

headed by mani shankar ayyar on rajiv gandhi action plan on disarmament(unveilded in

1988)

 

The United Nations System is based on five active principal organs (formerly six, the UN

Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994):

 

UN General Assembly

UN Security Council

UN Economic and Social Council

UN Secretariat

International Court of Justice

 

 

CANCER: One of the main causes of Cancer is Drinking COLD WATER after having

food...!! which most of us do..Cold water solidifies the oil present in the food eaten And

it becomes a thick fluid which slows down the process of digesion and covers the linings

of the large intestines and causes Cancer....DRINKING COLD AFTER AT THE END OF THE

MEAL IS DRINKING SLOW PIOSON WILLINGLY"........

 

Operation Polo (1948) - Indian armed forces ended the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and led

to the incorporation of the princely state of Hyderabad in Southern India, into the Indian Union.

 

Operation Blue Star(1984) was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira Gandhi, then

Prime Minister of India,under the pretext of removing Sikh separatists from the Golden Temple in

Amritsar.

Operation Vijay (1999) - name of the successful Indian operation to push back the infiltrators

from the Kargil Sector, in the 1999 Kargil War.

 

 

Operation Poomalai or Eagle Mission 4 was the codename assigned to a mission undertaken by

the Indian Air Force to airdrop supplies over the besieged town of Jaffna in Sri Lanka on 4 June 1987

in support of Tamil Tigers during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

 

Operation Pawan (1987) – Operations by the Indian Peace Keeping Force to take control of

Jaffna from the LTTE in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri

Lankan Accord.

 

Operation Viraat (1988) – It was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the IPKF against the

LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.

 

Operation Trishul (1988) - Along with Operation Viraat, was an anti-insurgency operation

launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.

 

Operation Checkmate (1988) - It was an anti-insurgency operation carried out by the IPKF

against the LTTE in the Vadamarachi area of northern Sri Lanka in June 1988.

 

 

Helicobacter pylori

  

 

 

The World's 10 Most Powerful Women

 

Angela Merkel. Germany

Hillary Clinton ,United States

Dilma Rousseff, Brazil

Indra Nooyi ,United States

Sheryl Sandberg, United States

Melinda Gates ,United States

Sonia Gandhi ,India

Michelle Obama, United States

Christine Lagarde, France

Irene Rosenfeld ,United States

 

Tendulkar committee-report to review the methodology for estimation of poverty-constituted by

planning commission

 

Saxena committee-report to review the methodology for conducting BPL census in rural areas-

constituted by ministry of rural development

 

S.R.Hashim committee-Expert group on the methodology for identification of BPL families in

urban areas-constituted by ministry of housing and urban poverty alleviation

 

CELL PHONES

A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises

from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain. Gliomas have been correlated to the

electromagnetic radiation from cell phones, and a link between the cancer and cell phone usage is

considered plausible, though there is no conclusive evidence. Most glioblastomas are infected with

cytomegalovirus, A brain glioma can cause headaches, nausea and vomiting, seizures, and cranial

nerve disorders as a result of increased intracranial pressure. Spinal cord gliomas can cause pain,

weakness, or numbness in the extremities

 

Oxytocin is a hormone that increases in response to stress and is associated with good social

skills such as empathy and enjoying the company of others. scientists have identified for the first

time a particular oxytocin gene's link to optimism, self-esteem and "mastery," the belief that one

has control over one's own life -- three critical psychological resources for coping well with stress

and depression. A mother's tending can completely eliminate the potential effects of a gene; a risk

for a disease can fail to materialize with nurturing, and a genetic propensity may lead to one

outcome for one person and the opposite for another, based on the tending they received."

 

Bats Adjust Their 'Field-Of-View': Use of Biosonar Is More Advanced Than Thought

 

Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), which use echolocation to orient inside their caves and

to find fruit hidden in the branches of trees. Their high-frequency clicks form a sonar beam that

spreads across a fan-shaped area, and the returning echoes allow them to locate and identify

objects in that region. As these bats were considered to have little control over their vocalizations,

scientists have puzzled over how they are able to navigate through complex environments.

New Species of Ancient Predatory Fish Discovered

 

The Academy of Natural Sciences has announced the discovery of a new species of large predatory

fish that prowled ancient North American waterways during the Devonian Period, before backboned

animals existed on land. The kind of fish known as Laccognathus (translates as pitted jaw) was

previously only known from Eastern Europe. The discovery of Laccognathus embryi, the new

species, extends the geographic range of Laccognathus to North America and confirms direct

connection of the North American and European landmasses during the Devonian Period.

