1st Edition TSP Spring 2011

8/2/2019 1st Edition TSP Spring 2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1st-edition-tsp-spring-2011 1/20

Tmb Yk l QgytYbt rq ~gfd hf~jb~y og~ {gr~ybeo% hfjb {gr~ybeo yk`lqgyty: iglykdb~ pbee tmb mk`mpf{ tmb ~gfd n{ pmkim {gr pblt -Cb~ bhkfm(963>6+

Kyyrb 6% Yq~kl` >166

Tmb Yk`l Qgyt

^k`mte{ Dkkdkl` Hfttmbp >4 -Qf~t 6+

Tmb n~bpkl` go tmb hkld kl tmb

ybi~bt qefib go @gd

Tmb Mbn~bp Hkld(Ybt

If~lfe Hk`~ftkgl

Tmb ebyygly tg ebf~l fld t~bldy tg pftim

pmbl f imr~im ebfdb~ yroob~y o~gh f

pgrld kl tmb oebym

Hfqqkl` tmb yk`lqgyty kl Hfttmbp

Mgp ~biblt bblty ekjb tmb bf~tmvrfjb kl Lbp Sbfefld%

ybibyykgl kl Yrdfl fld tmb Tyrlfhk kl Cfqfl obftr~by kl

Cbyry‛y n~bfj dgpl go tmb yk`ly go tmb tkhby

Imf~fitb~ Imfl`b ky Ygikfe Imfl`b

F qbbj kltg tmb lb}t kldryt~{ tmft pkee

nb tmb hgyt q~gogrld kl mrhfl mkytg~{

Ygre Tkhby

Qfyykl` gb~ o~gh pgrldy tgpgldb~ pktm f tgrim o~gh @gd

Tmb Yk`l(Qgyt ky fl b}qgyktg~{

lbpy hbdkrh dbyk`lbd tg

b}qefkl% klog~h% dbyi~knb fld

dboklb tgqkife kyyrby fld t~rtmy

tmft f~b ~bebflt tg tmb

ighhrlkt{ go nbekbb~y pb

yb~b pmg ymf~b f ighhgl

kltb~byt kl rykl` tmb Yi~kqtr~by

tg rlegij qb~yglfe% ygikfe fld

ègnfe qmblghblf, Pb dg lgt

fdmb~b tg q~fitkiby fld hgdb~l

q~gtgige go hfkl(yt~bfh hbdkf:

lbktmb~ dg pb ekhkt gr~ybeby n{

dblghklftkglfe igb~kl`y, Gr~

mrl`b~ ky og~ tmb ekkl` fld

fitkb t~rtm tmft ybt ygrey o~bb,

Mfkl` dkyigb~bd tmft f

~beftkglymkq pktm @gd nbf~y lg

~bybhneflib pktm tmb ~bek`kgl

nrket n{ hbl% pb f~b ighqbeebd

tg ekb fld egb Mkh o~bbe{,

^bkbpkl` tmb q~gqmbtki mk`mek`mty o~gh >161 pktm klyk`mty kltg >166 -q 6+



Tmb Yk`l Qgyt% Kyyrb 6% Yq~kl` >166

Ighhblty% Vrbytkgly fld Yr``bytkgly tg3 tmbyk`lqgytA`h},igh

Tmb _b~dkit f`fklyt Ighqefibli{

Tmb Yk`l Qgyt -fjf TYQ+ ky dbyk`lbd tg

q~g`~byy fegl`ykdb q~gqmbtki ~bbeftkgl%

fld yg pb pkee lgt t~{ tg jbbq rq pktm

pg~ed bblty hg~b tmfl jbbqkl` rq pktm

tmb q~gqmbtki rlogedkl` go Yi~kqtr~b fy

tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt `rkdby ry tg pmft Mb yf{y

ky ~bebflt kl pg~ed bblty, [gr f~b

~bibkkl` TYQ kl Fq~ke nbifryb pmft pb

dg lgt pflt tg dg ky ~rym tmb igltblt

fld bblty tmft f~b nrkedkl` rq pktm

ektteb ylkqqbty go fiigrlty nrt ~ftmb~

b}tbld tmb Yi~kqtr~fe ~bebflib go jb{

bblty mfqqblkl` kl dkb~yb qefiby,

Pmb~bb~ tmb q~gqmbtki gkib ky og~ tmb

RJ fld Br~gqb% pb mfb dkek`blte{

ygr`mt og~ fld mfb ogrld ektteb kl

ighqf~kygl tg tmb hfl{ gkiby kl tmb

Ytftby, Tmky dgby lgt hbfl tmft tmb{ f~blgt q~byblt% nrt @gd‛y tkhkl` ky qb~obit

fld pb nbekbb tmft TYQ ighby lgt pktm

f hfldftb tg ighqbtb% nrt tg `rkdb

kltbeek`blte{ pktm tmb `~fib `kbl tg ry

n{ tmb Eg~d,

Tmky ok~yt kyyrb% ky glb tmft mfy ogirybd

tmb yi~kqtr~fe ebly gl bblty yrim fy tmb

b}qgyr~b go imr~im ebfdb~y pmgyb

fetb~lftb ekobyt{eby tg tmb glb tmb{

q~gcbit kl tmbk~ imr~imby f~b ighkl` tg

tmb yr~ofib: mblib tmb f~tkieb ―Tmb

pbfqgly go gr~ pf~of~b f~b lgt if~lfe‘

Pb bligr~f`b gr~ ~bfdb~y lgt tg `g

okymkl` pmb~b tmb Eg~d dkd lgt tbee {gr tg

ifyt {gr~ lbt, N{ tmky pb hbfl: tmft

ymgred {gr ybbj hg~b klog~hftkgl gl

tmbyb qbgqeb og~ fl{ gtmb~ ~bfygl tmfl

~boebitkl` gl ykhkef~ kyyrby tfjkl` qefib

kl {gr~ ekob lgp% nb kt yb}rfe

kldkyi~btkgl% `~bbd g~ gtmb~ o~rkty go tmb

oebym {gr pkee nb kl b~~g~, Tmbyb f~b lgt

tmb df{y tg qgklt gr~ okl`b~y nrt ~ftmb~

tkhb tg nbld tmb jlbby go gr~ mbf~t

nbog~b tmb Eg~d fld fyj tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt

tg ~bld pmft dkyqebfyby Mkh tmft ekby kl

gr~ nbkl`,

Kt ky bfy{ tg `bt dkyt~fitbd pktm fee tmb

i~kyky tfjkl` qefib fee gb~ tmb pg~ed fld

tg t~fij tmbh fee ky khqgyykneb,

Tmb RJ ky lgt obbekl` tmb qfl` go pf~

i~khby ekjb igrlt~kby kl tmb Hkddeb Bfyt

g~ tmb fotb~hftm go tmb boobit go f

tyrlfhk fld bf~tmvrfjb kl Cfqfl tmft ky

`~fqqekl` pktm f ~kykl` dbftm tgee% tmbdkyqefibhblt go gb~ 21% 111 qbgqeb% f

lriebf~ yqkee fld gtmb~ tmkl`y lgt

~bqg~tbd kl hfklyt~bfh hbdkf,

Mgpbb~% pb hryt fyj og~ pkydgh% kl

g~db~ tg q~f{ boobitkbe{ og~ tmbyb

igrlt~kby gl tmb Qfikoki ^kh pmkeyt lgt

egykl` ogiry tmft N~ktfkl ky gl tmb n~klj

go f yqk~ktrfe fld oklflikfe tyrlfhk,

Fe~bfd{ tmb y{hqtghy tmft tmb nbfyt ky

ebt egyb kl tmb RJ fld Br~gqb f~b

bkdblt tm~gr`m tmb Ighq~bmblykb

Yqbldkl` ^bkbp Zfjf Frytb~kt{

Hbfyr~byX tmft pfy fllgrlibd gl

Gitgnb~ >1tm >161, Tmb ”irty‛ f~b dbbq

fld hfl{ kl tmb RJ f~b `gkl` tg nebbd kl

dbnt tg tmbk~ dbftmy kl hgltmy tg ighb,

Tmb Mrl` Qf~ekfhblt% ”Nk` Ygikbt{‛%

”Lbp Rlkvb~yfe I~bdkt‛% Lbp @~bbl

Nflj% fld tmb ”pbeof~b ~bog~h‛

fllgrlibd kl Gitgnb~ fee ighb pktm f

~gqb fttfimbd og~ bb~{glb gl nblbokty,Tmb imr~im ky lgt q~bqf~bd -og~ tmb

hgyt qf~t+ og~ klytflib% tmb bfy{

fiibqtflib go ”@kot Fkd‛ ky f `kot lgt o~gh

@gd nrt o~gh tmb dbke fld pmbl kt

oklfee{ ytf~ty tg ~bbfe kty qgkygl tmb

grti~{ kl tmb imr~im pkee nb mrymbd n{

tmb efpy tmft f~b nbkl` qfyybd pktmgrt

tmb hfcg~kt{ go tmb qrneki g~ imr~imby

jlgpkl` fl{tmkl` fngrt tmbh, Kt nb`y tg

fyj tmb vrbytkgl ―pmb~b f~b tmb

pftimhbl7‘ pmg mfb hgrltbd rq gl

tmbk~ pfeey tg ygrld tmb fef~h go tmb

dfl`b~ fqq~gfimkl`,

Fy pb bldbfgr~ tg ymbd ek`mt gl bfim

go tmbyb yiblf~kgy kt ky ytkee rq tg {gr tg

hfjb rq {gr~ hkld fld fyybyy tmbyb

klyk`mty n{ ok~yt fiibyykl` tmb tm~glb go

@gd,

Pb mgqb tg ~bhfkl ofktmore kl n~kl`kl`

{gr tmb kyyrby go tmb tkhby pb f~b kl nrt

pb ifllgt `rf~fltbb tmft {gr f~b yfob%

yfbd g~ ybt fqf~t tg nb ~fqtr~bd o~gh

tmb crd`bhblt fngrt tg mkt tmky lftkglfld tmb lftkgly yr~~grldkl` kt,

Kl f tpg(qf~t{ qf~ekfhbltf~{

y{ytbh go `gb~lhblt% f mrl`

qf~ekfhblt giir~y pmbl lbktmb~

hfcg~ qgektkife qf~t{ -g~ negi go

feekbd qf~tkby+ mfy fl fnygertbhfcg~kt{ go ybfty kl tmb

qf~ekfhblt -eb`kyeftr~b+, Kt ky

feyg ebyy ighhgle{ jlgpl fy f

nfeflibd qf~ekfhblt g~ f

eb`kyeftr~b rldb~ lg gb~fee

iglt~ge

Yi~kqtr~b tbeey ry tmft f mgryb

dkkdbd ifllgt ytfld, Tmb >161

Hf{ bebitkgly pmkim ~byretbd kl f

Mrl` Qf~ekfhblt pmkim eftb~

`fb nk~tm tg tmb Igfektkgl

@gb~lhblt ky f q~gqmbtkiytftbhblt pmkim ky f yk`l qgyt tg

ebt ry jlgp tmft tmb ortr~b go tmb

RJ ky i~ktkifee{ mfl`kl` kl tmb

nfeflib,

Tmb Ighq~bmblykb Yqbldkl`

^bkbp ~bebfybd gl Gitgnb~% >1ld

>161 fld tmb ybigld nrd`bt

~bqg~t ~bebfybd gl tmb >9~d %

Hf~im% >166 pmbl ighqf~bd

ymgpy mgp dbibqtkb tmb

`gb~lhblt ky nbkl` pktm tmb

N~ktkym qgqrefib, F nrd`bt ky

ykhqeb f qefl og~ klighb fld

b}qbldktr~b gb~ f ortr~b qb~kgd pmkim ky kltbldbd tg fimkbb

ytftbd gncbitkby, Kt tmb~bog~b

dgby lgt `rf~fltbb tmft pmft ky

kltbldbd ky pmft pkee mfqqbl nrt

~ftmb~ tmft tmb qbgqeb nbmkld tmb

qefllkl` f~b hb~be{ yqbireftkl`,

Nbegp ky gr~ Yk`l Qgyt yrhhf~{,

Qebfyb nb k`keflt% pftim% hgnkekyb

fld q~f{, @gd Nebyy

Mfl`kl` kl tmb nfeflib

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_majority


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system





Tmb {bf~ tg ~rl pktm mg~yby g~ nb t~fhqebd n{ tmbh

Nbog~b ighkl` kltg tmb {bf~ >161% pb ygr`mt

tmb Eg~d f~grld tmb tkhb go tmb Df{ go

Ftglbhblt fld kt pfy ~bbfebd tmft >161 pfy

tmb nggj go Mf``fk, Or~tmb~ ybbjkl` ebd ry tg

tmb rldb~ytfldkl` tmft tmb tpbeb nggjy gotbl

~bob~~bd tg fy ”tmb hklg~ q~gqmbty ‛-Mgybf ’