Sea Levels Much Less Stable Than Earlier Believed, New Coral Dating Method Suggests

New evidence of sea-level oscillations during a warm period that started about 125,000 years ago

raises the possibility of a similar scenario if the planet continues its more recent warming trend,

says a research team led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). By calculating

more accurate ages for the coral samples than previously possible, they found that sea levels were

considerably less stable than earlier believed--oscillating up and down by 4 to 6 meters (13-20

feet) over a few thousand years about 120,000 years ago during a period known as the Last

Interglacial.

 

NASA Launches Mission to Study Moon From Crust to Core

 

NASA's twin lunar Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft lifted off from Cape

Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 9:08 a.m. EDT (6:08 a.m. PDT) Saturday, Sept. 10, to study

the moon in unprecedented detail. GRAIL-A is scheduled to reach the moon on New Year's Eve

2011, while GRAIL-B will arrive New Year's Day 2012. The two solar-powered spacecraft will fly in

tandem orbits around the moon to measure its gravity field. GRAIL will answer longstanding

questions about the moon and give scientists a better understanding of how Earth and other rocky

planets in the solar system formed. The science collection phase for GRAIL is expected to last 82

days

 

Food inflation fell to a single-digit at 9.55 per cent for the week ended August 27 after

breaching the double-digit mark in the previous week

 

'Invisible' World Discovered: Planet Alternately Runs Late and Early in Its Orbit, Tugged by Second

Hidden World

A planet runs five minutes late, astronomers get excited because it suggests that another world is

nearby.

Both the seen and unseen worlds orbit the Sun-like star Kepler-19, which is located 650 light-years

from Earth in the constellation Lyra. The 12th-magnitude star is well placed for viewing by

backyard telescopes on September evenings So far, astronomers don't know anything about the

invisible world Kepler-19c, other than that it exists. Future ground-based instruments like HARPS-

North will attempt to measure the mass of Kepler-19c. Only then will we have a clue to the nature

of this invisible world.

Nanosensors Made from DNA May Light Path to New Cancer Tests and Drugs

"The fate of our cells is controlled by thousands of different proteins, called transcription factors"

"The role of these proteins is to read the genome and translate it into instructions for the synthesis

of the various molecules that compose and control the cell. Transcription factors act a little bit like

the 'settings' of our cells, just like the settings on our phones or computers. What our sensors do is

read those settings."

Thus used to determine which transcription factors are activated or repressed in a patient's cancer

cells, thus enabling physicians to use the right combination of drugs for each patient."

 

Brain Waves Control the Impact of Noise On Sleep

During sleep, our perception of the environment decreases. However the extent to which the

human brain responds to surrounding noises during sleep remains unclear. In particular, waves

called sleep 'spindles' prevent the transmission of sounds to auditory brain regions. Conversely,

when sounds are associated with brain waves called 'K-complexes', activation of auditory areas is

larger. Our perception of the environment is therefore not continuously reduced during sleep, but

rather varies throughout sleep under the influence of particular brain waves. The effects of noise

on sleep are therefore controlled by specific brain waves. In particular, the human brain is isolated

from the environment during sleep spindles, which might allow essential sleep functions to operate

such as the consolidation of memory for previously acquired information. These brain waves thus

play a crucial role in sleep quality and stability in the face of noise.

 

NASA Launches Mission to Study Moon From Crust to Core

 

NASA's twin lunar Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft lifted off from Cape

Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 9:08 a.m. EDT (6:08 a.m. PDT) Saturday, Sept. 10, to study

the moon in unprecedented detail. GRAIL-A is scheduled to reach the moon on New Year's Eve

2011, while GRAIL-B will arrive New Year's Day 2012. The two solar-powered spacecraft will fly in

tandem orbits around the moon to measure its gravity field. GRAIL will answer longstanding

questions about the moon and give scientists a better understanding of how Earth and other rocky

planets in the solar system formed. The science collection phase for GRAIL is expected to last 82

days

 

#Scientists Developed A New Device Called the EndoBarrier to Cure Diabetes

 British scientists developed an implanted sleeve which can cure diabetes. The implanted sleeve

looks like a giant sausage skin. It’s two feet long device which can reverse diabetes. The sleeve is

made from a thin plastic.