Hfefimk+ ~bq~bybltbd f 6> {bf~ qb~kgd pmkim

ytf~tbd o~gh >116 tg >16>, Tmb imf~t {gr ybb

gl {gr~ ~k`mt ~bq~byblty f qf~t go tmb

klyt~ritkgl ~bibkbd, N{ rykl` tmb lrhnb~ go

imfqtb~y kl bfim nggj tg imf~t tmb q~gqmbtki

qfttb~ly go {bf~y qfyt% q~byblt fld ortr~b pb

mfb hflf`bd tg gntfkl f ”yr~b pg~d go

q~gqmby{‛ o~gh pmft ky p~kttbl kl tmbyb nggjy

fld mfb gle{ tg igltklrb ogeegpkl` tmb

ebfdkl` go tmb Eg~d og~ `~bftb~ dbqtm go

rldb~ytfldkl` kltg tmb lftr~b go rlogedkl`

bblty kl tmbyb nggjy fld bblty kl tmb pg~ed,

Kl n~kbo pb‛d ekjb tg klt~gdrib {gr tg

tmb nggjy go Mf``fk tg Sfimf~kfm

pmkim pf~~flt or~tmb~ klbytk`ftkgl

gl {gr~ qf~t ko {gr f~b tg qb~yglfee{

~bfq o~gh tmbk~ ~kim dbqgykty go

t~rtmy,

N{ eggjkl` ft tmb qfttb~l go tmb imf~t

fngb- tgq ebot+ {gr f~b fneb tg ybb tmb

mk`my fld egpy go tmb 6> {bf~ negij

pb f~b kl, Mgybf% tmb ok~yt kl tmb

nggjy% ytf~tbd pktm 64 imfqtb~y fld

og~ tmgyb fpf~b go tmb ;66 fttfijy kl

tmb Rlktbd Ytftby% tmft nggj tbeey {gr

pmft lg lbpyqfqb~ gl bf~tm bb~

igred, Mf``fk ->161+ pfy f b~{ ypkot {bf~ pktm lklb yk`lkokiflt boobity K

mfb ighb tg efnbe ”Tmb Mf``fk Boobit‛

-ybb fngb+ fld tmb ~bfygly pm{ tmb

Eg~d ky ybldkl` f d~gr`mt gl tmb

imr~im fld kl tmb pg~ed,

―Nbifryb Mky mgryb ekby kl ~rkly‛

yqk~ktrfee{ fld lftr~fee{ pmft pb ygp

pkee {kbed ektteb% pmbl pb bft pb pkee

ytkee nb mrl`~{% pmbl pb d~klj pb pkee

lgt nb oree% pmbl pb iegtm gr~ybeby

pb pkee lgt nb pf~h, Tmb pf`by pb

bf~l pkee nb iglyrhbd n{ qr~yby pktm

mgeby kl kt% gr~ b}qbitftkgl og~ f `~bft

{bf~ pkee tr~l grt tg nb ektteb g~

lgtmkl` fld pmft pb iglykdb~ fl

kli~bfyb pkee nb negpl fpf{, Lgp

dbqbldkl` gl {gr~ jlgpebd`b go

q~gqmbtki y{hngekyh tmky hf{ g~ hf{

lgt fef~h {gr nrt K mfb ighb tg

~bfekyb tmft k`lg~flib ky lgt gle{ kl

~bob~blib tg f efij go jlgpebd`b kt feyg qgklty tg pmft pb imggyb tg

k`lg~b, Tmb nggj go Mf``fk gb~efqy

pktm tmb nggj go Sfimf~kfm pmkim tbeey

hb tmft tmb t~bldy pb mfb ybbl kl

>161% pkee igltklrb fld `fkl

hghbltrh kl >166 ko tmb imf~`b ef{

f`fklyt ry n{ tmb Eg~d ZMky ~rklbd

mgrybX ky lgt fdd~byybd fld fdcrytbd

tm~gr`m yklib~b ~bqbltflib, Tmb

bf~tmvrfjb kl Lbp Sbfefld pfy f

ytftbhblt kl ktybeo mfkl` ~rklbd

”Im~kytimr~im‛ fld pb f~b tged kl 6

Qbtb~ 4360 tmft ―crd`bhblt nb`kly

pktm tmb mgryb go tmb Eg~d‘ Kt ky bfy{

tg hfjb ighhblty fngrt tmb ègnfe

ft~giktkby mfqqblkl` fld `bt

dkyt~fitbd o~gh tmb bkdblib tmft tmb

Eg~d yf{y kt ky ―nbifryb go [GR% tmb

mbfbly mfb pktmmbed tmbk~ dbp fld

tmb bf~tm kty i~gqy‘, Tmb ”{gr‛ kyykhqe{ ”{gr‛ Ztmb yqk~ktrfe tbhqebX go

@gd, -Gr~ oree ~bqg~t ”Q~gqmbtki

Og~bifyt‛ ky ffkefneb rqgl ~bvrbyt+

O~gh tmb Bdktg~

>116(>16>





N~ktfkl‛y Nrd`bt% Nfeflib fld Nfkegrt,

Fy tmb Rlktbd Jkl`dgh% fld tmb pg~ed

ebf~lt go tmb dbtfkey go tmb egl`

fpfktbd Ighq~bmblykb Yqbldkl`

^bkbp -IY^+ b}birtbd n{ @bg~`b

Gyng~lb pktm tmb nfijkl` go tmb

Igfektkgl @gb~lhblt% gtmb~

qf~ekfhbltf~{ bektb fld tmb nfljkl`

nf~gly pktmkl tmb RJ: tmb ~bfekt{ go

pmft tmbyb ”irty‛ t~re{ hbfl og~ hfl{

kl tmb N~ktkym ytftb ky {bt tg yklj kl,

Qb~ibltf`by% iglyrhb~ q~kiby kldb}

-IQK+% fld tmb hgdb~l cf~`gly go tmb

biglghki y{ytbh hbfly lgtmkl` tg

tmgyb pmg f~b ir~~blte{ egp(qfkd%

dbqbldkl` gl mgrykl` nblbokty g~

tmgyb ~bekflt gl yqbikoki ygikfe

yb~kiby tg mbeq if~b og~ tmb ykij fld

dbytktrtb fhgl` tmbh pmg pkee nb

ybb~be{ foobitbd, Lbktmb~ pkee tmb

{grtmy pmg f~b fngrt tg egyb tmb

Bdriftkgl Hfkltblflib Feegpflib

-BHF+ tg mbeq tmbh ytf{ kl yimgge pkee

rldb~yt fld pm{ ”nfeflikl` tmb

nrd`bt‛ pkee lgp fetb~ tmbk~ ortr~b

mgqb go fimkbkl` nb{gld tmb

`blb~ftkglfe biglghki dbokikbli{

ofibd n{ tmbk~ qf~blty, Og~ tmb

qf~ekfhbltf~{ bektb% ekob og~

tmbhybeby fld ofhke{ pkee igltklrb%tmbk~ imked~bl pkee ytkee nb imfroobr~bd

tg yimgge% tmbk~ qblykgly pkee nb

ybir~bd% tmbk~ qf{ pkee lgt nb o~gsbl

fld tmb{ pkee ~kdb tmb pfby tmft yg

hfl{ pkee lgp d~gpl nblbftm, Tmb

~bkbp mfy nbbl qrnekymbd fld

dbqbldkl` gl pmkim lbpyqfqb~ {gr

f~b ~bfdkl`% glb pkee vrkije{ iglierdb

tmft bbl kl tmb dkoob~blt ~bqg~ty

tmb~b ky f q~gnebh pktm lgt gle{

”nfeflikl` tmb nrd`bt‛ nrt ”nfeflikl`

tmb t~rtm‛, Tmb bt{hgeg`{ go tmb pg~d”imflibeeg~‛ tfjby ry nfij tg tmb eftb

Eftkl ”iflibeef~kry‛ hbflkl`

”dgg~jbbqb~‛, Fy imflibeeg~% @bg~`b

Gyng~lb ky dgkl` mky cgn pmkim

klierdby nf~~kl` tmb dgg~ gl tmb

”hb~b hbl‛ fhgl` ry% nrt ebfkl` kt

gqbl og~ tmb ”`gdy‛ go tmb biglghki

hf{mbh pmgyb iglib~l ky ~ggtbd kl

tmb i~bftkgl go tmb ”lbp hfl‛ hfdb tg

yb~b kl f ”lbp pg~ed‛ fld ytbpf~d

tmb ”lbp g~db~‛, Tmky ”lbp pg~ed‛ pkee

mfb f ”lbp ègnfe nflj‛% ”lbp

rlkb~yfe i~bdkt‛% ”lbp yimgge‛% ”lbp

nk` ygikbt{‛% ”lbp efpy‛ ”lbp blb~`{‛

fld hrim hg~b ”lbp‛ tmkl`y tg dfsseb

tmgyb pmg bhn~fib fee tmkl`y ”lbp

f`b‛ fld dbfytftb tmgyb pmg gncbit,

Tmb yqbldkl` ~bkbp q~kg~ktksbd kty `gfe

kltg tm~bb hfkl f~bfy3

@~gptm Ofk~lbyy

^bog~h

Tmb nftteb ky lgt fngrt nrd`bty kt ky f

nftteb go hkld(ybty, Pmgygbb~ iglt~gey

gr~ hkld iglt~gey gr~ ekby kl fee f~bfy

tmft yrytfkl ekkl`, Glb hryt rldb~ytfld

tmft tmb hkld go tmbyb hbl fld pghbl

f~b ”ybt‛ gl f ferb y{ytbh lgt nfybd gl

iglyikblib nrt gl tmb igltklrftkgl go f

ighhrlkt{ go hbl pmg nbekbb tmft

tmgyb lgt ekjb tmbh f~b lgt pg~tm{ go fqefib kl tmb lbp pg~ed tmb{ f~b

nrkedkl`, Tmb~bog~b ”`~gptm‛% ”ofk~lbyy‛

fld ”~bog~h‛% dgby lgt {kbed tmb yfhb

hbflkl` pmbl fyybyybd n{ tmgyb pmg

fttbldbd Btgl fld tmgyb pmg fttbldbd

Mfijlb{ q~khf~{,

Kt ky p~kttbl tmft ―f ogge dbyb~by f

nbftkl`‛ og~ tg tmklj tmft tmb

keerhklftkgl go tmgyb t~fklbd ft Btgl ky

tmb yfhb ek`mt go tmgyb t~fklbd ft

Mfijlb{ q~khf~{% ky fl klyret tmft

pf~~flty frytb~kt{ hbfyr~by yg tmft

”hb~b hbl‛ pkee jlgp tmft tmb{ mfb lg

qefib fhgl` tmb ”`gdy‛, Ft q~byblt pmkeb

tmb qbgqeb pmg tmbyb irty pkee foobit tmb

hgyt fyybyy tmbk~ q~gnebh% tmb yrqb~(

~kim f~b eggjkl` ft tmb qgtbltkfe tg hfjb

bbl hg~b pbfetm, Og~ pktm obpb~

hgrtmy tg obbd fld obpb~ ykij tg eggj

fotb~ tmb~b ky hg~b hglb{ tg `g f~grld

og~ tmgyb pmgyb kdbf go `~gptm% ofk~lbyy

fld ~bog~h feegpy tmbh tg ogiry fy

ryrfe gl tmbhybeby, Tmb qfqb~y mfb

ifeebd ”pkllb~y‛ tmgyb pmg mfbyr~kbd tmb irty, [by bdriftkgl orldkl`

pkee `bt f nggyt nrt lgt og~ tmb `ggd go

tmb qgg~ nbkl` bdriftbd nrt og~ tmb lbp

hfl nbkl` i~bftbd,

Imr~im fld Imf~kt{

Tmb Imr~im% pmftbb~ tmb

dblghklftkgl mfb nbbl

yi~rqregrye{ tf~`btbd byqbikfee{tmgyb pmg f~b ~bikqkblty go ”@kot

Fkd‛, Nbmkld tmb k~gl ir~tfkl qefly

f~b nbkl` i~fotbd tg qrt f eb{ gl

tmb o~bb(pkee goob~kl`y go tmgyb pmg

f~b fookekftbd pktm f qf~tkiref~

imr~im, Tmb dblghklftkgly tmft

mfb nbighb igegyyry

g~`flksftkgly qefltkl` tmbhybeby

kl bb~{ qefib pmkeb rykl` tmb yfhb

imf~kt{ lrhnb~ pkee nb ~rdbe{

fpfjbl pktm fl glyefr`mt go ”lbp

~reby‛ tmft pkee ybb~be{ irt kltg tmb

pbfetm tmb{ mfb fiirhreftbd o~gh

hfl{ f pf~{ yfklt, Tmft hgyt go tmb

ebfdb~y go tgdf{ imr~imby f~b lgt kl

tmb dbnt hgyt go tmbk~ igl`~b`flty

f~b kl% pkee ybb f ~bijglkl` lgt n{

Cbyry% nrt n{ tmgyb hfl{

igl`~b`flty pmg f~b ir~~blte{ gl

mgrykl` nblbokty pmg pkee lgt

vrfeko{ og~ fl{ hg~b fkd lb}t {bf~

n{ q~kftb g~ qrneki ybitg~ ngdkby,

Lbktmb~ pkee tmb hg~b ”pg~ede{‛

imr~im ebfdb~y nb fneb tg bhqeg{

tfitkiy tg byifqb tmb f}b kl tmbk~

oklfliby, F`fkl tmb f~~g`flib go tmb

qreqkt mfb hfkltfklbd tmb

k`lg~flib kl tmb qbp fld lgp

`~fib pkee tr~l kltg dky(`~fib pmbl

tmb ebfdb~y f~b iglo~gltbd pktm f

imr~im oree go nbekbb~y pmg mfb

nbbl gl nblbokty fld pg~yt ytkee f~b

feyg f qf~t go tmb mr`b lrhnb~y go

tmgyb pmg mfb feyg nbbl imbftkl`

tmb y{ytbh, Tmb hfyy hf~jbtkl`

bhqeg{bd n{ imr~imby pktm tmb

yfhb tfitkiy go pg~ed hf~jbty pktmyqk~ktrfe hflkqreftkgly fld tmb

qy{imgeg`kife yqkl dgitg~y go gr~

tkhb pkee i~rhneb, Tmky ky lgt fee

nfd lbpy% fy imr~imby tmft mfb

`blrklbe{ nbbl yb~kl` tmbk~

igl`~b`flty fld kl tmbk~

ighhrlktkby pkee igltklrb fld

bbl nb yt~bl`tmblbd fy hfl{ f~b

fddbd tg tmbk~ lrhnb~y pktm f

`~bft dbyk~b tg mbeq pktm bbl tmb

ektteb tmb{ mfb, Mglbyt{ dgby lgt

`rf~fltbb ~kimby nrt kt `bty {gryrqqg~t pmbl {gr t~re{ lbbd kt,

Gitgnb~ >161 tg Hf~im >166





YKL TF]BY Lg lbp kli~bfyb glfeigmge g~ tgnfiig, Qklt go nbb~ rq4q% ngtteb go pklb rq 62q% ngtteb go

yqk~kty rq 24q, >2q gl ifl go .yrqb~(yt~bl`tm. ef`b~, Qklt go egpb~ yt~bl`tm >,=qi fn nbb~ tg ofee n{ 6=q, Tgnfiig drt{ kli~bfyby n{ >qifngb kloeftkgl, Mfld(~geekl`tgnfiig rq n{ ?0q, Qfij go biglgh{

ik`f~bttby rq 21q% q~bhkrhik`f~bttby rq 99q, 61q gl qfij go

okb yhfee ik`f~y% 60q gl qfij go qkqb tgnfiig, Tgnfiig drt{ ~b`khb~bog~hbd

ORBE3 Orbe drt{ irt n{ 6q qb~ ekt~btmky {bf~, Kloeftkgl ~kyb kl orbe drt{ dbef{bd rltke >16>, Orbe drt{

byifeftg~% pmkim fddy 6q tg orbe drt{ gl tgq go kloeftkgl bfim {bf~ tgnb iflibeebd og~ tmb ~byt go Qf~ekfhblt, Qefly tg ypktim fk~

qfyybl`b~ drt{ -FQD+ o~gh qfyybl`b~y tg qeflby d~gqqbd, Tmky {bf~'y FQD ~kyb qgytqglbd og~ glb

{bf~, @gb~lhblt pkee ybbj tgkhqgyb tmb tf} gl q~kftb cbty %_bmkieb B}ikyb Drt{ kli~bfyby kl eklbpktm ̂ QK -2,2qi+% fld o~gsbl og~ mbf{ `ggdy bmkieby

Tmb hftmbhftkiy rybd tg

ighb grt pktm f orbe drt{

irt go ”6qblib qb~ ekt~b ky

ykhqe{ lgt go tmky pg~ed,

Pktm tmb q~bdkitbd

b}iktbhblt go tmb >16>

Ge{hqkiy% kt ky tmb mgqb go qf~ekfhblt tg tfjb nfij

tmbk~ 6q fld fdd f obp

yr~q~kyby kl tmb hk} pmkeb

bb~{glb ky iglyrhbd pktm

tmb `fhby, Tmb dbef{ ky

dbeknb~ftb fld tmb qefl ky tg

`bt f egt go hgtg~kyt goo tmb

~gfd fld `bt bb~{glb gl

g{ytb~ if~dy -pmkim t~fij

{gr~ bb~{ hgb+, Kl mky

yqbbim gl >4tm Hf~im >166%

@bg~`b Gyng~lb lgtbd ”K

jlgp tmft n{ ktybeo tmky pkee

lgt bld tmb q~byyr~b glofhke{ nrd`bty% nrt pb mfb

dglb pmft pb ifl tg mbeq‛,

Dgl‛t {gr cryt egb tmb lfhb

”ykl tf}by‛ fld lgtkib tgg

tmft tmb q~kiby go ykl dgbyl‛t ~kyb kl tmb pg~ed fy kt dgby kl

tmb jkl`dgh go @gd,

Mgpbb~% tmb{ dg ~kyb fld

d~fytkifee{ yg kl {gr~ egife

iglblkblib ytg~b hrim

hg~b tmfl pmft tmb nrd`bt

kltbldy, Tmb ighqflkby tmft dbfe kl ”yqk~kty‛ mfb tmbhgyt tg `fkl kl tmky

biglghki dbq~byykgl

nbifryb hfl{ qbgqeb ybbj

yt~byy ighog~t o~gh tmb

ngttgh go f ngtteb% yb}%

i~khb% Bfyt(bldb~y% fld

gtmb~ qfkl(jkeeb~y, Pftim tmb

q~kiby iekhn mk`mb~ fy tmb

q~byyr~b kli~bfyby lgt gle{

gl tmb ekb~ fld erl`y nrt gl

bb~{ f~bf go ekob, Tmb ”lbp

pklb‛ kl tmb imr~im pkee lgt

nb qgr~bd kl ged pklb yjkly%yg iglob~blib crljkby pkee

feyg qf{ f mk`mb~ q~kib,

QB^YGLFE TF] Qb~yglfe tf} feegpflib ~kyby n{

©?91 tg ©=%612 kl Fq~ke >16> ( f~bfe kli~bfyb go ©4= f {bf~ g~

©6>? kl ifym tb~hy, Iglyretftkgl

gl hb~`kl` Lftkglfe Klyr~flibfld Klighb Tf} lgt q~gqgykl` tgkli~bfyb tf}by og~ qblykglb~y 21qtf} ~ftb pkee nb tbhqg~f~{ hbfyr~b ( Klighb Tf} ~bekbo gl

Bltb~q~kyb Klbythblt Yimbhbkli~bfyby o~gh >1qi tg 91qi lb}t

hgltm imf~`b gl lgl(dghkikebd tf}qf{b~y kli~bfyby o~gh

©91%111 og~ tmgyb mb~b og~ ybbl {bf~y tg ©21%111 og~ tmgyb kl tmbigrlt~{ og~ 6> {bf~y% ~fkykl`hg~b tmfl ©>11h Igrlike tf}

o~gsbl g~ ~bdribd tmky {bf~ klbb~{ Blèkym igrlike

Tmb nrd`bt ky ~kddebd pktm

tb~hy yrim fy ”pkllb~y fld

egyb~y‛ mgpbb~ og~ tmgybpmg nbekbb tmft tmb{ mfb

nbbl yqf~bd o~gh f tf}kli~bfyb% {gr f~b rldb~ f

yqk~kt go ytrqg~, Ko glb egyby

fld flgtmb~ pkly kt ky

khqb~ftkb tg rldb~ytfld

tmb ~reby go tmb `fhb tmft

hfjby {gr f pkllb~ g~ f

egyb~, ^bhbhnb~ tmft tmb

`gb~lhblt ky hfjkl` f

nrd`bt grt go f dbokikt kl

g~db~ tg nfeflib tmb nrd`bt,

Tmb~bog~b tmb{ f~b yqbldkl`

pmft tmb{ dgl‛t mfb fldirttkl` pmft {gr dgl‛t mfb,

Pmbl {gr tmklj tmb{ mfbpmft tmb{ dgl‛t mfb tmbltmb{ pkee tfjb pmft {gr

tmklj {gr mfb nrt dgl‛t ~bfee{ mfb, Tmky ky tmb

biglghkiy go Nfn{egl kl

N~ktfkl g~ ”Mrm biglghkiy‛

MGHBGPLB^Y 3 ©>21h orld og~ok~yt(tkhb nr{b~y rldb~ ymf~bd

bvrkt{ yimbhb yrqqg~t og~Hg~t`f`b Kltb~byt yimbhbb}tbldbd tg Cflrf~{ >169%~bdrikl` hg~t`f`b f~~bf~y,

Pmft {gr lbbd tg lgtb mb~b

ky tmft3 gle{ gpkl` tg {gr~

f`~bbhblt tg ”ymf~b bvrkt{‛hgyt ekjbe{ pktm tmb

hg~t`f`b ighqfl{ pkee {gr

`bt tmky ”yrqqg~t‛, Dg {gr

jlgp tmft tmb ~ggt

hbflkl` go tmb pg~d

hg~t`f`b ky ”dbfd qebd`b‛

kl gtmb~ pg~dy {gr hfjb fqebd`b pktm dbnt tmft ifl

ybld {gr tg fl bf~e{ `~fb, F

hg~t`f`b ky dbyk`lbd tg `bt

{gr kltg f~~bf~y lgt grt go kt&

@^GPTMFy b}qbitbd% tmb Imflibeeg~grteklbd f ~bkybd `~gptmog~bifyt fhkd f `~kh nfijd~gq go

mk`m kloeftkgl fld qrneki ybitg~ng~~gpkl`, Tmb Gookib og~ Nrd`bt ^byqglyknkekt{ og~bifyty `~gptmgo3 >166 >,6qi tg 6,0qi ~kyb%>16> >,?qi tg >,2qi ~kyb%>169>,;qi ~kyb% >164 >,;qi ~kyb%>162

>,=qi ~kyb, Kloeftkgl b}qbitbd tg~bhfkl nbtpbbl 4qi fld 2qitmky {bf~% nbog~b d~gqqkl` tg

>,2qi lb}t {bf~

@~gptm ky dbqbldblt gl

pmb~b {gr ygp fld pmft

ygke {gr ygp kltg, Tmb

kloeftkgl kl N~ktfkl ky lgt

igldrikb og~ fl{ `~gptm

grtykdb go tmb Jkl`dgh go @gd, ^bfd Mf``fk fld {gr

pkee ybb tmft tmb Eg~d ky

negpkl` gl bb~{tmkl` lgt

ygpl fiig~dkl` tg Mky pkee,

Pmkeb pb f~b yqbfjkl` gl

nrd`bt% K mfytbl tg fdd tmft

tmb ygpkl` go tktmby pmb~b

tmb Eg~d mfy lgt klyt~ritbd

{gr tg ygp pkee feyg ofib tmb

`~kh nfijd~gq go tmb

`~gptm og~ tmb lftkgl, Tmb

pf`by go ykl ky dbftm fld

ygpkl` kl dbnt ky ykl,

Pftim pb~b {gr f~b ygpkl`fld pm{ {gr f~b ygpkl`,

[GRTM RLBHQEG[HBLT611%111 pg~j b}qb~kblib

qefibhblty gb~ tpg {bf~y% rqo~gh >1%111, Orldkl` og~ rq tg21%111 fddktkglfe fqq~bltkibygb~ lb}t ogr~ {bf~y

Mghbpg~j% `bt tmb tgtfe

lrhnb~ go rlkb~yktkby kl

N~ktfkl fld tmbk~ `~fdrftb

lrhnb~y bfim {bf~ tmbl eggj

ft tmb q~gkykgl go 611% 111

cgny yq~bfd gb~ tpg {bf~y

fld {gr pkee ybb tmft tmb

`gb~lhblt go N~ktfkl ky

dgkl` f b~{ qgg~ cgn ft

nbkl` ighbdkfly, Tmky ky flrlorll{ cgjb tmft ifryby

~kgty, Tmb {grtmy f~b kl

t~grneb fld dbnt,

Klt~gdrikl` ”Mrm7‛ Biglghkiy ( Tmb >166 Nrd`bt





DBNT3 Lftkglfe dbnt og~bifyt tgnb ?1qi go lftkglfe klighb tmky

{bf~ nbog~b qbfjkl` ft 06qi fld ofeekl` tg ?;qi n{ tmb bld go tmbyqbldkl` ~bkbp qb~kgd,Ng~~gpkl` b}qbitbd tg nb

©64?nl tmky {bf~% ©9nl rldb~ tf~`bt, Ng~~gpkl` tg ofee tg

©6>>nl lb}t {bf~% tmbl ©616nlkl >16>69% ©01nl kl >16964%

©4?nl kl >16462 fld ©>;nl kl >1626?

-Mrm biglghkiy qt>+ N~ktfkl

ng~~gpy o~gh nfljy% nfljy

ng~~gp o~gh gtmb~ nfljy

fld pmbl tmb nfljy N~ktfkl

ng~~gp o~gh ifllgt ebld

tmbh fl{hg~b hglb{ tmb{

i~bftb hglb{ grt go tmkl fk~

fld ifee kt ”vrfltktftkb

bfykl`‛% pmkim hbfly og~ tmb

ighhgl qb~ygl3 ―ytftb tmb

vrfltkt{ {gr pflt tg ng~~gp

fld pb pkee bfyke{ p~ktb kt gl

f yi~bbl tmft q~gby {gr

mfb kt‘ OFIT3 tmky ky tmb

imflibeeg~‛y ybigld nrd`bt

kl ebyy tmfl {bf~, Tmb ok~yt

pfy fl bhb~`bli{ nrd`bt

`bf~bd ft ytfnkekskl` tmb

qrneki oklflikfe i~kyky% tmky

glb ky cryt tg ebt {gr jlgp

tmft tmb{ dgl‛t jlgp pmft tmb{ f~b dgkl` fld pmb~b

N~ktfkl ky `gkl`,

NRYKLBYYBY Ig~qg~ftkgl Tf} irt n{ >qi o~gh

Fq~ke ( ~ftmb~ tmfl 6qi fy q~bkgrye{ fllgrlibd ( fld pkee ofee n{ 6qi kl bfim go tmb lb}t tm~bb {bf~y tg ~bfim >9qi, Nflj Eb{ ~ftb tg nb fdcrytbd lb}t

{bf~ tg gooybt tmb boobit go Ig~qg~ftkgl Tf} ~bdritkgl glnfljyYhfee nryklbyy ~ftb ~bekbo mgekdf{ b}tbldbd n{ glb {bf~ tg Gitgnb~

>16>% ft f igyt go ©901hBlt~bq~blbr~y ̂ bekbo yimbhb

dgrneby tg ©61h o~gh Fq~ke ?Dk~bit tf} kldb}bd n{ Iglyrhb~ Q~kiby Kldb} -IQK+% pmkimb}ierdby hg~t`f`b igyty% o~gh

Fq~ke >16>,Yhfee ighqflkby' ~bybf~im fld dbbegqhblt tf} i~bdkt ~kyby tg

>11qi kl Fq~ke fld >>2qi kl >16> ,Lbp 2,02qi ~ftb gl gb~ybfy

oklflikl` klighb ighkl` kltg tmbRJ

Kl tmb Imflibeeg~y 2? hklrtb

yqbbim ”nryklbyy‛ pfyhbltkglbd 90 tkhby, [gr

mfb tg rldb~ytfld tmft tmb

irt kl ig~qg~ftkgl tf} ymgpy

tmft N~ktfkl ky iggqb~ftkl`

pktm( Tmb obdb~ftkgl go

Yhfee Nryklbyyby pmgyb

hbhnb~y f``~byykbe{

yrqqg~tbd tmb ~bog~h fld

r~`bd tmb ―Igfektkgl@gb~lhblt tg ytkij tg kty

tgr`m dbokikt ~bdritkglqefly‘ ZTmb Kldbqbldblt

6;tm Git, >161X, Tmb irt kl

ig~qg~ftkgl tf} ky og~ tmb

obp fld pbfetm{ q~kftb

ybitg~ nryklbyy gplb~y pmg

pflt imbfq efngr~ fld

hf}khrh q~gokt, Dgl‛t nb

oggebd n{ tmb lfhb

―Obdb~ftkgl go Yhfee

Nryklbyyby‛ og~ tmb~b ky

lgtmkl` ”yhfee‛ kl yksb fngrt

tmbyb ègnfe ig~qg~ftkgly

tmb{ f~b gle{ ”yhfee‛ kl

~b`f~dy tg tmb obp hbl pmggpl fld gqb~ftb tmbh, Og~

bb~{ nblbokt tmb~b ky f

mkddbl ~bvrk~bhblt pmbl

tmb oklb q~klt ky ~bfd, Fee

flgkltbd fld fqqgkltbd og~

nryklbyy ~bhfkl k`keflt,

BHQEG[HBLT FLD YJKEEY >6 lbp Bltbq~kyb Sglby tg nb ybt rq% pktm rq tg 611qi tf} dkyigrlt ~ftby, Orldkl` og~ lbp rlkb~ykt{ tbimlkife igeeb`by og~ giftkglfe

t~fklkl`3 >4 igeeb`by klytbfd go 6> b}qbitbd, Lbp b}qg~t i~bdkty

og~ hflrofitr~b~y% f tbimlgeg`{ fld kllgftkgl iblt~b fld lklblbp rlkb~ykt{ iblt~by ©611h

og~ lbp yikblib ofikektkby kl

Ifhn~kd`b% Lg~pkim% Mf~pbee fld Df~bynr~{% orldbd o~ghNflj Eb{

Pmft b}fite{ ky f ”nflj ebv{‛7Kt ky f tf} gl klbythblt

nfljy fld klytktrtkgly tmft

qgyb f y{ytbhftki dfl`b~ tg

tmb biglgh{& Tmb RJ

igfektkgl @gb~lhblt

klt~gdrib fl fllrfe eb{ nfybd

gl nflj nfeflib ymbbty o~gh 6Cflrf~{ >166, Tmb nfljy

pgred lgt f`~bb tg yrim f eb{

pktmgrt `bttkl` yghbtmkl`

o~gh tmb biglgh{ go N~ktfkl

tmft jbbqy tmbh kl tmb qgyktkgl

go ”tgg nk` tg ofke‛, Dbqbldkl`

gl pmft ky dbbhbd fy f

”y{ytbhftki dfl`b~‛ tg tmbN~ktkym biglgh{ tg khq~gb

bhqeg{hblt fld yjkeey ky tmb

imkbo kl`~bdkblt i~bftby

klytfnkekt{, Tmb egiftkgl go

tmbyb ”Lbp Bltb~q~kyb Sglby‛

fld tmbk~ tf~`bt hf~jbt f~bfeyg vrbytkglfneb tg yf{ tmb

ebfyt,

YTFTB QBLYKGL F@B Ytftb Qblykgl F`b tg ~kyb tg ??n{ >1>1

Klyr~flib ky lgt @gd‛y kdbfnbifryb Mb `fb ry f ygekd ekob

fyyr~flib kl Mky neggd,

Qblykgly% tf}by fld bb~{tmkl`

fttfimbd tg tmbh pkee lgt ytfld

f`fklyt tmb tblbty qgyktbd kl

Yi~kqtr~by, Ft tmb yfhb tkhb

pmft tmb dbke ky qefllkl` og~

mf~h tmb Eg~d ky `gkl` tg pg~j

grt og~ tmb `ggd go tmgyb tmft

egb Mkh, Tmgyb pmg egb @gdpkee ybb @gd ~kyb gl tmbk~

nbmfeo fld f`b dgbyl‛t hfttb~,

@^BBL HBFYR^BY @~bbl Klbythblt Nflj i~bftbd pktm fl fddktkglfe ©>nl% tg ytf~t gqb~ftkgl kl >16>RJ nbighby tmb ok~yt igrlt~{ tg

klt~gdrib f if~ngl q~kib oegg~ og~ tmb qgpb~ ybitg~ Iekhftb imfl`b eb{ dkyigrlt glbebit~kikt{ og~ tmgyb yk`lkl` rq tgiekhftb imfl`b f`~bbhblty pkee ~kybQrneki hglb{ pkee irt rlryrfee{

mk`m pftb~ nkeey kl Ygrtm Pbyt Blèfld

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ogeegpkl` pmft hfklyt~bfh

hbdkf pfyl‛t tbeekl` tmb qrneki

tmb{ ~bqg~tbd tmft tmky ”RJ(

pkdb @~bbl Klbythblt Nflj

pgred mfb f yqbldkl`

feegiftkgl go ©6 nkeekgl% lgp kl

tmky nrd`bt ~bqg~t kt mfy `gttbl

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pm{ dkd tmft mfqqbl7 Pbeepmbl K dr` dbbqb~ K ogrld tmft

tmb @~bbl Nflj ky gplbd n{

tmgyb pmg gpl fld ~rl tmb

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kt f nryklbyy tg b}qb~khblt

pktm tmb ekby go qbgqeb fee gb~

tmb pg~ed, Tg tmklj tmft pb ifl

f`fkl hfjb ”`~bbl‛ pmft pbmfb dbyt~g{bd klir~y tmb

p~ftm go @gd, Pmbl {gr ”tmklj

`~bbl‛ tmklj @gd,

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tbfimb~y fld ikvke yb~vflty

bf~lkl` ebyy tmfl ©>6%111

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tkhb nbog~b kt ky tfjbl fpf{,

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ybb tmb yfhb yiblf~kg

qef{kl` grt mb~b kl ~b`f~dytg tmb qrneki ybitg~, Kt

pgred feyg nb mbeqore tg `g

nfij tg tmb Ighq~bmblykb

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dpkldekl` qrneki ybitg~,

Tmb Yk`l Qgyt pkee jbbq {gr qgytbd gl tmb i~fot go tmbyb rlogedkl`yimbhby, [gr hf{ pflt tg tmklj tmft tmky ky tgg ”lb`ftkb‛ nrt tmbhghblt {gr dg ky tmb hghblt {gr tgg pkee ofke tg pktmytfld tmb t~rtm

pmbl kt oklfee{ ighby kltg qef{, Tmb imr~im lbbdy tg q~bqf~b g~ nb

ifr`mt kl tmb ylf~b go tmb fltkiy go tmb dbke, Q~bqf~b {gr~ybeo&





[gr~ ^b`ref~ Tkhb(QbfibTmb ybf~im og~ t~rtm ky fl kltb~lfe fld kldkkdrfe vrbyt: eggjkl` tg

gtmb~y tg okld kt og~ {gr `rf~fltbby tmft tmb{ lbb~ pkee,

Tmb ^kyb go tmb Mbn~bp Hkld(Ybt

Tmb hkld go Im~kyt hryt

nb ~bfeksbd kl tmb ekob fld

tkhby go tmb Im~kytkfl

ighhrlkt{ ko pb f~b tg

mfb f qf~t kl tmb mf~byt

tmft ky fngrt tg ypbbq tmb

lftkgly, Tmb ybi~bt qefib go

t~fklkl` og~ ~bk`lkl` mfy

gotbl nbbl b}f``b~ftbd n{

tmgyb pmg mfb ifqtr~bd

yghb ~bbeftkgl fngrt tmb

N~kdb go Im~kyt fld

rldb~bytkhftbd n{ tmgyb

pmg tmklj tmft tmky yg ifeebd

n~kdb ky tmb ”pmgeb‛ imr~im

~b`f~debyy go dgit~klb, Tmky

~bqg~t dgby lgt tfjb ykdby

nrt tr~ly fttbltkgl tg tmb

Yi~kqtr~b tmft yqbfjy go f

~bhlflt `~grq go nbekbb~y

pmg nbekbb kl Mky lfhb fld

mfb gntfklbd tmb ~k`mt tg

nbighb imked~bl go @gd(

imked~bl ng~l lgt go lftr~fe

dbyiblt% lgt go mrhfl

dbikykgl g~ f mrynfld‛y pkee%nrt ng~l go @gd ZCgml 6361(

69X, Of~ o~gh nbkl` tmb

qm{ykife btmlkikt{ go tmb

lftr~fe dbyiblt go tmb

ighhglpbfetm go Ky~fbe: tmb

Mbn~bp Hkld(ybt yqbfjy go

tmb hkld n~bpbd fld gotbl

n~rkybd n{ tmb kldpbeekl`

pg~j go tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt kl

tmb ekob go tmb glb ifeebd n{

@gd, Mfkl` nbbl imfytb

yklib~b pktm hrim fooekitkgl

Tmb `koty yg o~bbe{ `kbl tg

tmb Imr~im n{ tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt

f~b lgt pmft dbtb~hklby tmb

oklfe `~fdb go f nbekbb~ nrt

~ftmb~ tmb dbbegqhblt fld

lr~tr~kl` go tmb o~rkty go tmb

Yqk~kt, Pb rldb~ytfld o~gh

Yi~kqtr~b tmft tmb `koty fld

tmb ifee g~ k~~bgifneb fld

pmbtmb~ f nbekbb~ -g~ lgt+

bb~{ hfl% pghfl fld imked

f~b ifeebd n{ tmbk~ lfhby fld

tmb{ mfb `koty tg ymgp, Glb‛y q~gqmbtki g~ tbfimkl` `kot kl

tmb imr~im dgby lgt ytfld

ybqf~ftb (o~gh qfkltkl` g~

ykl`kl` kl tmb ybiref~ pg~ed,

Kt ky tmb o~rkty go gr~

imf~fitb~ tmft dbtb~hklby

blt~{ kltg tmb Jkl`dgh go

Mbfbl, Tmgyb pktm tmb

Mbn~bp Hkld(ybt f~b tmgyb

pmg tmb Eg~d pkee ybt kl

qgyktkgly go kloerblib fld ryb

tg n~kl` kl tmb mf~b~yt, Tmbimr~im pkee fpfjbl o~gh

yerhnb~ pmbl tmb Eg~d

~bebfyby tmbyb glby pmg mfb

nbbl yflitkokbd n{ tmb Pg~d%

jlgp pmg tmb Pg~d ky fld

lgt cryt pmft tmb Pg~d yf{y,

Kl byyblyb tmb glby pktm tmb

hkld Mb n~bpbd f~b tmb glby

pktm tmb q~byblib go Mky ofib

jlgpl og~ dgkl` Mky pkee fld

mglgr~bd kl yb~kl` Mky

Jkl`dgh,

kl g~db~ tg nb o~bb go tmb

o~bb(drhn khqgybd n{ f

ybeo (q~ghgtkl` ègnfe

imr~im kdbltkt{% tmbyb f~b

tmb mkddbl ygly go tmb

jkl`dgh tmft bf~tm ky kl

t~ffke og~, Tmb bblty

tfjkl` qefib kl tmb pg~ed

f~b lgt og~ tmb ofklt

mbf~tbd og~ tmb~b ky

lgtmkl` tmft tbeey ry kl

Yi~kqtr~b tmft tmb

crd`bhblty go tmb Eg~d

pkee nb dbef{bd, Og~nbekbb~y tg ytfld fld ybb

tmb mfld go @gd yt~btimbd

kl crd`bhblt fi~gyy tmb

lftkgly tmb{ pkee mfb tg

nb yr~b tmft tmb{ mfb

nbbl ifeebd% dkyikqeklbd

fld ighhkyykglbd n{ Mkh

g~ beyb tmbk~ mgqb fld

t~ryt pkee `kb pf{ fld

tmb{ pkee ofee kltg tmb

fn{yy go Mky p~ftm pktm

tmgyb pmg f~b qb~kymkl`,

Mgqb kl Rlib~tfklt{

Tgdf{ ko {gr mbf~ Mky gkib

dg lgt mf~dblbd {gr~ mbf~t:

dg lgt yf{ ”eftb~ @gd‛ ~k`mt

lgp K‛h tgg nry{% fl`~{ g~

mr~t, Mb lbb~ yqbfjy ko pmft

Mb pkee yf{ ky lgt qgtblt

blgr`m tg t~flyog~h {gr~

yktrftkgl, Pmbl {gr mgqb kl

{gr~ rlib~tfklt{ {gr f~b

ngrld tg ofker~b nrt pmbl

{gr ryb mgqb f`fklyt

rlib~tfklt{ {gr ̀ kb ofktm f

imflib tg hfjb qgyykneb {gr~

khqgyyknkektkby, Tgdf{‛y ̀ ~fib

ky `kbl tg {gr tg `g ngede{ tg

Mky tm~glb fld ef{ {gr~

nr~dbly dgpl fld tfjb rq

Mky nr~dbl go ek`mt fld dkyqbe

tmb df~jlbyy tmft ybbjy tg jkee

tmb cg{ go {gr~ ygre, Ybefm

Tmb Hfytb~‛y @blkry

Tmb n~fkl ky tmb kykneb yk`lftr~b go tmb `blkry go @gd kl tmb @blbyky go hfl fld

rlbkekl` kty h{ytb~{ ky f tfyj rldb~tfjbl n{ tmb n~fb, [bt pmkeb tmb n~fkl q~gkdby

rybore pg~j gl bf~tm og~ hfl tg nb giirqkbd pktm% rldb~tfjkl` tmb pg~j go tmb hkld

ky ~byb~bd og~ tmb ygl‛y go tmb jkl`dgh pmgyb b}qeg~ftkgl tfjby qefib kl tmb Yqk~kt go

@gd, Tmb n~fkl ky oebym fld tmb hkld ky yqk~kt fld pmbl f hfl nb`kly tg nb ebd n{ tmb

Yqk~kt: mky n~fkl {kbedy kty h{ytb~kby tmft hfl{ mfb yqblt tmbk~ ekby t~{kl` tg

dkyigb~ fld gtmb~y dkbd lgt mfkl` yi~ftimbd tmb yr~ofib go tmft pmkim mfb

ifqtkftbd tmbh og~ fee tmbk~ ekby gl bf~tm, Pmft ky hfl tmft @gd ky yg hkld(oree go Mkh7 _byybey hfdb tg if~~{ tmb hkld Mb n~bpy,





Tmb Pbfqgly go gr~ Pf~of~b f~b lgt If~lfe

Pmkeb tmb ”pbfqgly go gr~ pf~of~b f~b lgt

if~lfe‛% pb mfvb tg fdhkt tmft if~lfepbfqgly f~b hk`mt{ tg tmb qreekl` dgpl

go hbl fld pghbl kl yb~kib tg tmb

Im~kytkfl ighhrlkt{ pg~edpkdb, Tmb

~biblt b}qgyr~b tg @eg~{ Mgryb Qfytg~ D~

Fenb~t Fdrebeb f~~bytbd og~ kldbiblt fyyfret (

ighhkttbd f`fklyt f ng{ rldb~ yk}tbbl fld

glb yek`mte{ gb~% ko lgtmkl` beyb% yb~by fy f

~bhkldb~ tmft tmb ekob go f nbekbb~ ky kl lg

pf{ f ykhqeb glb tmft ky o~bb o~gh tmb

iglykytblt tg~hblt go tmb oebym, Pmkeb tmbyb

yg~ty go ofee f~b b}qegktbd n{ tmb hbdkf tg

or~tmb~ dkyi~bdkt tmb Imr~im fld rymb~ kl tmb

hg~b eknb~fe kbpy go tmb glb pg~ed nbekbo

y{ytbh: tmb~b ky yghbtmkl` tfjkl` qefib

nblbftm tmb yr~ofib go tmbyb rlighog~tfneb

giir~~bliby tmft pkee pg~j og~ tmb `ggd go

tmgyb pmg nbekbb,

Pmbl yrim lbpy n~bfjy fngrt f ebfdb~y

kldkyi~btkgl% nb kt og~ gb~t fity go tmb dbke%

tmb egb go hglb{% fnryb go qgpb~ g~ yb}rfe

khhg~fekt{ tmb~b ighby f lgtfneb ”yqekt‛ kl

tmb imr~im ybldkl` hfl{ fpf{ tg eggj og~

flgtmb~ qfytr~b tg obbd ”tmbk~‛ ~k`mtbgrylbyy,

Tmky hfyy hk`~ftkgl ky f qf~t go tmb q~gibyytmb Eg~d mfy feegpbd tg ykot tmb pmbft o~gh

tmb tf~by% qrttkl` f qkitr~b tg tmb ~bbeftkgl

go 6 Cgml >36; pmbl kt yf{y ―tmb{ pblt grt

o~gh ry% nrt tmb{ dkd lgt ~bfee{ nbegl` tg

ry, Og~ ko tmb{ mfd nbegl`bd tg ry% tmb{

pgred mfb ~bhfklbd pktm ry: nrt tmbk~

`gkl` ymgpbd tmft lglb go tmbh nbegl` tg

ry‘ tmb lb}t b~yb dgpl ->1+ ~bfdy ―nrt {gr

mfb fl flgkltkl` o~gh tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt%

fld fee go {gr jlgp tmb t~rtm‘

Pm{ dg qbgqeb tfjb goo pmbl tmb{

f~b lgt tmb glby pmg f~b

b}qgybd7 Pmft b}fite{ f~b tmb{

~rllkl` fpf{ o~gh7 Og~ ko tmb{

mfd tmb flgkltkl` go tmb Mge{

Yqk~kt% jlgpkl` tmb t~rtm og~

pmkim tmb{ f~b fyygikftbd pktm f

qf~tkiref~ hklkyt~{ pgred tmb{

~rl yg vrkije{ g~ ytfld ok~h gl

tmb t~rtm tmft tmb{ ifhb tg yb~b

@gd fld lgt tmb hfl @gd qrt kl

qefib tg yb~b tmbh, Ko tmb

nbekbb~y f~b ~rllkl` o~gh

flgtmb~ nbekbb~‛y ofee tmbl

bbltrfee{ tmb{ pkee lgt mfb

blgr`m imr~im fetb~lftkby tg ~rl

tg og~ pmftygbb~ f hfl obf~y

mfb f ~rtmebyy tbldbli{ go gb~tfjkl` mkh kl tmb b~{ qefib

mb tmkljy mb mfy ogrld ~byt, Tmbyb

hbl fld pghbl q~bybltbd mb~b

kl tmky ~bqg~t f~b pmft pb dboklb

fy ”ebyygly o~gh tmb tgq‛, Crd`kl`

tmbh ky bfy{ ebf~lkl` o~gh tmbk~

hkytfjby ky pmft ky hgyt dkookiret

og~ pb gotbl ebf~l nbyt pmbl pb

hfjb ykhkef~ hkytfjby fld lgt

pmbl pb f~b lgt ogrld kl tmb

yfhb b~~g~,

Kt ky bbl mf~db~ tg q~f{ og~ tmbh

pmbl pb ~f~be{ q~f{ og~ gr~ gpl

ykly tg nb dbfet pktm n{ tmb Eg~d

feegpkl` tmb o~rkty go gr~ oebym tg

hftr~b kl f dbif{kl` ytblim tmft

lbktmb~ gr~ybeby% g~ gr~ `koty ifl

igb~ rq pmbl tmb ek`mt go t~rtm mkty

tmb mkddbl ekob go df~jlbyy,

[gr hf{ lgt nb kl tmb yqgtek`mt

lgp g~ bb~ nrt {gr pkee fepf{y nb

rldb~ tmb ek`mt go @gd fld tmft

ymgred nb blgr`m tg hfjb {gr

t~bhneb, Efyte{% fy hgyt go tmbyb

b}qgyr~by ~bqbftbde{ mk`mek`mty

yb}rfe kldkyi~btkgly% ko pb pgred

cryt ytgq tg tmklj pb pgred lgtkib

tmft yb} fld tmft pmkim d~kby tmbyb}rfe lftr~b f~b tgqkiy tmft @gd

gnkgrye{ pflty tg fdd~byy fld

mbeq ry tg mbfe kl, Pm{ tmky tgqki ky

lgt nbkl` dbfet pktm yb~by fy

fhqeb q~ggo tmft tmb imr~im ky

yt~r`èkl` o~gh tmb qreqkt tg tmb

qbp tg tgrim tmb tbldb~ yqgty go tmb

kltkhftb dbyk~by go tmb mrhfl mbf~t

fld oebym,

If~lfe Hk`~ftkgl

>11?