The new device is called the EndoBarrier. It is designed to have the same effects as the surgery but

far safer. It is a plastic sleeve that lines the duodenum, meaning food can only be absorbed lower

down the intestine.The sleeve is inserted through the mouth and passed into the digestive tract

using a thin tube. The implant also decreases cholesterol levels and blood pressure.

 

#The Union Cabinet Approved the Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India Bill

 The bill seeks to give the proposed Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India full power to stop

construction work and order a shut down of an operating nuclear plant. The bill would give more

powers to the country's nuclear regulator by making it a statutory body. It is also proposed that the

NRAI order cannot be challenged in a court of law. The authority is likely to include persons of

eminence from engineering, environment, social, nuclear and finance areas. Government has

planned to increase nuclear power capacity to 63000 MW by 2032 from the present 4,780 MW.

Indian Government decided to set up NRAI in the backdrop of the Fukushima nuclear accident.

 

 

#Solar Industry Responsible for Lead Emissions in Developing Countries, Research Finds

solar power heavily reliant on lead batteries has the potential to release more than 2.4 million tons

of lead pollution in China and India.

Lead poisoning causes numerous adverse health effects, including damage to the central nervous

system, the kidneys, the cardiovascular system, and the reproductive system. In children, blood

lead concentration is associated with learning impairments, as well as hyperactive and violent

behavior.

The battery industry is the largest consumer of lead, using approximately 80 percent of global lead

production. Lead battery manufacturing is growing rapidly in much of the world to meet demand

for batteries for solar power and other applications.

 

#Golden jubilee celebration of Indian Economic service.Ahluwalia launched Arthapedia,a

knowledge based portal modelled after Wikipedia

 

#Yoshihiko Noda elected Japan's Sixth Prime Minister in Five years

 

#Magnetic computers coming Soon: Could use million times less energy

 Today's silicon-based microprocessor chips depend on electric currents, or moving electrons, that

generate a lot of waste heat.But microprocessors employing nanometre-sized bar magnets -- like

tiny refrigerator magnets -- for memory, logic and switching operations theoretically would require

no moving electrons. A nanometre is a bnth of a metre.

 Such chips would dissipate only 18 millielectron volts of energy per operation at room

temperature, the minimum allowed by the laws of thermodynamics. That's a million times less

energy per operation than consumed by today's computers.

 

Alzheimer's disease#Alzheimer's is a memory disorder that affects up to 70% of patients with

dementia. There are about 100 000 people with Alzheimer's in Belgium. The disease slowly -- step

by step -- destroys brain cells in the deep part of the brain that serve for memory and knowledge. 

Overproduction of amyloid plaques may give rise to the formation of plaques. The plaques disrupt

the normal functioning of the brain. Preventing the formation of these plaques is a possible

strategy for inhibiting the disease.

 

#Robotic Refueling Module, Soon to Be Relocated to Permanent Space Station Position

NASA's groundbreaking Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM),a joint effort between NASA and the

Canadian Space Agency, will reach a key milestone in September when the International Space

Station (ISS) robots transfer the module to its permanent home on space station's ExPRESS

Logistics Carrier-4.

 

Prahaar missile

 

A new surface to surface missile called "Prahaar" is successfully test fired for the first time from the

integrated test range at Chandipur,Orissa.The missile traverses its entire range of 150 km in 250

secs before impacting on the targeted area in the Bay of Bengal.

 

 

INDIA CRICKET

 

India drips to third rank both in ODI and TEST

 

 

*WETLANDS IN INDIA

 

Ashtamudi Wetland, Kerala

Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa

Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh

Chandertal Wetland, Himachal Pradesh

Chilka Lake, Orissa 

Deepor Beel, Assam

East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal

Harike Lake(Harike Wetland), Punjab 

Kanjli Wetland, Punjab 

Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan 

Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh

Loktak Lake, Manipur

Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu

Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh 

Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh

Ropar Wetland, Punjab 

Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura 

Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan

Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala

Surinsar-Mansar Lakes, Jammu and Kashmir 

Tsomoriri, Jammu and Kashmir

Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch), Uttar Pradesh 

Vembanad-Kol Wetland, Kerala

Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir

 

* Philip Roth was announced as winner of the Man Booker International Prize 2011 at the Sydney

Writers' Festival

 

* Kohinoor diamond-our property

 The Kōh-i Nūr which means "Mountain of Light" in Persian, also spelled Koh-i-noor, Koh-e Noor or

Koh-i-Nur, is a 105 carat (21.6 g) diamond (in its most recent cut) that was once the largest known

diamond in the world. The Kōh-i Nūr originated in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India along with

its double, the Darya-i-noor (the "Sea of Light"). It has belonged to various Hindu, Mughal, Turkic,

Afghan, Sikh and British rulers who fought bitterly over it at various points in history and seized it

as a spoil of war time and time again. It was finally seized by the East India Company and became

part of the British Crown Jewels when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877.