Mghgyb}rfekt{

Tbd Mf``f~d

>110

Fdretb~{' Dkvg~ib

Sfif~{ Tkhy

Dkvg~ib

Qfref Pmktb

>11=

Fdretb~{' Dkvg~ib

Tgdd Nblteb{

Dghbytki fnryb

'dkvg~ib

Cfrlktf N{lrh

>11;

Fdretb~{' Dkvg~ib

Cfhfe N~{flt

>161

Feeb`ftkgl'Imked

Fnryb Yb}rfe

Fyyfret

Dkvg~ib

Nbll{ Mkll

>166

Imked fnryb

Fenb~t Fdrebeb

Imked fnryb' Qfre Ebpky

7

― nrt fee go {gr mfb fl flgkltkl` o~gh tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt% fld fee go {gr jlgp tmb t~rtm‘





O~gh Yqk~ktrfe Dbibqtkgl tg @egnfe Qb~ybirtkgl3 ”Kt ky p~kttbl‛

Pftim grt tmft lg glb dbibkby {gr: og~

hfl{ pkee ighb kl H{ lfhb iefkhkl` ”K

fh tmb Im~kyt‛% fld pkee dbibkb hfl{,

[gr pkee mbf~ go pf~y fld ~rhgr~y go

pf~y% nrt ybb tg kt tmft {gr f~b lgt

fef~hbd, Yrim tmkl`y hryt mfqqblbd% nrt

tmb bld ky ytkee tg ighb

Lftkgl pkee ~kyb f`fklyt lftkgl fldjkl`dgh f`fklyt jkl`dgh

Tmb~b pkee nb ofhklby /bf~tmvrfjby kl

f~kgry qefiby

Tmbl {gr pkee nb mfldbd gb~ tg nb

qb~ybirtbd fld qrt tg dbftm% fld {gr nb

mftbd n{ fee lftkgly nbifryb go Hb,

^biblt bblty kl B`{qt% Ekn{f

tmb ybibyykgl kl Yrdfl%

bf~tmvrfjby kl Im~kytimr~im%

Lbp Sbfefld fld tmb Tyrlfhkkl Cfqfl lgt tg hbltkgl tmb

dghklg boobit go tmb ègnfe

oklflikfe i~kyky tmft ky fngrt tg

ebfb hkeekgly grt go qgijbt fld

grt go mghb ifl fee lbfte{ nb

yegttbd kltg tmb ok~yt lklb b~yby

go Hfttmbp >4, Mgpbb~% pmkeb

yqk~ktrfe dbibqtkgl tg ègnfe

hf~t{~dgh mfb fepf{y nbbl

gqbl jlgpebd`b: ry nbkl`

t mb ”efyt hklrtb‛ `blb~ftkgl f~b

`gkl` tg ofib tmb hftr~kt{ go feetmbyb okb iftb`g~kby grteklbd n{ tmb

Eg~d, Pmft K ogrld hgyt ighqbeekl`

fy K gnyb~b tmb qfttb~l go tmky

qfyyf`b go Yi~kqtr~b ky mgp tmb

Eg~d nb`kly o~gh b~yb 4 pktm tmb

yqk~ktrfe dbibqtkgl, Kt tmbl ifhb tg

hkld tmft yqk~ktrfe dbibqtkgl ky tmb

ogrldftkgl rqgl pmkim fee tmb gtmb~

ogr~ iftb`g~kby f~b nrket rqgl, K

mfb feyg lgtbd tmft ko yqk~ktrfe

dbibqtkgl ky tmb mbfd go tmbyb

iftb`g~kby tmbl tmb okotm iftb`g~{pmkim qgklty tg tmb qb~ybirtkgl%

dbftm fld mft~bd go nbekbb~y ky tmb

obbt, K nbifhb hg~b dkytr~n tmb

hg~b K qgldb~bd rqgl tmb kdbf tmft

tmb imr~im‛y ighqefibli{ kl

q~bfimkl` tmb `gyqbe go tmb

jkl`dgh igred nb glb go tmb ofitg~y

pm{ qb~ybirtkgl dbftm fld mft~bd

pkee nb gr~ egt, K fh feyg fpf~b tmft

tmbyb pkee ighb rqgl tmb qbgqeb go

@gd ykhqeb nbifryb fy kt ky p~kttbl

kl Kyfkfm ?13>( tmft pmkeb df~jlbyy

pkee igb~ tmb bf~tm fld tmkij

df~jlbyy tmb qbgqeby% tmb ek`mt go

tmb Eg~d pkee ~kyb rqgl Mky qbgqeb

fld Mky èg~{ pkee fqqbf~ gb~

tmbh, [by ~bfdkl` gl kl Kyfkfm

qfklty f nbfrtkore qkitr~b go tmb

qbgqeb go @gd q~gyqb~kl` kl f tkhb

go yqk~ktrfe df~jlbyy% {bt ko glb ky

lgt if~bore kl mgp pb ~bfd tmbyb

qfyyf`by pb pkee ofee kltg tmb nbekbo

tmft tmky qgklty tg tmb lbf~ ortr~b

fld lgt tg tmky b~{ hghblt, Tmb

pbfetm go tmb imr~im fy kt ytfldy

tgdf{ ~kfey fl{ gtmb~ tkhb kl

imr~im mkytg~{ yg tmb q~bfimkl` go

tmb q~gyqb~kt{ hbyyf`b mfy `glb of~

nb{gld kty ”ybee n{‛ dftb, Kl yf{kl` tmkyK dg mfytbl tg fdd tmft pbfetm t~flyob~

ighby kl db`~bby go ytbpf~dymkq fld

tmb~b ky ytkee {bt f ~bhlflt mkddbl ft

q~byblt n{ @gd pmg f~b dbytklbd tg

mf~byt mkddbl `ged ytg~bd kl tmb

t~bfyr~kby go df~jlbyy, Mgpbb~% tmbyb

glby pkee lgt nb ybbl pktm q~kftb cbty%

g~ yqbikfee{ hfdb hklkytb~kfe fqqf~be

nrt pkee nb tmb hgyt rlfyyrhkl`

pbfetm nblbofitg~y n{ pmgyb

fqqbf~flib pkee lgt dg crytkib tg tmb

pbfetm tmb{ ytbpf~d, Nbog~b bltr~kl`kl b~yby 61 fld nb{gld kt pgred nb

`ggd tg hf~j goo pmb~b tmb Eg~d ryby

tmb qm~fyb ”ft tmft tkhb‛ pmkim ky

qgyktbd kl b~yby -61% >9% 91 / ~geey

gb~ kltg imfqtb~ >236+,

Tmb yk`l qgyty kl Hfttmbp >436(64

feglb ifl ebfd {gr tg b}qeg~b gtmb~

q~gqmbtki yk`ly dkyqb~ybd tm~gr`mgrt

tmb bltk~b Nkneb,

Tmb Mbn~bp yi~knby go tmb

Yi~kqtr~b dkd lgt p~ktb kl imfqtb~y fy pb ybb kl gr~ Nkneby tgdf{ nrt

~ftmb~ p~gtb gl yi~geey tmft oegpbd

o~gh tgqki tg tgqki, Og~ tmb Mbn~bpy%

tmb Yi~kqtr~b pfy ekjb f ef~`b mgryb

pktm hfl{ imfhnb~y fld pktmkl tmgyb

imfhnb~y mkddbl ~gghy dbij pktm fee

yg~ty‛ kltbeek`blt dbyk`ly tmft

mbk`mtblbd glby yqk~ktrfe yblyby

gqblkl` tmb fqqbtktb tg tmb ~kimlbyy go

tmb Pg~d go @gd, Og~ tmky ~bqg~t pb

f~b `gkl` tg hf~j goo yghb khqg~tflt

yk`l(qgyty kl Hfttmbp >436(64 tg mbeq

nbttb~ rldb~ytfld tmb q~gqmbtki

lftr~b go pmft tmb Eg~d pfy yf{kl`

tmbl og~ gr~ ir~~blt `blb~ftkgl,

@bg(qm{ykife dkyt~byy

@bg(qgektkife rl~byt

Pf~y fld q~gqf`fldf

Yqk~ktrfe Dbibqtkgl

@egnfe Hf~t{~dgh





Tmb Ytglb‛y Crd`bhblt

Tmb Yk`l(qgyty kl Hfttmbp >436(64 -qf~t 6+

_b~yby 4(= _b~yb ;_b~yb >

^rklbd

Fld go tmb bld go tmb f`b

Pmft pkee nb tmb yk`l go {gr~ ighkl`

Pmbl pkee tmky mfqqbl

_b~yb 9

Yqk~ktrfe dbibqtkgl

Pf~ / q~gqf`fldf

@bg(qgektkife rl~byt

@bg(qm{ykife dkyt~byy

Nk~tm qfl`y Tmb mfldkl` gb~

Qb~ybirtkgl

Dbftm

Rlkvb~yfe mft~bd

_b~yby 61(64

Ft tmft tkhb

Tmb ̀ ~bft ofeekl` fpf{

Ybibyykgl n{ nbt~f{fe / mft~bd

^kyb / dbibqtkgl go tmb ofeyb

q~gqmbty

Tmb kli~bfyb go pkijbdlbyy

Egb go hfl{ pkee `g iged

Ytfld kl ofktm / nb yfbd

Tmb ègnfe tbytkhgl{ go tmb `gyqbe

go tmb Jkl`dgh

9 vrbytkgly Tmb Ytglb‛y

Crd`bhblt

Tmb ifqtkgl tmft ky gl tgq go tmb b~yb ng}by pkee nb rybd

fy gr~ q~gqmbtki tmbhby% tmb ok~yt go pmkim ky ”Tmb Ytglb‛y

Crd`bhblt ‛ tmbl irehklftby pktm ”ft tmft tkhb‛, Tmb

imr~im ky ft f b~{ qkgtfe crlitkgl kl fee go mrhfl mkytg~{

fld pb mfb nbbl `kbl tmky `~fib n{ @gd tg qef{ gr~ qf~t

n{ o~bbe{ `kkl` pmft pb mfb nbbl `kbl n{ tmb Eg~d tg

mbeq tmgyb Mb mfy qefibd kl gr~ qftm go kloerblib og~ yrim

f tkhb fy tmky, [gr mged f qkbib go mkytg~{ kl {gr~ mfldy

fld jlgpkl` {gr~ fyyk`lhblt ky i~rikfe kl(g~db~ tg ytfld

kl ek`mt go pmft tmb Eg~d ky fngrt tg dg kl tmb bf~tm,

Yi~kqtr~b ^bob~bliby / tfyj

Y{hngekyh go ytglby

Dbrtb~glgh{ >032(= / Cgymrf

=396% Hfttmbp 93;,

Tfjb yghb tkhby fld eggj pktm

o~bym klyk`mt kltg tmb lftr~b go

ytglby fld fyj {gr~ybeo ko {gr f~b

f ekkl` ytglb g~ f dbfd pbk`mt kl

kl tmb ngd{ go Im~kyt / tmb pg~ed

Crd`bhblt kl tmb imr~im go @gd

Bsbjkbe ;% ^bbeftkgl > /9Cb~bhkfm >2362(9= / Sfimf~kfm

236(4,

Hfttmbp >4 gqbly pktm tmb dkyikqeby d~fpkl` Cbyry‛y fttbltkgl tg tmb f~imktbitr~fe

`~fldbr~ go tmb nrkedkl`y kl Cb~ryfebh fld lg dgrnt mkytg~{ ~big~dy tmft tmb{ pb~b

b}t~bhbe{ khq~byykb, Mgpbb~% fy kt ky tmb lftr~b go @gd lgt tg crd`b fotb~ fqqbf~fliby

Mb d~bp tmbk~ fttbltkgl fpf{ o~gh tmb hfl(hfdb qm{ykife yt~ritr~by nfij tg tmb yqk~ktrfe

mkb~f~im{ tmft tmbyb nrkedkl`y ~bq~bybltbd fld pkee nb dbyt~g{bd og~, Kl B}gdry >13>2 tmb

Eg~d hfdb kt iebf~ tmbl tmft Mb pgred nrked Mky imr~im o~bb o~gh tmb i~fot go hbl, KlHfttmbp >43>% tmb Eg~d qgkltbd grt og~ Mky dkyikqeby tmft tmb qm{ykife dbyt~ritkgl go tmb

nrkedkl`y pkee nb f q~gqmbtki yk`l go tmb yqk~ktrfe dkyhfltekl` go tmgyb ”ekkl` ytglby‛ tmft

mfb bytfnekym tmbhybeby ―rqgl flgtmb~‛, Tmb imr~im mfy fdgqtbd tmb g~`flksftkglfe

q{~fhkd yt~ritr~by ekjb tmft go ig~qg~ftb kldryt~kby go tmb pg~ed ft tmb hglbtf~{ fld

yqk~ktrfe b}qblyb go tmb g~`flkyhy tmft oegij tg tmbyb qefiby og~ pg~ymkq, Kt pfy lbb~ tmb

kltbltkgl go @gd og~ Mky qbgqeb tg ytfld gl tgq go bfim gtmb~ Zb~tkifee{X nrt ~ftmb~ tmft pb

ytggd nbykdb bfim gtmb~ ZMg~ksgltfee{X, @~fib tr~ly ypkote{ kltg dky(`~fib pmbl yb~flty

dbhfld tg nb yb~bd ~ftmb~ tmfl yb~kl`,

Tmky n~kl`y ry tg rldb~ytfld pm{ Qbtb~ yfkd ―kt ky tkhb og~ crd`bhblt tg nb`kl pktm tmb

ofhke{ go @gd% fld ko kt nb`kly pktm ry% pmft pkee nb tmb grtighb og~ tmgyb pmg dg lgt

gnb{ tmb `gyqbe go @gd7‘ 6 Qbtb~ 4360, Tmky ky f ygot ~bob~blib go tmb crd`bhblt og~ tmb

imr~im kl ighqf~kygl pktm Bsbjkbe ;32(? pmg yfp kl f kykgl tmb fl`be go dbftm pmg

~bibkbd tmb ighhfld tg3 ―Ogeegp mkh Ztmb fl`be pmg ybfeyX tm~gr`m tmb ikt{ fld jkee%

pktmgrt ymgpkl` qkt{ g~ ighqfyykgl, Yefr`mtb~ ged hbl% {grl` hbl fld hfkdbly%

pghbl fld imked~bl% nrt dg lgt tgrim fl{glb pmg mfy tmb hf~j, Nb`kl ft h{

yflitrf~{‘, Yg tmb{ nb`fl pktm tmb bedb~y pmg pb~b kl o~glt go tmb tbhqeb,

Ko {gr hfjb fld fetf~ go ytglb og~Hb% {gr ymfee lgt nrked kt pktm irt

ytglby% og~ ko {gr pkbed {gr~ tgge gl

kt% {gr pkee q~goflb kt, Fld {gr ymfee

lgt `g rq n{ ytbqy tg H{ fetf~% yg

tmft {gr~ lfjbdlbyy pkee lgt nb

b}qgybd gl kt, B}gdry >13>2(>?

[gr% feyg fy ekkl` ytglby% f~b nbkl` nrket rq fy fyqk~ktrfe mgryb og~ f mge{ q~kbytmggd% tg goob~ rq

yqk~ktrfe yfi~kokiby fiibqtfneb tg @gd tm~gr`m

Cbyry Im~kyt, Og~ tmky ky igltfklbd kl Yi~kqtr~b3

nbmged% K ef{ kl Skgl f imgkib ytglb% f q~bikgry

ig~lb~ ytglb% fld mb pmg nbekbby kl Mkh pkee lgt

nb dkyfqqgkltbd, 6 Qbtb~ >32(?





Pmft pkee nb tmb yk`l go {gr~ ighkl`

9 Fld

Fld

Kt ky fqqf~blt tmft pmbl tmb

dkyikqeby n~gr`mt Cbyry‛y

fttbltkgl tg tmb nrkedkl`y

fyygikftbd pktm tmb tbhqeb%

Mb kl tr~l n~gr`mt tmbk~

fttbltkgl tg ―fee tmbyb tmkl`y‛

dblgtkl` tmft Mb hfdb~bob~blib tg tmkl`y tmft

b}tbldbd nb{gld tmb tbhqeb

fld kty nrkedkl` fld kt `gt tmb

fttbltkgl go Mky dkyikqeby pmg

eftb~ ―ifhb tg mkh q~kftbe{‛

fld fyjbd tm~bb ~bebflt

vrbytkgly, Tmbyb tm~bb

vrbytkgly f~b tmbl

rln~gjble{ dbfet pktm n{ tmb

Eg~d o~gh b~yb 4 go Hfttmbp

FLD3 iglcrlitkgl

-rybd tg igllbit `~fhhftkifee{ igg~dklftb pg~dy%

qm~fyby% g~ iefryby+ fegl` g~ tg`btmb~ pktm: fy pbee fy: kl

fddktkgl tg: nbykdby: feyg: hg~bgvb~3 qbly fld qblikey,

>4 fld bldy ft tmb 4?tm b~yb

go Hfttmbp >2, Pb ifllgt

dbeb kltg fee go kt kl glb kyyrb

nrt fy tmb Eg~d ebfdy pb pkee

rloged pmft Mb mfy ymgpl ry,

Pb bligr~f`b bb~{glb

~bfdkl` tmky ~bqg~t tg tfjb feetmkl`y tg q~f{b~ nb kt tmft

pmkim {gr dg rldb~ytfld fld

tmft pmkim hf{ lgt nb yg bfy{

tg ighq~bmbld, Hfl ky

yryibqtkneb tg hfjkl` hkytfjby

nrt pktm tmb Yqk~kt go @gd tmb~b

f~b lg hkytfjby hfdb,

@gd ky Yqk~kt% fld hfl pfy hfdb

kl tmb khf`b go tmb Yqk~kt go @gd

nbog~b f ngd{ pfy hfdb fld f

ygre pfy `kbl, Yg bb~{tmkl` tmft

hfl bligrltb~y kl ekob ky ok~yt

yqk~ktrfe fld hflkobyt efyte{ kl mky

oebymngd{ fotb~ tmkl`y go tmb

yqk~ktrfe ~bfeh qfyyby tm~gr`m mky

ygre Zybft go kltbeebitrfe pkeeX, Glb

ifllgt nb dbibkbd kl tmb lftr~fe~bfeh rlebyy tmb~b ky ok~yt f

dbibqtkgl kl mky yqk~kt, Pmbl f

qb~ygl dgby lgt jlgp pmg tmb

~bfe @gd ky mb nbighby f `gd rltg

mkhybeo fld ekby ekob yt~r`èkl` tg

~reb kl pmftbb~ yqmb~b go

kloerblib mb mfy% crytko{kl` fity go

t{~fll{ og~ tmb qr~qgyb go tmb

”ifryb‛, Yqk~ktrfe dbibqtkgl ky lgt

~beb`ftbd tg tmb imr~im gle{% og~

fy egl` fy f hfl g~ pghfl

nbekbby kl f ifryb: tmft ifrybnbighby tmbk~ ofktm fld tmbk~ ekob‛y

pg~j dkyqef{bd kl bb~{ f~bf go

tmbk~ ekby, Tb~~{ Cglby ”nr~l tmb

Vr~fl df{‛ kl mky Oeg~kdf imr~im

og~ tmb f ”ifryb‛ go tmb ;'66

nghnkl` gl RY ygke% pmkim

bytbbhy fy f lftkgl rlktbd rldb~

@gd ~b`f~debyy go bkdblib pmkim

yr``byty gtmb~pkyb, Mky fitkgly

`fkl Fhb~kif fld tmb imr~im

flgtmb~ ir~yb o~gh tmb Hkddeb

Bfyt fld tmb `gd go Kyefh, Cglby

nbekbby fld q~bfimby tmft Cbyry

ky kldbbd tmb Im~kyt nrt mky fitkgly

f~b yb~kgry blgr`m tg dbibkb qbgqeb kltg tmkljkl`

tmft nbifryb mb mgedy f t~rtm: mky fitkgly f~b ~k`mtbgry

dkyqef{y go mky iglobyykgl go Im~kyt,

N{ ogirykl` tmb Yi~kqtr~fe ebly gl tmb kli~bfykl`

iglt~fitkgly lgp kl tmb Hkddeb Bfyt ytf~tkl` pktm tmb

d~fhftki bld go 91({bf~(egl` ~bk`l go B`{qt‛y

q~bykdblt% Mgylk Hrnf~fj% pb ifl igllbit tmb dgty

fld dbikqmb~ tmb qfttb~l gl mgp tmb Eg~d ky dbfekl`

pktm fee ybeo(hfdb `gdy, Kt ky khqg~tflt tg lgtb tmft

qgektkife ebfdb~ymkq kl tmb Hkddeb Bfyt ymf~by kty qefib

pktm tmb yqk~ktrfe iglkitkgly go tmgyb kl qgpb~ fldtmbk~ fitkgly gotbl ~boebity tmbk~ ofktm% nb kt kl Feefm%

[fmpbm g~ tmbhybeby, Tmb ”~kyb‛ go tmb B`{qtkfl

qbgqeb f`fklyt tmb t{~fll{ fld gqq~byykgl go tmbk~

dkitftg~y gl tmbyb mkytg~ki qkbiby go yqk~ktrfe ~bfe

bytftb dgby lgt hf~j fl b~f go qgektkife o~bbdgh og~

tmb qbgqeb nrt ~ftmb~ f o~bbdgh tmft ighby rldb~ tmb

tblbty go tmb Jkl`dgh go @gd: tmb~bog~b hg~b neggd

pkee oegp fld bbl fy pb ybb tmgyb tmft gr~ oebyme{

lftr~b pgred dbbh ”kllgiblt‛% @gd‛y y{ytbh go

crd`bhblt dgby lgt grt ~reb tmgyb iglyikgry go Mkh

nrt ~boryb tg tr~l tg mkh kllgiblt, Mky p~ftm ky

f`fklyt fee tmkl`y go tmb oebym nb tmb{ kl mk`m g~ egpqefiby, Gr~ boog~ty kl q~f{b~% fy pb pktlbyy tmbyb

tmkl`y% ky tg ok~yt ybbj pkydgh: fiig~dkl` tg tmb pkee go

tmb Eg~d kl g~db~ tmft gr~ q~f{b~y og~ tmbyb lftkgly

f~b boobitkb,

Tmb 9 Vrbytkgly

Yqk~ktrfe Dbibqtkgl3 O~gh qbp% qreqkt fld qgektkiy

Kl Ybqtbhnb~ >161% Tb~~{ Cglby

f qfytg~ kl Oeg~kdf tggj kt rqgl

mkhybeo tg crd`b Kyefh n{

gookikftkl` f ―nr~l tmb Vr~fl

df{‛ tg ighhbhg~ftb ;66

fttfijy gl RY ygke, Kt k`lktbd

df{y go q~gtbyt kl Fo`mflkytfl

pmg yblt ―dbftm tg Fhb~kif‘ Zf

ir~ybX

Nb`kllkl` o~gh Cflrf~{ >2tm%

>166 fot b~ 91 {bf~y fy B`{qt‛y

q~bykdblt% Mgylk Hrnf~fj pfy

og~ibd tg ebfb gookib fotb~

hkeekgly tggj tg tmb yt~bbty tg

dbhglyt~ftb tmft tmb gkib go

tmb hfyyby ky yt~gl`b~ tmfl tmb

~reb go f hfl, Mb lgp ekby kl

kltb~lfe b}keb kl mky keef ft tmb

^bd Ybf ~byg~t go Ymf~h be(

Ymbkjm pmkim hbfly ”ebfdb~ go

tmb nf{‛,

”Ymfee K n~kl` tg tmb qgklt go nk~tm fld lgt ifryb d bekvb~{7‛





? df{y fotb~ B`{qt‛y d~fhftki

dblrlikftkgl go Hrnf~fj% gl

tmb 60 go Obn~rf~{% >166%

hbdkf tr~lbd kty ebly tg

Ekn{f‛y pmb~b Hrfhhf~ Fnr

Hkl{f~ fe(@fddfok -fjf

Igeglbe @fddfok+ mfkey fy ”jkl`

go jkl`y‛, ^byqglykneb og~ tmb6;?; gb~tm~gp go tmb jkl`

Kd~ky go Ekn{f fld ybttkl` rq

tmb Ekn{fl F~fn ^bqrneki fld

~bk`lkl` og~ tmb qfyt 4> {bf~y

n{ fee hbfly qgyykneb% lgp

ighby mky hghblt go

crd`hblt fy tmb lftkby tfjby

tg tmb yt~bbty kl neggd{

q~gtbyty fld tmb RL tfjby tg

tmb yjkby pktm hkyykeby tg bld

mky ~reb nb kt kl dbftm g~ b}keb,

Fy qf~t go tmb >161’>166

Hkddeb Bfyt fld Lg~tm Fo~kif

q~gtbyty% tmb Nfm~fklk q~gtbyty

pb~b klktkfee{ fkhbd ft

fimkbkl` `~bftb~ qgektkife

o~bbdgh fld bvrfekt{ og~ tmb

hfcg~kt{ Ymkf qgqreftkgl% fld

b}qfldbd tg f ifee tg bld tmb

hglf~im{Z9X ogeegpkl` f dbfde{

lk`mt ~fkd gl 60 Obn~rf~{

f`fklyt q~gtbytb~y ft Qbf~e

^grldfngrt kl Hflfhf, Fotb~

f hgltm% tmb `gb~lhblt

~bvrbytbd t~ggqy fld qgekib

o~gh tmb @reo Iggqb~ftkgl

Igrlike% pmkim f~~kbd gl 64

Hf~im% fld f df{ eftb~% tmbjkl` go Nfm~fkl dbief~bd

hf~tkfe efp fld f tm~bb(hgltm

ytftb go bhb~`bli{,

Kldkitbd og~ pf~ i~khby fld

`blgikdb Ghf~ Mfyyfl Fe(

Nfymk~% q~bykdblt go Yrdfl

mfy f`~bbd kl f Cflrf~{ >166

~bob~bldrh kl pmkim ygrtm

Yrdfl pkee nb f lbp igrlt~{

n{ yrhhb~ >166, Yrdfl‛y

cgr~lb{ mfb nbbl rldb~ tmbyqgtek`mt og~ {bf~y nrt lgp

tmb Eg~d ky dgkl` f pg~j tmft

pkee imfl`b tmb ofib go Fo~kif

fy f igltklblt fld lgt cryt

Yrdfl fy f lftkgl,

Fek Fndreefm Yfebm%q~bykdblt go [bhbl pmg mfynbbl ~rekl` [bhbl yklib6;0= fllgrlibd gl Obn~rf~{>ld% >166% tmft mb pgred ytbqdgpl kl >1666, Kl eftb >161

fld bf~e{ >166% q~gtbytb~ydbhfldbd Yfebm bld mkytm~bb(dbifdb egl` ~reb

nbifryb go mky efij go dbhgi~ftki ~bog~h%pkdbyq~bfd ig~~rqtkgl fldmrhfl ~k`mty fnryby if~~kbdgrt n{ Yfebm% mky ofhke{hbhnb~y fld iegyb feekby

K~flkfl Q~bykdblt Hfmhgrd Fmhfdklbcfd mfy ytftbd tmft lg Rlktbd Lftkgly Ybir~kt{ Igrlike ~bygertkgly ifl ir~n

tmb Kyefhki ̂ bqrneki‛y lriebf~ fhnktkgly, ―Bbl ko tmb{ kyyrb611%111 go yrim dgirhblty%

pb pgl‛t if~b‘ fld K~fl pkee jbbq dbbegqkl` kty qbfibore lriebf~ q~g`~fh%

Fmhfdklbcfd tged Of~y lbpyf`bli{ gl Trbydf{% ~bqg~ty

Ktf~(Tfyy, Tmb ytftbhblt pfyhfdb cryt ybb~fe df{y fmbfd go {bt flgtmb~ ~grld go tfejynbtpbbl Tbm~fl fld tmb

̀ ~grq go kltb~lftkglfe hbdkftg~y ighq~kybd go

^ryykf% Imklf% O~flib%@b~hfl{% N~ktfkl fld tmbRlktbd Ytftby,

Ko Tbm~fl igltklrby pktm ktylriebf~ q~g`~fh% gtmb~ lftkgly ymgred tm~bftbl kt pktmhkektf~{ fitkgl% Nblcfhkl

Lbtfl{fmr mfy yfkd, Tmbyflitkgly khqgybd gl K~fl n{

tmb Rlktbd Lftkgly‛ Ybir~kt{ Igrlike f~b lgt blgr`m% tmbKy~fbek q~khb hklkytb~ tged ILL, Mb b}q~byybd iglib~ltmft K~fl hf{ `fkl fddktkglfe kloerblib dr~kl` tmb ~biblt

rqmbffe fi~gyy tmb HkddebBfyt, K~fl ymgred jlgp tmft ―ko kt ofkey tg iggqb~ftb% tmb~b pkee

nb i~bdkneb hkektf~{ fitkgly%‘ Lbtfl{fmr yfkd, Mb nbekbby kt ky tmb gle{ tmkl` tmft igred

ytgq Tbm~fl‛y lriebf~ q~g`~fh,

Pmkeb tmb yqgtek`mty go tmb hbdkf mfb nbbl tr~lbd gl tg

qefiby ekjb Ekn{f fld Nfm~fkl f yhgjb yi~bbl mfy nbbl

i~bftbd og~ K~fl pmgyb q~bykdblt ky sbfegry og~ tmb

dbyt~ritkgl go Ky~fbe, Kt pfy ~bqg~tbd gl Hf~im 64tm% >166

tmft K~fl ky lgp ~bfd{ tg ―b}qg~t qbfibore lriebf~

tbimlgeg`{‘ Lgp tmb q~gnebh pktm tmky lbpy tkteb ky tmb

ighnklftkgl go ”qbfibore‛ fld ”lriebf~‛, Tmb~b ky lgtmkl`

qbfibore fngrt lriebf~ pbfqgly fld tmft kt ky nbkl` b}qg~tbd

grt go K~fl pmgyb ebfdb~ymkq f~b nblt gl tmb yrnhkyykgl go

tmb pg~ed tg Feefm fld mky q~gqmbt Hgmfhhfd, Lbbdebyy tg

yf{% tmky tbimlgeg`{ ky q~bdghklflte{ nrket n{ ^ryykf% flgtmb~

igrlt~{ sbfegry og~ kty ofktm kl ftmbkyh, Fegl`ykdb tmb

rldb~`~grld nefij hf~jbt t~fdb ~grtby mbeqbd n{ tmb

qfyykglftb qrym og~ ègnfeksftkgl ~bnbey f~b fe~bfd{ kl eklb tg

`bt tmbk~ mfldy gl yghb go tmbyb ”qbfibore lriebf~‛ q~gdrity

og~ tmbk~ blbhkby tg ~byt kl qkbiby,

>166 kldbbd pkee nb f egl` {bf~ og~ tmb imr~im fld Ky~fbe, Tmb

nggj go Sbimf~kfm tbeey ry Ky~fbe pkee nb nbykb`bd fld ―fee tmb

lftkgly go tmb bf~tm `ftmb~bd f`fklyt mb~‛ Zybb Sbimf~kfm 6>X,

Tmb imr~im tmft mfyl‛t nbbl bl`~fotbd kl tmb ighhglpbfetm

go Ky~fbe pkee feyg nb tbytbd tm~gr`m qb~ybirtkgl% dbftm fld

mft~bd, Kl tmft hghblt flgtmb~ if~lfe hk`~ftkgl pkee tfjbqefib kl tmb imr~im ybldkl` tmgyb pmg f~b ”egb~y go

tmbhybeby‛ kltg qfity pktm tmb dbke fld nbt~f{kl` imr~imby

pmg mfb lgt dblkbd Ky~fbe fy f imgybl qbgqeb rldb~ @gd,

Dgl‛t ̀ bt dkyt~fitbd3 Fee ~gfdy ebfd tg Ky~fbe fld tmb Imr~im

^rhgr~3

Klog~hftkgl: gotbl f t~rtm

fld fl rlt~rtm qfyybd

f~grld b~nfee{,

Q~gqf`fldf

Hftb~kfe dkyybhklftbd n{ tmbfdgiftby g~ gqqglblty go fdgit~klb g~ ifryb,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_protests





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bahrain



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Roundabout


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia










Tmb Mfldkl` Gb~ go tmb Lrhnb~ Hf~jbd og~ Dbftm

Btmkgqkfl Im~kytkfly oebbfotb~ imr~im nr~lkl`yQrnekymbd gl3 >1 Hf~im >166N{ Eri fl Jbhblfdb mttq3ppp,~lp,le

Bfl`bekife imr~imby fld

mghby mfb nbbl nr~lt dgpln{ hgny go Hryekhy kl tmb

Ygrtm(pbytb~l Ckhhf ~b`kglgo Btmkgqkf, Tmb fttfijy mfbebot ft ebfyt glb qb~ygl dbfdfld 0%111 dkyqefibd, ―Tmky kyf yt~ftb`kifee{ qefllbd fttfij n{ fl b}t~bhkyt Kyefhki`~grq,‘

?; imr~imby nr~lt dgpl Bfl`bekife imr~imby fldmghby go Im~kytkfly klFybldfng% fngrt 911jkeghbt~by ygrtmpbyt go ifqktfe Fddky Fnfnf% fld

gtmb~ tgply kl tmb Ckhhf~b`kgl pb~b tg~imbd bf~ekb~tmky hgltm, Tmgryfldy go

tmbh mfb oebd tmbk~mghbtgply tg yfob~ f~bfy,

―Kt ky f hk~fieb tmft pb f~bytfldkl` mb~b tfejkl`%‘ yf{yPgedb @kg~`ky% f q~khf~{

yimgge tbfimb~ fld dbgrt Im~kytkfl, ―K pkee ebfb t mkyqefib fy yggl fy qgyykneb% ekjbyg hfl{ Im~kytkfly fe~bfd{dkd, K dgl‛t jlgp pmft pkee nb

lb}t3 ok~yt tmb{ nr~l gr~imr~imby fld mgryby, F~btmb{ ̀ gkl` tg jkee ry lgp7‘

Hg~b tmfl 4? imr~imby

nbegl`kl` tg tmb Qbltbigytfe

Jfeb Mkpgt -Pg~d go Ekob+

Imr~im fld >9 nbegl`kl` tg

gtmb~ Im~kytkfl `~grqy mfb

nbbl nr~lt dgpl

” F~b tmb{ `gkl` tg jkee ry lgp7 ‛ fyjbd

Pgedb% -ebot+ fld tmb flypb~ ky ”{by‛ fld ko

Pgedb mfd fyjbd ”pm{7‛ tmb~b pgred nb lg

lbbd og~ fl{ rllbibyyf~{ dbnftb nbifryb

kt ky p~kttbl ― Tmbl {gr pkee nb mfldbd

gb~ tg nb qb~ybirtbd fld qrt tg dbftm%

fld {gr pkee nb mftbd n{ fee lftkgly

nbifryb go hb‘, Lgp tmb~b f~b tpg tmkl`y

{gr lbbd tg lgtkib mb~b% ok~yt tmb ofit tmft

kt ky tmb Eg~d tmft ky dgkl` tmb mfldkl`

gb~ fld ybiglde{ tmft qb~ybirtkgl% dbftm

fld mft~bd f~b tm~bb dkytklit iftb`g~kby:

fld tmft yghb go ry pkee ofib% glb go tm~bb%

tpg go tm~bb g~ fee tm~bb dbqbldkl` gl

pmb~b pb f~b yqk~ktrfee{ pktm tmb Eg~d fld

kl tb~hy go `bg`~fqmki egiftkgl, Tmbhbyyf`b tg tmb ybbl imr~imby kl

^bbeftkgl ymgred tbee ry tmft fee tmb

imr~imby pb~b ok~yt fdhglkymbd kl ~b`f~dy

tg tmbk~ yqk~ktrfe qgytr~b fld qm{ykife

egife, Ekjbpkyb imr~imby kl tmb Hkddeb Bfyt

fld q~bdghklflte{ Hryekh f~bfy pkee hgyt

ekjbe{ ofib fee tm~bb iftb`g~kby pmkeb tmb

imr~imby kl tmb pbyt pkee nb f~kbd

fiig~dkl` tg tmb yqk~ktrfe yt~gl`mged,

Kl ~b`f~d tg tmb ofit tmft tmb Eg~d ky tmb

glb dgkl` tmb mfldkl` gb~% pb lbbd tg~bhkld gr~ybeby go ^bbeftkgl ?3;(66

―Pmbl mb gqblbd tmb okotm ybfe K yfp

rldb~ tmb fetf~ tmb ygrey go tmgyb pmg

mfd nbbl yefkl nbifryb go tmb pg~d go

@gd fld tmb tbytkhgl{ tmb{ hfkltfklbd,

Tmb{ ifeebd grt kl f egrd vgkib% ―mgp

egl`% Ygb~bk`l Eg~d% mge{ fld t~rb%

rltke {gr crd`b tmb klmfnktflty go tmb

bf~tm fld fvbl`b gr~ neggd7‘ Tmbl

bfim pfy `kbl f pmktb ~gnb% fld tmb{

pb~b tged tg pfkt f ektteb egl`b~% rltke

tmb lrhnb~ go tmbk~ obeegp yb~flty fld

n~gtmb~y pmg pb~b tg nb jkeebd fy tmb{

mfd nbbl pfy ighqebtbd

Tmb iglblkblt ~fqtr~gry yblyftkglfekyh

tmft mfy qb~hbftbd tmb pbytb~l imr~im ky

`gkl` tg q~gb hfl{ q~gqmbty ofeyb fld

hfl{ tbfimb~y k`lg~flt pmbl tmb hbdkf

ifl lg egl`b~ mkdb tmb byifeftkl` dbftm tgee

go Im~kytkfly, Cbyry tfytbd dbftm og~ ry fld

tmgyb pmg t~re{ rldb~ytfld tmb i~gyy pkee

lgt mbyktftb tg tfytb dbftm og~ tmb èg~{ go

Mky lfhb, Kl Mbn~bpy >364(62% pb ~bfd

―yklib tmb imked~bl ymf~b kl oebym fldneggd% Mb Mkhybeo ekjbpkyb feyg qf~tggj

go tmb yfhb% tmft tm~gr`m dbftm% Mb

hk`mt ~bldb~ qgpb~ebyy mkh pmg mfd

tmb qgpb~ go dbftm% tmft ky tmb dbke fld

hk`mt o~bb tmgyb pmg tm~gr`m obf~ go

dbftm pb~b yrncbit tg yefb~{ fee tmbk~

ekby,

Tmb qgpb~ go dbftm ky gl tmb ykdb go Kyefhfld tmgyb pmg f~b `gkl` tg ofee fpf{ ft tmb

tkhb pmbl dbftm jlgijy rqgl tmb dgg~y go

tmbk~ oebym tmbl ebt tmb ~bfdb~ jlgp tmft kt ky

feyg p~kttbl kl Mbn~bpy ?34(= tmft ―kl tmb

ifyb go tmgyb pmg mfb3

Glib nbbl blek`mtblbd

Tfytbd tmb mbfble{ `kot

Nbbl hfdb qf~tfjb~y go tmb Mge{

Yqk~kt%

Tfytbd tmb `ggd pg~d go @gd

Fld tmb qgpb~y go tmb f`b tg ighb

Fld tmbl mfb ofeebl fpf{

KT KY KHQGYYKNEB TG ^BLBP TMBH

F@FKL TG ^BQ^BLTFLIB% YKLIB

TMB[ F@FKL I^RIKO[ TG

TMBHYBE_BY TMB YGL GO @GD FLD

QRT MKH TG GQBL YMFHB,

Pmft ky tmb dkoob~blib nbtpbbl f

Im~kytkfl% f nbekbb~ fld f dkyikqeb7

F Im~kytkfl ky ifeebd n{ Mky lfhb% f nbekbb~

ykhqeb nbekbby kl Mky lfhb pmkeb f dkyikqebky dkyikqeklbd kl tmb ryb go Mky lfhb nbifryb