 

*INS Satpura is a Shivalik class frigate of the Indian Navy, built at Mazagon Dock Limited. Ship

was handed over to the Indian navy on 9th July 2011 and it was Commissioned on 20th August

2011.

 

*India hosts three biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, and the hilly

ranges that straddle the India-Myanmar border.

*Honeycomb Carbon Crystals Possibly Detected in Space

 

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has spotted the signature of flat carbon flakes, called

graphene, in space. If confirmed, this would be the first-ever cosmic detection of the material --

which is arranged like chicken wire in flat sheets that are one atom thick

 

Graphene was first synthesized in a lab in 2004, and subsequent research on its unique properties

garnered the Nobel Prize in 2010. It's as strong as it is thin, and conducts electricity as well as

copper. Some think it's the "material of the future," with applications in computers, screens on

electrical devices, solar panels and more.

 

Graphene in space isn't going to result in any super-fast computers, but researchers are interested

in learning more about how it is created. Understanding chemical reactions involving carbon in

space may hold clues to how our own carbon-based selves and other life on Earth developed.

 

Spitzer identified signs of the graphene in two small galaxies outside of our own, called the

Magellanic Clouds, specifically in the material shed by dying stars, called planetary nebulae. The

infrared-sensing telescope also spotted a related molecule, called C70, in the same region --

marking the first detection of this chemical outside our galaxy.

 

C70 and graphene belong to the fullerene family, which includes molecules called "buckyballs," or

C60. These carbon spheres contain 60 carbon atoms arranged like a soccer ball, and were named

after their resemblance to the architectural domes of Buckminister Fuller. C70 molecules contain

70 carbon atoms and are longer in shape, more like a rugby ball.

 

Fullerenes have been found in meteorites carrying extraterrestrial gases, and water has been very

recently encapsulated in buckyballs by using new laboratory techniques. These findings suggest

fullerenes may have helped transport materials from space to Earth long ago, possibly helping to

kick-start life.

Spitzer definitively detected both buckyballs and C70 in space for the first time in July 2010. It later

spotted buckyballs -- equivalent in mass to 15 full moons -- in the Small Magellanic Cloud. These

latter results demonstrated that, contrary to what was previously believed, fullerenes and other

complex molecules could form in hydrogen-rich environments.

 

According to astronomers, the graphene, buckyballs and C70 might be forming when shock waves

generated by dying stars break apart hydrogen-containing carbon grains.

 

The team that performed the Spitzer research is led by Domingo Aníbal García-Hernández of the

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in Spain. The results appear in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

García-Hernández is also the lead author of the study that used Spitzer to detect heaps of

buckyballs in the Small Magellanic Cloud.

 

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission

for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the

Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL

for NASA. For more information about Spitze

*Learning disability

 

The term includes such conditions as dysgraphia (writing disorder), dyslexia (reading disorder),

dyscalculia (mathematics disorder) and developmental aphasia.

 

In the United Kingdom, the term learning disability is used more generally to refer to

developmental disability.

 

Someone with a learning disability does not necessarily have low or high intelligence, nor any

innate inability to learn.

 

It just means this individual has an impairment to their ability due to a processing disorder, such as

auditory processing or visual processing, that is detrimental to learning from traditional teaching

methods.

 

Learning disabilities are usually identified by school psychologists through testing of intelligence,

academics and processes of learning.

*Acid rain

 Acid rain is defined as any type of precipitation with a pH that is unusually low

 

Dissolved carbon dioxide dissociates to form weak carbonic acid giving a pH of approximately 5.6

at typical atmospheric concentrations of CO2.

 

There is a strong relationship between lower pH values and the loss of populations of fish in lakes.

 

Below 4.5 virtually no fish survive, whereas levels of 6 or higher promote healthy populations.