Mb yg nbekbby Mkh, Pb mfb f egt go

Im~kytkfly% f egt go nbekbb~y% nrt pb dgl‛t

mfb f egt go dkyikqeby fld gle{ tmgyb pmg f~b

dkyikqeklbd f~b ~bob~~bd tg tmb Eg~d fy ”ygly‛

og~ Mb dkyikqeklby tmb ygl pmgh Mb egby,

Tmbyb f~b lgt gqklkgly nrt Yi~kqtr~fe t~rtmy,

Tmb ofeekl` fpf{ go hfl{ pkee nb Im~kytkfly

fld nbekbb~y nrt tmb dkyikqeby t~fklbd n{ tmb

Yqk~kt go Mgeklbyy% `glb tm~gr`m tmb or~lfib

go fooekitkgl fld tbhqb~bd kl tmb pkedb~lbyy

pkee nb tmgyb pmg pkee ytfld fld nb yfb

dbo{kl` dbftm% tmb dgit~klby go dbhgly fld

tmb go mbee tg gb~ighb pktm tmb neggd go tmb

Efhn fld tmb pg~d go tmbk~ tbytkhgl{,

Tmb ygly go tmb jkl`dgh pkee lbb~ ~bt~bft kl

tmbk~ fdflib pktm tmb hbyyf`b go tmb

Jkl`dgh nbifryb tmb{ jlgp kt ky hk`mt{ tg

tmb qreekl` dgpl go yt~gl`mgedy% lgtmkl` pkee

nbld tmbk~ jlbby fqf~t o~gh tmb @gd pmgh

tmb{ ifee ―Fnnf% Oftmb~‘,

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Cfhby Qb~gl go RY Qgytbd ft 039? FH Hf~im >6% >166 [gr ifl't ofret tmb eg`ki%hf~~kf`b bvrfekt{ ky lgt t~fdktkglfe,Lbktmb~ f~b pghbl q~khb hklkytb~y% yg Kb}qbit mb~ ~byk`lftkgl qgyt mfytb

Nkee{ Nftbhfl go Y{dlb{ Qgytbd ft 0341 FH Hf~im >6% >1663 Ft ok~yt K efr`mbd -K

tmgr`mt {gr pb~b cgjkl`+, Lgp K ~bfekyb{gr'~b lgt, K pkee lbb~ gtb og~ {grf`fkl, H{ gtb -pmb~bbb~ qgyykneb+ ky`gkl` tg tmb Yb} Qf~t{,

Fld~bp go Hben Qgytbd ft =311 FH Hf~im >6% >166 3Pmftbb~ Crekf& Pmft fegfd go i~fq& Pmft f oft m{qgi~ktb& Crekf &K yr``byt {gr hf~~{ {gr~ qf~tlb~ ko {grpflt tg `g f~grld q~bfimkl` qf~ty go tmb nkneb& [gr hfjb hb ykij&

Tgl{ L go RYF Qgytbd ft =3>4 FH Hf~im

>6% >1663 Yg nfykifee{ ymb'y cryt fyt~fk`mt rq nk`gt7 Ymb ifl't bbl ryb

~bek`kgl tg crytko{ kt, Dgl't fl{ go tmbybqbgqeb ~bfeksb tmft bbltrfee{ `f{hf~~kf`b pkee nb eb`fe bb~{pmb~b7 Kt hf{ tfjb f egl` tkhb% nrt pmbl pb eggj nfij ft Fryt~fekf'y ok~yt pghfl Q~khb

Hklkytb~% pb'~b `gkl` tg ybb fmghgqmgnb nk`gt,

Erjb go Jkl`y I~gyy Qgytbd ft ;31? FH Hf~im >6% >166 Mgp iglyb~ftkb ky kt tgekb q~byrhfne{ kl f yb}rfe ~beftkglymkqpktm yghbglb {gr'~b lgt hf~~kbd tg, Ko tmb Rlktbd Jkl`dgh% pmb~b pb f~biretr~fee{ fld mkytg~kifee{ o~gh ifl

ebf`fekyb `f{ rlkgly% tmbl pm{ ifl't pb7

Ko Lbp Sbfefld% gr~ iegybyt lbk`mngr~fld obeegp Ighhglpbfetm Lftkgly go Ygrtm Fo~kif fld Iflfdf ifl eb`fekyb kt%fld tmb{ feyg ymf~b iretr~fe fld mkytg~kiigllbitkgly tmbl pm{ ifl't pb7 Crekf%tmb Rlkgly dg yrqqg~t kt% tmb rlkglhgbhblt ky hbflt tg ~bhgbklbvrfekt{, K dgl't tmklj {gr'~b q~g(rlkgl g~ fitrfee{ ytfld og~ hrim

Ymflb go Lbpifyteb Qgytbd ft 632? QH Hf~im >6% >166 Pgp &,,, f`fkl,,, PGP &kt ybbhy tmft ~bek`kgl pkee fepf{y dkitftbqgektkiy kl tmky igrlt~{, Yfhb(yb}hf~~kf`b ~k`mty mfy lgtmkl` tg dg pktm

tmb nkneb g~ tmb Imr~im, Tmb fit tg nb

eb`fee{ ~big`lkybd fy yghbglby qf~tlb~ky f qkbib go eb`kyeftkgl,

mttq3ppp,dfke{tbeb`~fqm,igh,fr

Pmft dgby qb~ybirtkgl kl N~ktfkl eggj ekjb7

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl`

G ifl {gr yhbee tmb yhgjbN~ktfkl ky nr~lkl`% pgb tg tmgyb pktmgrt

mgqb

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl` tmb ok~b ft mb~ ~ggty

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl`% N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl`

nbifryb ymb mfyl‛t bhn~fib T~rtm

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl` nbekbb~y {gr pkee imgjb

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl` dgl‛t yf{ tmft {gr pkee

igqb

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl` tmb Jkl`dgh hryt nb

q~bfimbd

N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl`% N~ktfkl ky nr~lkl` tmb

igblflt mfy nbbl n~bbimbd

Tmky ygl` pfy ~bibkbd kl bf~e{ Cflrf~{%

tmky {bf~ fld kty hbyyf`b ky iebf~( N~ktfkl

ky nr~lkl`, Tmb geiflki b~rqtkgl kl

Kibefld tmft `~grldbd tmb oek`mty fi~gyy

RJ fld Br~gqb pfy tmb yk`l go tmb yhgjb,

Tmb pf{y kl pmkim mrhflkyh fld tmb

q~ghgtkgl go ”ybeo‛ fld kltbeebit mfbkloket~ftbd tmb ygikfe% bdriftkglfe% qgektkife

fld yqk~ktrfe efldyifqb go tmb Kyefld mfb

ftt~fitbd tmb p~ftm go @gd, Fy kl fee ifyby%

tg pmgh hrim ky `kbl hrim ky kl bvrfe

hbfyr~by ~bvrk~bd,

Tmb `~bft ofee go N~ktfkl kltg kltbeebitrfedbifdblib fld yqk~ktrfe dbif{ ky f yk`l kl

ktybeo tmft flgtmb~ `~bft ~bkfe ky `gkl` tg

ypbbq tmky lftkgl tmft pkee dpf~o tmb

gtmb~y nbog~b kt, N~ktfkl‛y yqk~ktrfemb~ktf`b ky jlgpl fld obet tmb pg~ed gb~,

Gl tmb >6yt go Hf~im pmbl Fryt~fekf‛y ok~yt

obhfeb Q~khb Hklkytb~% Crekf @keef~d

~bbfebd tmft mb~ ytflib f`fklyt `f{

hf~~kf`by pfy drb tg mb~ rqn~kl`kl`

ZIm~kytkflX ytftkl` tmft ―tmb~b f~b yghb

khqg~tflt tmkl`y o~gh gr~ qfyt tmft lbbd

tg igltklrb tg nb qf~t go gr~ q~byblt fld

qf~t go gr~ ortr~b%. ZfldX.Ko K pfy kl f

dkoob~blt pfej go ekob% ko K'd igltklrbd kl tmb

efp fld pfy qf~tlb~ go f efp ok~h lgp% K

pgred b}q~byy tmb yfhb kbp% tmft K tmklj

og~ gr~ iretr~b% og~ gr~ mb~ktf`b% tmb

Hf~~kf`b Fit fld hf~~kf`b nbkl` nbtpbbl

f hfl fld f pghfl mfy f yqbikfe ytftry‘

Mb~ ytflib khhbdkftbe{ fhfyybd gb~ 96

ighhblty pktm gle{ glb yf{kl` tmft tmb{

pb~b èfd ymb ytggd rq og~ mb~ ferby,

Pmbl f Im~kytkfl ifllgt bbl b}q~byy

tmbk~ kbpy pmbl fyjbd fngrt tmbk~ kbpy

tmbl {gr jlgp tmft tmb kltgeb~flib og~

fl{tmkl` ”Im~kytkfl‛ ky ~rllkl` grt vrkije{,

Tmb efpy go tmb efld f~b imfl`kl` ~fqkde{

fld tmgyb pmg f~b nbmkld yrim imfl`by

Mfb lg obf~ g~ ~b`f~dy og~ fl{tmkl` nrt

tmb ~bek`kgl go ”ybeo‛, Hbfyr~by f~b nbkl`

qrt kl qefib tg ylroo grt tmb gkib go tmb

imr~im, Kyefh ky obf~bd nbifryb Kyefh‛y

@gd dgby lgt yf{ ―bl`bflib ky hklb% K

pkee ~bqf{‘ yg tmb pbyt mfy tg nb b~{

tfitore kl tmb pf{ tmb{ t~bft Hryekhy, Gl

tmb gtmb~ mgpbb~% Im~kytkflkt{ ky `kbl

imf~`b tg nb lgl(kgeblt kl tmb ofib go

oftfe tm~bfty, Tg tmb imr~im kl Yh{~lf

tmb Eg~d tged tmbh tmft ―tmb dbke pkee

qrt yghb go {gr kl q~kygl tg tbyt {gr%

fld {gr pkee yroob~ qb~ybirtkgl og~ tbl

df{y, Nb ofktmore% bbl tg tmb qgklt go

dbftm% fld K pkee `kb {gr tmb i~gpl go

ekob,‘ Or~tmb~hg~b Mb q~ghkybd tmft ―mb

pmg gb~ ighby pkee lgt nb mr~t ft fee n{

tmb ybigld dbftm‘ Tmbyb ybbl imr~imby

f~b ~kim pktm q~gqmbtki y{hngekyh tmft

pb pkee lgt dbeb kltg kl tmky kyyrb nrt

yrookib tg yf{% tmbyb ybbl imr~imby

~bq~byblty ybbl ”dkoob~blt t{qby go

nbekbb~y pmgyb ~byqglyb tg tmb Eg~d

{kbedy ekob g~ dbftm,

Pmb~b eknb~t{% dbhgi~fi{ fld o~bbdgh go

yqbbim f~b q~gobyybd n{ tmb qgektkikfly go

tmky efld% tmb ykeblt imfl`by go efp fld tmb

hf~`klfekyftkgl fld b}ierykgl go

Im~kytkfly ky pbee rldb~ pf{, ”Kl f

efldhf~j crd`hblt% pmkim pkee mfb f

yb~kgry khqfit gl tmb ortr~b go ogytb~kl`

fld fdgqtkgl kl tmb RJ% tmb Mk`m Igr~t mfy

yr``bytbd tmft Im~kytkfly pktm t~fdktkglfe

kbpy gl yb}rfe btmkiy f~b rlyrktfneb fy

ogytb~ if~b~y% fld tmft mghgyb}rfe ”~k`mty‛

t~rhq o~bbdgh go iglyikblib kl tmb RJ, Tmb

Crd`by ytftbd tmft Im~kytkfl nbekboy gl

yb}rfe btmkiy hf{ nb ”klkhkife‛ tg imked~bl%fld tmb{ khqekikte{ rqmbed fl Bvrfektkby fld

Mrhfl ̂ k`mty Ighhkyykgl -BMÎ+

yrnhkyykgl tmft imked~bl ~kyj nbkl`

”klobitbd‛ n{ Im~kytkfl hg~fe nbekboy,

Og~ hg~b klog~hftkgl qebfyb kykt3

mttq3ppp,im~kytkfleb`feiblt~b,ighkb

p,qmq7kd86>4=

Rldb~ tmb pbk`mt go dbq~byykgly%

kloeftkgly% gqq~byykgly fld yrqq~byykgly

tmb ek`mt go t~rtm fld tmb gkib go k~trb

pkee ~kyb kl tmky Kyefld, Tmb Eg~d pkee ybt

tmb ygly go Skgl pktm tmb Mbn~bp hkld(ybt

f`fklyt tmb ygly go @~bbib fld tmb n~kdb

pkee nbighb fl f~~gp kl tmb ngp go @gd

fld mkt tmb tf~`bt,

Gqklkgly% Igloekit fld Qb~ybirtkglPmb~b o~bb yqbbim ky lg egl`b~ o~bb ko {gr f~b f Im~kytkfl





Tmb vrbyt og~ tmb ”Kdbfe ^bek`kgl‛

Kl tmb Lbp Yikbltkyt -pbbje{+ >?%

Hf~im >166% tktebd Ytf~t O~gh

Yi~ftim -Pmft ko pb nrket tmb orldfhbltfey go hgdb~l ekob fo~bym+

p~kttbl n{ Ngn Mgehby pmg

o~bvrblte{ igb~y tgqkiy yrim fy

bgertkglf~{ nkgeg`{% `blbtkiy fld

bigeg`{ gqbly tmb f~tkieb pktm tmky

vrbytkgl3

Yrqqgyb pb igred t~{ f`fkl, Khf`klb

tmft ikkeksftkgl 6,1 bfqg~ftbd

tghg~~gp% ebfkl` ry pktm rlekhktbd

hfl qgpb~ f pkeekl` qgqrefib fld ’

hgyt khqg~tflt( fee tmb jlgpebd`b

pb‛vb fiirhreftbd fngrt pmft pg~jy%

pmft dgbyl‛t% fld mgp pb hk`mt fvgkd

b~~g~y pb `gt egijbd kltg tmb efyt tkhb,

Ko {gr mfd tmb imflib tg nrked

ikkeksftkgl >,1 o~gh yi~ftim% pmft

pgred {gr dg dkoob~blte{7 ,,,

Tmb ~byret ky f ~bikqb og~ gb~mfrekl`

mgp pb ekb% `bt f~grld fld g~`flksb

gr~ ygikbtkby( fy pbee fy ~biglykdb~kl`

gr~ fqq~gfim tg iglibqty yrim fy

~bek`kgl% dbhgi~fi{ fld bbl tkhb,

D^BFHKL@ GO TMB F LBP IK_KEKSFTKGL KY HG^B TMFL F

TMGR@MT B]QB^KHBLT3 tmb flypb~y

mk`mek`mt pmft ky hgyt kl lbbd go f

~btmklj% fld mklt ft nged ~bqfk~y tmft

hk`mt nb qgyykneb tgdf{,

Ofity o~gh tmky gqblkl`3

ZFXIkkeksftkgl -6,1+ ky hf~jbd n{ f

ègnfe kdbfe tmft ybbjy tmb

”bgertkglf~{ b}tklitkgl‛ go tmky pg~ed

kl ofgr~ go tmb ~kyb go tmb ”lbp pg~ed

g~db~‛ pktm f ”lbp hfl‛

ZNXTmky ”lbp hfl‛ og~hy tmb qb~obit

~bykdblt og~ tmb ”lbp pg~ed G~db~‛

-k,b, ikkeksftkgl >,1+ tmft mfb nbbl kl

f qb~qbtrfe i{ieb go dbbegqhblt

yklib tmb df{y go Erikob~‛y ~bnbeekgl,

ZIX Og~ tmky lbp pg~ed tg pg~j tmb{

f~b tm~bb jb{ tmkl`y tmft hryt nb qrt

kl qefib3

K, Rlekhktbd hfl qgpb~

KK, F pkeekl` qgqrefib

KKK, Fee tmb jlgpebd`b pb‛b

fiirhreftbd Zo~gh

ikkeksftkgl 6,1X

ofkebd pmkeb tmb yrl jbqt kty igr~yb,

Kl Dflkbe 03>2 pb ebf~l tmft tmb 4tm

nbfyt ymfee fttbhqt tg imfl`b tkhbyfld efp, Tmb jb{ pg~d tg lgtb kl tmky

b~yb ky tmft tmb nbfyt pkee ”fttbhqt‛

tmft hbfly mb pkee t~{ tg dg tmb

khqgyykneb fld ofke hkyb~fne{,

Tmb pbytb~l ifebldf~ y{ytbh pb

ir~~blte{ ryb ky fl keeryt~ftkgl go yrim

fl fttbhqt pktm f oebbtkl` db`~bb go

yriibyy, Kl B}gdry 6>36(> tmb Eg~d

hfdb kt iebf~ tmft tmb ok~yt go tmb

hgltm tg nb`kl tmb {bf~ ymgred nb

Hf~im pmkim tmb Cbpy ~bob~ tg fy

”Lkyfl‛ gl tmb Mbn~fki ifebldf~,

Yq~kl` dgbyl‛t f~~kb kl Cflrf~{

nbifryb Cflrf~{ Zlfhbd fotb~ tmb `gd

go `ftby fld dgg~y ”Cflry‛X ky f pkltb~

hgltm, Mgpbb~% fy tmb yf{kl` `gby

―pmbl kl ^ghb dg fy tmb ^ghfl‛y dg‘

Lgp tmb ^ghfly mfb f q~gnebh pktm

hglgtmbkyh og~ kt ~byt~kity tmft pmkim

tmb{ dbbh fy ”o~bbdgh go b}q~byykgl‛,

Og~ ^ghb% ekob ky lgt fngrt f ykl`ref~

@gd nrt hfl{ `gdy, Tmb yqk~ktrfe

dbibqtkgl mkddbl kl tmb d{lfhkiy go

tmb ~ghfltki gb~tglby ymgpy mgp

ged ^ghb ytkee qef`rby tmb hkld(ybt go

tmb LI>,1 iglb~ty tg qr~yrb tmb oftfe

ftt~fitkgl go dbko{kl` hfl fy @gd

fngb @gd kl g~db~ tg ~bnrked tmb ~rkl

ikt{ pktm f lbp n~bbd go ^ghfly,

Tmb pg~ed ky lgp pktlbyykl` tmb efyt

fld oklfe ~bhlflty go tmb 4tm nbfyt

og~hkl` f ègnfe feekflib kl mglgr~ go

tmbk~ ofeebl q~klib, Tmb dkoob~blib

nbtpbbl Yftfl fld mky ogeegpb~y ky

tmft mb jlgpy pmb~b mky bld pkee nbpmkeb mky ogeegpb~y fyyrhb pmb~b

tmbk~ bld pkee nb, Tmb gle{ tmkl` tmft

LI>,G ky ib~tfkl go kl ~b`f~dy tg tkhb

ky tmft kt pfkty og~ lg hfl, Ft tmb b~{

tkhb tmft Lbnrimfdlbssf~ iglykdb~bd

bvrfekt{ pktm @gd% ―pmkeb tmb pg~dy

pb~b ytkee kl tmb jkl`‛y hgrtm% f

vgkib ifhb o~gh mbfvbl‘ Dflkbe

43>=(90, Tmky tbeey ry tmft tmb b~{

hghblt hbl nb`kl tg ~bfygl ekjb

flkhfey tmb Eg~d t~bfty tmbh fy

flkhfey, Erikob~ ~bfyglbd ekjb flflkhfe fld nbifhb f yb~qblt fld mky

egot{ mgqby go ybeo(b}fetftkgl obee tg

dryt, Tmb yfhb gkib ky pftim gb~

Mky pg~d tg qb~og~h kt pmbl tmb lbp

^ghb tmkljy kty qefly f~b qb~obitbd,

Kt ky fqqf~blt o~gh H~ Mgehby

~bybf~im tmft tmb~b f~b feyg tm~bb

”iglibqty‛ pmkim K ifee ”gnytfieby‛ tmft

mb yf{y lbbdy ”~biglykdb~kl`‛ pmkimklierdby3

K, ^bek`kgl

KK, Dbhgi~fi{

KKK, Tkhb

Fld tmb oklfe qgklt tg lgtb ky tmft tmky

ky lgt f d~bfh ytftb igb~ ytg~{% og~

H~ Mgehby iebf~e{ ytftby tmft tmb

―~bikqb og~ gb~mfrekl` mgp pb ekb‘

fld ―d~bfhkl` go f lbp ikkeksftkgl ky

hg~b tmfl f tmgr`mt b}qb~khblt‛,

Lgp tmb~b f~b hfl{ igegr~ore pf{ypb igred q~{ fqf~t tmbyb pg~dy go H~

Mgehby nrt tmb gncbitkb ky tg `bt ft

tmb ~ggt go tmky lbp ikkeksftkgl >,1

mb~bfotb~ ~bob~~bd tg fy -LI >,1+,

Lgtkib tmb ok~yt kl tmb yb~kby go

”iglibqty‛ tmft lbbdy tg nb tfijebd ky

~bek`kgl, Pm{7 Nbifryb pktm tmb tm~bb

hglgtmbkytki ofktmy -k,b, Crdfkyh%

Im~kytkflkt{ fld Kyefh+ f~grld% LI>,1

pkee lgt nb fneb tg ~rl fy yhggtme{ fy

qefllbd fy tmb @gdy tmft `gb~l tmbybofktmy f~b kltgeb~flt go fl{ gtmb~

`bttkl` tmb pg~ymkq tmb{ q~ksb fy tmbk~

gpl,

Ybiglde{% tmb ighhgl rldb~ytfldkl`

go dbhgi~fi{ ky tmft kt ky `gb~l n{

tmb qbgqeb‛y imgkib go pmg tmb{ pflt

tg ebfd tmbh, Rlebyy tmb LI>,1

fdgiftby tgtfee{ b~fdkiftb gr~ imgkib%

tmky tgg t~grneby tmb d~bfh, Tmbl

efyte{ tmb~b ky tmb hfcg~ kyyrb go ”tkhb‛

nbifryb pmkeb dbhgi~fi{ fld ~bek`kgl

ifl nb hflkqreftbd kloket~ftbd fld

bbl gb~tm~gpl tmb~b ky f ybt tkhb

og~ bb~{tmkl` tmft ky rldb~ tmb yrl,

Hfl{ `blb~ftkgly mfb qfyybd t~{kl`

tg bytfnekymbd f LI>,1 fld fee mfb





Fotb~ Mgehby% klt~gdribd mky tfjb gl

LI>,1% tmb~b pb~b gtmb~y pmg pb~b

yqbfjkl` gl tmb lbp `~fld dbyk`l go

tmb LI>,1 klo~fyt~ritr~b, Bbltrfee{

pb f~~kbd tg Jftb Dgrèfy‛yiglt~knrtkgl tktebd ”Imggykl` H{

^bek`kgl‛ pmb~b ymb tgg gqblbd pktm f

vrbytkgl ―pmft og~h pgred tmb kdbfe

~bek`kgl tfjb7‘ Mb~ ytflib ky tmft

~bek`kgl ifllgt nb b~fdkiftbd nrt kt

ifl nb ~bdbyk`lbd, Fiig~dkl` tg Jftb

tmb ~bfygly `kbl pm{ ~bek`kgl ifllgt

nb `gttbl ~kd go bfyke{ ky gpkl` tg tmb

ofit tmft3

K, ^bek k̀gry qbgqeb f~b mfqqkb~

fld mbfetmkb~KK, ^bek k̀gl goob~y ighhrlkt{

KKK, Ybiref~kyh mfy qfyybd kty

sblktm

K_, ^bek k̀gl ytfnkeksby obf~ kl

tkhby go hk`~ftkgly%

biglghki klytfnkekt{ fld

pmbl qbgqeb obbe tmbk~

ferby f~b rldb~ tm~bft

N{ Dbekl` kltg yghb go tmb okldkl`y

go Mf~b{ Pmktbmgryb% o~gh G}og~d

Rlkb~ykt{ fld flgtmb~ fdgiftb og~

bgertkgl tmbg~{% ymb fddy mky okldkl`

tmft ~bbfebd tmft ~bek`kgl ighby kl

ogr~ oefgr~y3

ZFX Tmb Yfi~bd Qf~t{—”kliblyb

nr~lkl`% nbee ~kl`kl` fld ibebytkfe

if~ge hryki go Iftmgekikyh

ZNX Tmb~fq{((( ”tmb q~fitkiby go

mbfekl` fld ifytkl` grt dbkey fhgl`

yghb bvfl`bekife Im~kytkfly‛

ZIX H{ytkife Vrbyt ((( ”Nrddmkyt

vrbyt og~ Lk~flf‛

ZDX Yimgge(((”dbtfkebd ytrd{ go tmb

Vr~fl kl Kyefh g~ ~bfdkl` tmb Tg~fm

kl Crdfkyh‛

Tmb{ hf{ nb ”ogr~ oefgr~y‛ nrt tmb{

f~b okb dkoob~blt ngdkby ~big`lksbd

tmft pkee nb tfjbl o~gh tg og~h f

rlkvrb kl`~bdkblt og~ tmb LI>,1

^bek`kgl, Lgtkib tmb lfhb imfl`b

`kbl tg bfl`bekifey pmg ifyt grt

dbhgly ”tmb~fq{‛, Tmb gtmb~ tmkl` tglgtb mb~b ky tmb ofit tmft ytrd{ n{

Pmktbmgryb dgby lgt rldb~hklb tmb

ofit tmft tmb~b f~b ”dbhgly‛ tg nb ifyt

grt nrt mb pgred lg dgrnt mfb

lgtkibd tmft tmb~b ky f tmb~fqbrtki

boobit rqgl tmb glib dbhgl

qgyybyybd nbkl` dbekb~bd o~gh yrim

flghfekby kl gr~ pg~ed, Tmb `ggd

lbpy ky tmft tmb LI>,1% mfb

iglykdb~bd tmft tmbk~ hk`mt ytkee nb

tmgyb dbhgl qgyybyybd kl tmb lbp

pg~ed fld tmb{ mfb if~bd grt f yqgt

og~ tmgyb bfl`bekife Im~kytkfly tmft

yqbikfeksby kl dbekb~flib fld mbfekl`,

Tmb nfd lbpy ky tmft tmbyb qf~tkiref~

dbekb~flib hklkyt~kby mfb tg ryb tmb

lfhb ”Cbyry‛ fld tmb{ feyg hf{ mged

tg f q~klikqeb tmft ybby Iftmgekiy%

Nrddmkyt% fld Hryekhy fld bbl

ib~tfkl Cbpy okt og~ dbekb~flib kl tmft

lfhbd% fld pmg ky tg ytgq tmbh o~gh

”nkldkl`% ~bnrjkl` fld ifytkl` pmft

tmb{ nbekbb tg nb go tmb dbke kl tmb

lfhb go Cbyry7

Kt ky tmb mgqb go Jftb fld gtmb~

fdgiftbd nbmkld LI>,1 tmft f ―lbp

pg~ed ~bek`kgl pgred mfb f

mf~hglkgry nebld go tmbh fee3

brqmg~ki fld yblyrfe t~fqqkl`y go f

yfi~bd qf~t{% tmb y{hqftm{ fld

yggtmkl` nfehy go tmb~fq{% tmb

h{ytb~kby fld ~bbeftkgly go fl

btb~lfe cgr~lb{ fld tmb lr~tr~kl`dkdfitki fthgyqmb~b ko f yimgge‘

Pmgygbb~ tmkljy tmft tmb dbke ky lgt

qgbtki ky dberdbd tg mky ―brqmg~ki fld

yblyrfe t~fqqkl`y‘ tmft qfklty f

nbfrtkore qkitr~b go imfgy fld mbee

rykl` tmb ygot tmb~fqbrtki tglby go

”yfi~bd‛% ”qf~t{‛% ”y{hqftm{‛%

”yggtmkl`‛% ”nfehy go tmb~fq{‛%

”h{ytb~kby‛ ”~bvbeftkgly‛ % ”btb~lfe

cgr~lb{‛% ”lr~tr~kl`‛% ”dkdfitki

fthgyqmb~b‛ fld ”yimgge‛, Tmbyb f~b

qgyktkb pg~dy pktm f dbkekym

grtighb nrt tmbl tmb t~rtm ky fepf{y

mkddbl kl tmb yfhb q~g}khkt{ go f ekb,

Tmb ryb go tmb pg~d ”t~fqqkl`y‛ ky kl

bb~{ dbtfke go LI>,1 fld hfl{ mfb

fe~bfd{ jlbet nbog~b tmb fetf~ go tmky

lbp ~bek`kgl, Tmb~b ky feyg f qefib

q~gkdbd og~ tmgyb kltg ngd{

hrtkeftkgly nbifryb tmb ègnfekyt mfb

lgtkib tmft neggd ~ktrfey― nkld y qbgqeb

tg`btmb~ vb~{ kltblybe{‘ fld mfy f

―mk`me{ ~grykl` t~frhftki‘ boobit

―nbifryb qbgqeb tbld tg nb hg~bighhkttbd tg f ~bek`kgl fld tgeb~flt go

kty ofkekl`y fotb~ qf{kl` f mk`m q~kib og~

blt~{ ‘ , Gl fl bb~{df{ nfyky ekkl` kl

tmky lbp pg~ed g~db~ go ~bek`kgl tmbyb

―bb~{df{ ~ktrfey pkee ogir y gl

~m{tmhki dflikl` fld imfltkl` tg

ytkhreftb tmb ~bebfyb go bldg~qmkly%

pmkim ^gnkl Drlnf~% feyg ft G}og~d%

yf{y f~b ―jb{y tg ygikfe igmbykgl‘,

Tg jbbq qbgqeb ighkl` nfij% mb feyg q~byi~knby ―yghb h{tmy tmft n~bfj

tmb efpy go qm{ykiy% nrt lgt tgg

hrim‘ % fld lg b}t~bhb h{ytkikyh fy

kt tbldy tg ebfd tg yimkyhy‘

Oklfe lgtb o~gh Jftb Dgrèfy

mk`mek`mty tmb hfkl tm~ryty go tmky

”lbp ~bek`kgl‛ pmkim f~b fy ogeegpy kl

mb~ gpl pg~dy3

K, Hfl{ ̀ gdy

KK, @~bft tgeb~flib go

kdkgy{li~ftki q~fitkiby

KKK, Bhqmfyky gl pg~ede{ foofk~y

K_, Q~ghgtb tmb ryb go

iglt~fibqtkby

_, Yhfee ofhkekby

_K, Nb nk` gl blk~glhbltfe

kyyrby

_KK, Qmkefltm~gq{ qfikokyh /

iggqb~ftkgl,

^bhbhnb~ tmft tmb lrhnb~ -0+ ky glb

tmft Yi~kqtr~fee{% qgklty tg yqk~ktrfe

qb~obitkgl, Lgp tmb ~bikqb og~ tmbLI>,1 ~bek`kgl yg mfqqbly tg mfb

ybbl imkbo kl`~bdkblty pmkim hfjby

kt ighqebtb kl tmb b{by go @gd og~ Mky

p~ftm, Tmb ok~yt glb ”hfl{ `gdy‛ cryt yg mfqqbl tg kgeftb tmb ok~yt

ighhfldhblt go @gd fy kt qr~qg~ty

mfkl` hfl{ gtmb~ `gdy nbykdby Mkh,

Gm fld n{ tmb pf{ ”iglt~fibqtkby‛ kltmky ~bek`kgl feyg klierdby fng~tkgl,

Eggj og~ tmb t~fqqkl`y, Tmbyb ybbl

iftb`g~kby f~b hgdbey tmft f~b nbkl`

dbbegqbd og~ ykhreftkl` ortr~b

igr~yby fld dbyk`ly tmft ifl nb rybd

tg t~flyog~h yqbikokbd ~bek`kgryy{ytbhy, G}og~d Rlkb~ykt{ mgedy tmb

nfllb~ go bdriftkglfe q~bytk`b% fld

hfl{ lgtfneb dkyigb~kby mfb nbbl

nk~tmbd tmb~b, Mgpbb~% pmbl

jlgpebd`b tfjby q~bibdblib gb~

jlgpkl` @gd% tmbl tmb Eg~d ky lgt

lb~gry tg ymfjb tmb ogrldftkgl go

tmbyb pg~ed ~blgplbd y{ytbhy go

mk`mb~ ebf~lkl`, ^bek`kgl n{ fl{ gtmb~

lfhb ky ytkee ~bek`kgl fld obp mfb

dkyigb~bd tmft ~bek`kgl hf{ lgt mfb

nbbl f igklbd n{ @gd fld obpb~ ytkee

klierdkl` tmb fdgiftby go tmb LI>,1%

f~b {bt tg ~bfeksb tmft @gd ky lgt kltb~bytbd kl pmft Mky mfldy dkd lgt

dbyk`lbd, ^bek`kgl Zb}tb~kg~ hgtkbX ky

f dbyk`l grtykdb go @gd nrt f

~beftkglymkq Zkltb~kg~ hgtk bX ky f

dbyk`lbd klykdb go Mkh, Imggyb pbee,

―Pmft og~h pgred tmb kdbfe ~bek`kgl tfjb7‘





{grtmy% hf~jbd og~ dbyt~ritkgl tm~gr`m

yb}% d~r`y% feigmge% kgeblib fld

fddkitkgl tg tmb yg ifee ”~bfekt{ T_‛, Fy

hbltkglbd kl q~bkgry imfqtb~y tmb~b

f~b lg kygeftbd bblty kl gr~ pg~ed gle{

ig~~byqgldbliby,

Imfllbe 4 mfb if~bd grt f yb}rfe

lkimb q~ghgtkl` q~g`~fhhby pmgyb

`~fqmki igltblty f~b tfjkl` nk` ebfqy

tgpf~dy mfkl` mf~d qg~lg`~fqmki

igltblt dr~kl` q~khb tkhb, Tmb qbgqeb

nbmkld tmb yiblby q~ghgtkl` tmky

igltblt f~b qgpb~ore fld pbfetm{ fld f

qf~t go qfbdgqmkeb ~kl`y n{ lk`mt fld

tmbl pbf~ f hfyjy n{ df{ tg qef{ f ~geb,

Tmb f~`rhblt nbmkld tmbyb nryklbyyby

f~b tmft tmb jkdy pkee `bt kt fl{pf{ o~gh

gtmb~ ygr~iby,

Rltke pb f~b ymfjbl pb pgl‛t nb ymgijbd

Tmb ybbl {bf~ igrltdgpl tg hfjb qg~l tmb lg~h kl N~ktfkl fld Br~gqb

Gl tmb 2tm Fr`ryt >11?% tmb qmblghblgl

tktebd ”Hfytr~nftb(f(tmgl‛ klktkftbd kl6;;2 kl Yfl O~flikyig -RYF+ pfy oklfee{

q~bhkb~bd kl Egldgl fld tmb ~byt go

Br~gqb pktm bf`b~ qf~tkikqflty ighkl`

tg`btmb~ tg fhkfne{ ighqbtb og~ tmb

igbtgry tkteb go ―tmb Egl`byt Tkhb Yqblt

Hfytr~nftkl`HfebObhfeb., Hglb{

~fkybd o~gh tmb bblt `gby tg imf~ktkby

tmft yb~by tmb ifryb go kli~bfykl`

fpf~blbyy tg tmb nblbokty go tmky fitkkt{

fld b~fykl` tmb h{tmy% tfnggy fld ymfhb

tmft gotbl fiighqflkby tmb ”kllgiblib‛ go tmky yb}rfe fit, Egldgl i~bftkbe{

~blfhbd tmb bblt ”Pflj(f(tmgl‛ pmkimpfy yimbdreb og~ fk~kl` nrt pfy eftb~

qreebd pmbl yblkg~ gookikfey vrbytkgl kty

igltblt pmkim pfy drb tg nb ymgpl fy f

dgirhbltf~{ gl Imfllbe 4% rldb~ tmb`bl~b ”bdriftkglfe bltb~tfklhblt‛, N~ktfkl

lgp qef{y yqk~ktrfe mgyt tg f yb}rfe

q~klikqfekt{ pmgyb hfkl tf~`bty f~b

Fr`ryt% >112

Hfytr~nftkgl ky tmb ”hfytb~ nfkt‛

tmft ky nbkl` rybd tg iftim f nk``b~

okym( tmb hkld go tmb {grtmy,

Im~kytkfly f~b lgt khhrlb tg tmb

boobit go tmky yqk~kt, Kt ky i~fotbd fld

q~bybltbd kl yrim f ofymkgl tmgyb tmft

ymrl tmb fitkkt{ f~b ybbl fy fl

flghfe{ kl ygikbt{,

_g{br~kyh_g{br~

6, F qb~ygl pmg db~kby yb}rfe

`~ftkokiftkgl o~gh gnyb~kl` tmb lfjbd

ngdkby g~ yb}rfe fity go gtmb~y%

byqbikfee{ o~gh f ybi~bt fltf`b qgklt,

>, Fl gnybyykb gnyb~b~ go yg~dkd g~yblyftkglfe yrncbity,

Igred kt nb tmb~b ky f hf~jbt og~ imked

yb}% tbbl yb}% q~gytktrtkgl fld fnryb

tmft gr~ imked~bl f~b nbkl` q~bqf~bd tg

bltb~ kltg kl tmb lbf~ ortr~b7

Tmb t~bldy pgred yr``byt fl g~`flkybd

y{ytbhftki yt~ftb`{ tg kldgit~klftb f

lbp `blb~ftkgl og~ f qr~qgyb nb{gld

gr~ ir~~blt fnkekt{ tg ighq~bmbld,

Pktm imr~imby d~fpkl` igl`~b`ftkgly

go rq tg 6>‛111 kl qf~ty go Egldgl%

vrbytkgly lbbd tg nb fyjbd: pmb~b f~b

tmb gkiby% tmb ytfldf~d% yt~ftb`kby fldtggey tg ~bebfyb qbgqeb tg nb iftfe{yty

go imfl`b7 Kt ifl nb dglb&

Kltbeek`blte{% begvrblte{ fld pktm

b}ibeeblib:% ~bhbhnb~ pb f~b

fdhglkymbd tg nb fy pkyb fy yb~qblty

fld mf~hebyy ekjb dgby,

”Hg~b tmfl 2%111 imked~bl f~b nbkl`

og~ibd tg pg~j fy yb} yefby kl tmb RJ%

klierdkl` tmgryfldy t~fookijbd tg tmky

igrlt~{ n{ i~khklfe `fl`y% Tmb

Kldbqbldblt gl Yrldf{ ifl ~bbfe, Fl

khqg~tflt ytrd{ go ègnfe yefb~{

b}qgyby N~ktfkl fy f hfcg~ t~flykt

qgklt og~ tmb hgbhblt go imkedyefby f~grld tmb pg~ed,Ighhkyykglbd n{ ygikfe ~bybf~im

imf~kt{ tmb Cgybqm ^gplt~bb

Ogrldftkgl% tmb ~bqg~t qfklty f

ymgijkl` qkitr~b go fl kltb~lftkglfe

pbn go `fl` hfytb~y b}qegktkl`

imked~bl fy {grl` fy okb,

Tmb mrhfl t~fookijkl` t~fdb lgp

`blb~ftby fl bytkhftbd ©2nl f {bf~

pg~edpkdb% hfjkl` kt tmb ybigld

nk``byt kltb~lftkglfe i~khklfe

kldryt~{ fotb~ tmb d~r`y t~fdb,

Imked~bl'y imf~ktkby kl N~ktfkl yf{tmb~b mfy nbbl f .d~fhftki. ~kyb kl

~bob~~fey go t~fookijbd imked~bl tg

yb}rfe b}qegktftkgl yb~kiby,‛

mttq3ppp,kldbqbldblt,ig,rjlbpy

rji~khb2111(imked(yb}(yefby(kl(

rj(490=11,mthe

Pktm Qgekib ighnftkl` Qfbdgqmkeby

fld ~byirkl` imked~bl o~gh fnryb fld

tmb yb} yefb t~fdb% K mfb tg pgldb~

pmft tmbk~ kbpy f~b gl tmb ir~~blt

t~bldy kl bltb~tfklhblt% efp fld

bdriftkglfe qgeki{,

” F nged% klog~hftkb eggj ft tmb egb

ekby fld yb} ekby go tbblf`b~y tmft

tbeey kt ekjb kt ~bfee{ ky% fld ky dboklktbe{

lgt cryt og~ tbbly‛ ~bfdy tmb y{lgqyky

gl Imfllbe 4‛y pbnyktb kl ~b`f~d tg

tmb q~g`~fhhb ”Tmb Cg{ go Tbbl Yb}‛,

Kl pftimkl` fl bqkygdb kt pfy bkdblt

tmft fdrety ’ tmft ky `~gpl kldkkdrfey

pktm tmbk~ gpl rlkvrb yb}rfe

b}qb~kbliby fld b}qb~khblty pb~b

yfde{ nbighkl` klgebd kl tmb ekob

imgkiby go tbbly, Pktmkl f obp

hklrtby go yi~bbl tkhb% b}qekikt fdkib

pfy `kbl tg`btmb~ pktm f okehbd

igrqeb efnbeebd ”fitg~y‛ mfkl` yb} tg

dbeknb~ftbe{ fld `~fqmkifee{ ymgp

mgp tg qb~og~h, Igltblt go tbbly

ngfytkl` kl d~rljbl g~`kby%

tm~bbyghby fld ifyrfe yb} fy tmblg~h pfy fk~bd pktmgrt f kfneb

fetb~lftb gkib n~kl`kl` nfeflib tg

tmky q~gqf`ftbd ekobyt{eb, Go tmb tm~bb

”b}qb~ty‛ tmb dgitg~ gl yktb pfy tmb

gle{ kfneb gkib `kkl` fdkib og~ tmb

mbfetm fld yfobt{ go tmbyb tbbly,

Ymgty go tbbly bl`f`kl` kl yb}rfe

nbmfkgr~ pb~b ~b`ref~e{ kltb~efibd

tm~gr`mgrt,

Ko tmky q~g`~fhhb q~ghgtby ”eggjkl`‛

ft tmb ”yb} ekby‛ go ”tbbly‛ fld kt ky ”lgt cryt og~ tbbly‛ tmb vrbytkgl ymgred nb:

Pmg mfy tmky q~g`~fhhb ~bfee{ nbbl

hfdb og~7

Tmb t~rtm ky fepf{y mkddbl kl qefkl

kbp&





Mgp Dkd K Nb`kl7 n{ Hkij Hfllkl` fldN~ktf @~flyt~gh pmkim mfy f if~tgglkhf`b go f igrqeb kl nbd kl fl kltkhftbbhn~fib, Kt ky fiighqflkbd n{ flb}qeflftkgl ’ rykl` o~flj fld fdret tb~hklgeg`{ ’ go tmb fit go kltb~igr~yb,

Flgtmb~% ifeebd Tmb Q~khf~{ Yimgge Yb}Fld ^beftkglymkqy Bdriftkgl Qfij n{MKT RJ% klierdby hftb~kfe tg feegpimked~bl f`bd 2 tg 66 tg ebf~l fngrt dkoob~blt yb}rfe qgyktkgly fld

q~gytktrtkgl,

Tmb NNI mfy nbbl mk`mek`mtbd og~ flbdriftkglfe kdbg obftr~kl` oree o~gltfelrdkt{% pmkeb kty ebf~lkl` ~bygr~ibydbqf~thblt% NNI Fitkb% ymgpy

ighqrtb~(`blb~ftbd khf`by go hfeb`blktfekf,

Fee tmb hftb~kfe mfy nbbl ~bighhbldbd

n{ igrlikey og~ ryb ft f`by ”ybbl(qery‛,Tmb dgyykb~% ighqkebd n{ tmb Im~kytkflKlytktrtb% feyg qklqgklty f nggj ifeebd

Ebt‛y Tfej Fngrt Yb}% n{ ̂ gnkb M Mf~~ky%pmkim klierdby f imfqtb~ glmbtb~gyb}rfekt{ ifeebd ”Yt~fk`mt fld@f{‛, Or~kgry ofhke{ ifhqfk`lb~y mfbdbyi~knbd tmb hftb~kfe fy ”tgg hrim% tgg{grl`‛ fld pf~l kt pkee bligr~f`byb}rfekyftkgl, Hkjb Crd`b% go tmb

Im~kytkfl Klytktrtb% yfkd3 ”Tmb ir~~blt fqq~gfim tg yb} bdriftkgl dbhfldybb~ hg~b b}qekikt yb} bdriftkgl ft bb~{grl`b~ f`by,

^bfd hg~b3mttq3ppp,dfke{hfke,ig,rjlbpyf~tkieb(69?49?1Yb}(bdriftkgl(Dg(pflt(2({bf~(ged(imked(`kbl(b}qekikt(ebyygly,mthe)k}ss6M^rM~Lsy

NNI lbpy bdriftkgl ~bqg~tb~% Fl`bef

Mf~~kygl% kl mb~ f~tkiebd tktebd ―lklb

hgltm ~bvkbp nbf~y o~rkt‛ ~bqg~tbd

tmft ―Gl tm~bb giifykgly gb~ lklb

hgltmy% ~bq~bybltftkby o~gh ofktm

`~grqy hbt tbfimb~y% mbfdy% `gb~lg~y

fld hbhnb~y go yb}rfe mbfetm imf~ktkby

fld ogrld blgr`m ighhgl `~grld gl

tmb imf~`bd yrncbit go yb} bdriftkgl tgfdkyb tmb `gb~lhblt gl pmft tmb{

tmgr`mt ymgred nb dglb, Tmb >2(yt~gl`

qflbe% pmg fqqbf~ tg igb~ fee ymfdby go

gqklkgl% f`~bbd .yghb rldb~e{kl`

q~klikqeby. gl mgp tg khq~gb tmb pf{

tmb kyyrb ky igvb~bd‘ -Tmr~ydf{% >9

Gitgnb~ >11= lbp,nni,ig,rj+

Tmb if~boree{ pg~dbd ”~bq~bybltftkby

o~gh ofktm `~grqy‛ ky tg nb t~flyeftbd fy

”~bq~bybltftkby o~gh tmb imr~im‛% pmg

mfb ngpbd tg hgdb~l ygikbt{ fld

qgektkife q~byyr~by fld f`bldfy% pmkeyt

okldkl` ighq~ghkyb crytkokbd og~ tmb yfjb

go fiibqtflib pktm gr~ lbk`mngr~y:

qgektkife% ~bek`kgry% fld ygikfe, Tmbyb mfb

ifrybd f yqk~kt go hgijb~{ tg ~kyb rq%

jlgpkl` tmft gr~ yg ifeebd

”~bq~bybltftkby‛ f~b m{qgi~ktby% pmkim

ifl nb nreekbd% q~byyr~bd fld kltkhkdftbd

tg dbl{ fyqbity fld igltblty go tmbk~

ofktm fld tmb pg~d go @gd kl yi~kqtr~b,

Tmbyb glby mfb bhqgpb~bd% q~b(

bhqtbd fld ofikektftbd tmb qb~ybirtkgl go

Im~kytkfly kl tmb RJ tm~gr`m `kkl` tmbk~

”nebyykl`‛ tg tmb qgektkife% bdriftkglfe fld

crdkikfe y{ytbh% pmkim ybbjy tg lreeko{ tmb

gkib% ekobyt{eb fld kloerblib go gr~ ofktm,

Ifl @gd yf{% ”Pbee dglb `ggd fld ofktmore

yb~flt‛7

Ckh Jlk`mt -Yimggey Hklkytb~+ tgedNNI Lbpy3 .Pb f~b lgt yr``bytkl`tmft okb fld yk}({bf~(gedy ymgred nb

tfr`mt yb}, .Pmft pb f~b yf{kl` ky pblbbd tg khq~gb kl qf~tkiref~ tmb~beftkglymkq bdriftkgl% khq~gb tmbhg~fe o~fhbpg~j fld hg~ferldb~ytfldkl` f~grld pmkim pb tmbltfej fngrt yb} eftb~ gl kl f imked'y

bdriftkgl,.Tmb grtighb7

”Ebyygly fngrt qb~yglfe%

ygikfe fld mbfetm hfttb~y

klierdkl` yb} fld

~beftkglymkqy pkee nb

ighqreyg~{ kl fee Blèfld'y

yimggey o~gh f`by okb tg

6?,‛

Ybqtbhnb~ >11=

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T~rb egb ky f ~beftkglymkq ymf~bd pktm tmb glb pmg o~bby {gr, [gr f~b lgt oree{ ”{gr‛ rltke {gr `bt tg jlgp tmb glb pmg

hfdb ”{gr‛, [gr f~b lgt bdriftbd rltke {gr f~b tfr`mt n{ tmb Mge{ Yqk~kt: {gr mfb lg iefyy rltke {gr f~b f iktksbl go tmb

ibebytkfe mgryb% lg ~bfe pbfetm rltke {gr mfb t~bfyr~by ytg~bd rq kl mbfbl% lg q~gobyykgl rltke {gr okld {gr~ybeo kl tmb

efngr~ go egb fld lg ygikfe fpf~blbyy rltke {gr f~b iglyikgry go tmb Jkl`dgh go @gd, [gr~ d~bfhy fld {gr~ kykgly f~b

lbktmb~ qb~obit lg~ ighqebtb rltke {gr mfb pfejbd pktm ighqebtkgl fld ekb kl tmb ngygh go qb~obitkgl, [gr f~b nekld rltke

{gr ybb Mkh% dbfo rltke {gr mbf~ Mkh% k`lg~flt rltke {gr ykt kl tmb imfhnb~y go Mky mbf~t fld oggekym rltke {gr dklb ft tmbtfneb go Mky pkydgh, Bb~{tmkl` tmft {gr tmgr`mt {gr jlbp(ky nrt f ”tmgr`mt‛ fld {gr~ jlgpebd`b go bb~{tmkl` ky lgtmkl`rltke {gr jlgp Mkh, Fm nrt pmbl {gr ytf~t tg jlgp Mkh tmb bld ~byret ky tmb nbfrt{ go mgeklbyy,

Tmb nbfrt{ go {gr~ mgeklbyy pkee ~byglftb o~gh tmb mbf~t fld ymklb ekjb tmb yrl fi~gyy {gr~ ofib,

Kt pkee yq~kl` o~gh tmb pbee go {gr~ pghn fld oegp fegl`ykdb tmb nfljy go Mky `~fib,

Kt ky t~fklbd kl qfkl tg ~fdkftb mrhneb mrby fld tbhqb~bd kl ofktm tg nb f yb~flt tg t~rtm,

Tmky nbfrt{ yqbfjy pktm f tglb tmft ky t~re{ f ygl` fld tbytkokby go f cgr~lb{ kltb~bytkl` tmgr`m egl`,

Kt nbfty pktm f ~m{tmh qerij gl tmb yt~kl`y go tkhb fld kt ky ~boklbd kl ok~b tg ~boebit Mky hkld,

Tmky nbfrt{ go mgeklbyy ky tmb qyfehy go tmb yfb: tmgyb ekotbd mk`m tg tmb mkeey3 glib igloklbd kl f `~fb,

Qbfib ekjb f ~kb~ oegpy o~gh pmft‛y jlgpl% hb~i{ fld ighqfyykgl bimgkl` kl {gr~ nglby,

Glib f ogge% lgp tpkib pkyb3 {gr~ ygre mfy jlbby: {gr~ mbf~t mfy b{by,

Pktm o~bbdgh fld mrhkekt{% {gr mfb nbbl imfytb yklib~b% rldb~ tmb ymfdgp go tmb Fehk`mt{% pmg ymfee {gr obf~7

[gr mfb i~kbd f ~kb~: tg ef{ {gr~ pkee ft Mky obbt% qbf~ey go ~bqbltflib ky {gr~ ykly dbobft,

O~gh tmb feeb{ yg ytbbq {gr f~kyb pktm f pfke: mkld obbt qefibd gl f mkee% pgb tg mbee tmky df{,

Fee tmft {gr f~b ky nrt f èkhqyb go pmg Mb ky% ng~l tg egb fld dbytklbd tg ekb,

Ygrey ofee q~b{ pmbl tmb{ hbbt {gr~ `fsb% fld pmbl {gr yqbfj mbee nbighby fo~fkd,

[gr f~b igb~bd pktm tmb neggd% pktm f yhbee tmft‛y ypbbt% fld bb~{ yt~kdb {gr hfjb mbfbl tfjby mbbd,

Tmky nbfrt{ {gr mfb ky jbqt kl Mky yhkeb: pmg ifl nrt yf{ ―t~re{ tmky ky Mky imked‘

Tmb nbfrt{ pg~jy pktmkl {gr: Mb‛y f nbfrt{ pmg ky f o~kbld,

[by Mge{ Yqk~kt pktmkl {gr ky tmft nbfrt{ pktmgrt fl bld,

F egb egl` ~beftkglymkq tmft `bty ypbbtb~ bb~{ df{% {gr nfyj kl Mky pkydgh fld Mb‛y ~bo~bymbd pmbl {gr q~f{,

Gm eggj ft {gr pktm mbfbl kl tmgyb b{by% ~byqbit fld mglgr~ tg {gr pmft f mbf~t h{% g h{,

F tgrim fy ygot fy igttgl% efr`mtb~ fy pf~h fy Cre{%

yg hrim t~bfyr~b ofeey o~gh tmgyb ekqy fy {gr dbqgykt tmb cbpbey go ekob,

Hryki ighby tg {gr cryt tg nb kl {gr~ ighqfl{% d~bfhy yebbq pktm {gr% fld {gr dflib pktm qgbt~{,

Gm tmky nbfrt{ go mgeklbyy tmft ymfqbd {gr n{ neggd% gm `g nbegbd `g lgp fld yq~bfd Mky egb,

Tmb crlèb egb~y f~b ighkl` ekjb tmb ofee go frtrhl ebfby:

rltfhbd ekjb pked mg~yby tmb{ f~b tmb mkddbl n~bbd,

Dg lgt ytfld kl tmbk~ pf{: lbktmb~ eggj ft tmbh pktm q~kdb: og~ tmb hghblt {gr dg ok~b nefsby og~tm o~gh tmbk~ b{by,Tmbk~ yhkeb ky ifqtkftkl` fld yg f~b tmbk~ pf{y: pktm Pkydgh n{ tmbk~ ykdb ogee{ nbighby f q~b{, _kgeblt qfyykgl ky

tmbk~ ybi~bt tmb{ pb~b t~fklbd lgt tg obf~: lgt fo~fkd tg ekb fld lbktmb~ fo~fkd go tmb `~fb,

Pktm f jkyy o~gh Mky ekqy% fld yhkeb gl tmky ofib% f ~gf~ o~gh Mky gkib tmb{ nb`kl tmb ~fib,

Tmbk~ cg{ ky ighqebtb% tmbk~ qbfib yg q~gogrld% tmbk~ sbfe igltf`kgry pktm i~gyy g~ i~gply,

Pmft d~kby tmbh(nrt Egb: pmg q~gtbity(nrt T~rtm: qefltbd feglb n{ Mky mfldy Mb ifeey tmbh ”Qfyykgl O~rkt‛

Tmb df~j mg~dby f~b `ftmb~bd: ifeebd tmb ”ygly go lk`mt‛ mgedkl` yt~fl`b ok~b: f~hbd fld ~bfd{ tg ok`mt,

Tmb{ ~fkybd f egrd i~{ kl tmb mbfbly ”@gdy q~bqf~b og~ pf~&‛ imfltkl`% ―pb f~b tmb ofeebl fl`bey pktm bl`bflib

tgpf~dy tmb Eg~d&‘

Tmbk~ pg~dy ~kqqeb tm~gr`m tmb ifhq fld tmbk~ n~bftm okeebd tmb yj{ pktm yreqmr~ yhgjb: fld tmb iegrdy nefijblbd kl

tmb yj{ fy tmb{ ogldebd tmbk~ ortkeb mgqb,

Dbhgly q~bqf~bd tmbk~ ir~yby tmb tb~fqmkh hk}bd tmbk~ pklb fld tmb{ d~flj o~gh tmb irq go tmbk~ fdretb~kby fld

ir~ybd fee tmft pfy dkklb,

Tmb Crlèb Egb~y mbf~d tmbh fld qfyykgl ypbeebd kl tmbk~ mbf~ty: ko tmb Eg~d dkd lgt mged tmbh: tmb{ pgred t~fhqeb

tmb b~{ df~j,

―Bfy{ h{ egb~y: {gr pkee yggl mfb {gr~ pf{: K mfb q~bqf~b f obfyt kl tmb q~byblib go {gr~ blbhkby tmky b~{ df{‘

B}ib~qty go H{ Iglobyykgl




―Mgp egl` G Eg~d pkee tmb{ dbokeb tmb ~reb go {gr~ tm~glb&‘ flgtmb~ ymgrtbd o~gh tmb nfij ―ybld hb Eg~d% pktm cryt

glb yhggtm ytglb‘

Tmb Pf~~kg~ fl`bey ytggd kl fpbd ykeblib% ytk~~bd pktm tmb Egb~‛y sbfe: Tmbl kl pfejbd Hkimfbe mgedkl` tmb ybbl

ybfey,

Mky nbfrt{ pfy fytgrldkl`: pktm hryieb ekjb imkybeebd ytbbe: Mky b{by pb~b okb~ib pktm mrhkekt{ Gm gle{ egb igred

nbld mky jlbby,

Mb yqgjb kl fl flikblt efl`rf`b fld f ~gf~ ifhb nfij kl ~bqe{: K fehgyt d~gq h{ ymkbed pmbl mb hbt hb b{b og~ b{b,

Tmb gtmb~ fl`bey nebp tmbk~ n~bftmb kl mky dk~bitkgl fy mb f`fkl hgrltbd mky ytbbd:tmb mg~yby go mbfbl f~b ekjb lgtmkl` pb gl bf~tm mfb bb~ ybbl,

Mb `~bbtbd mky igh~fdby fld cgjbd og~ f pmkeb: mbfbl b}rdby f ègp pmbl tmb fl`bey yhkeb,

Tmb{ pb~b hk`mt{ kl nftteb: ekjb ry ng~l pked fld o~bb: fld tmb{ pb~b khhblybe{ egbd n{ @gd ngrld tg Mky hfcbyt{,

Tmbl Hkimfbe ~gdb tm~gr`m tmb eklb gl yt~bbty hfdb go `ged: tmbl mb ytgq kl o~glt go hb fld mfldbd hb f yi~gee,

Tmbl nb`fl mky yqbbim 

Mbk~y go tmb Hgyt Mk`m @gd: K nbybbim {gr tmky df{: tmft tmb nftteb ky fngrt tg nb`kl fld {gr pkee iftim {gr~ q~b{, Og~

Egl` pb mfb nbbl pktm hfl pb mfb ybbl {gr~ ofrety fld {gr~ obf~y fld gotbl pb tgg dkd pgldb~ fotb~ tmb h{ytb~{

go Mky if~b,

Tmky df{ {gr pkee ok`mt pktmgrt dbftm gl {gr~ hkldy: og~ {gr mfb nbbl flgkltbd gb~ighb~y n{ tmb neggd go gr~

Dkklb,[gr~ ofktm tgg ky f h{ytb~{ tg ry pmg n~bftmb f dkoob~blt fk~: nrt pb f~b obeegp yb~flty pktm {gr fld go ry {gr lbbd

lgt obf~,

Kt ky gr~ mglgr~ tg yb~b pktm {gr fld btb~lkt{ ky gr~y tg hfjb nbttb~ fivrfkltfliby:

nrt kl tmb yk`mt gr~ blbh{ K ighhfld {gr tg hgrlt {gr~ mg~yby,

Pb f~b n~gtmb~y fld Mky Hfcbyt{‛y hk`mt{ hbl: tmgyb pmg pkee lgt ngp tmbk~ jlbby tg Mkh tmky df{ pkee ngp tmbk~

jlbby kl mbee,

K yb~bd fegl`ykdb h{ n~gtmb~ lgp tmb mbftmbl tmft pb hryt ok`mt: fld tg ry fee% tmb jlgpebd`b ky `kbl tmft tmb

Pkydgh go gr~ @gd ky `~bftb~ tmft tmb qfyykgl go gr~ hk`mt,

H{ n~gtmb~‛y q~kdb ky tmb yfld gl pmkim mb lgp ytfldy% fld tmb yfld gl pmkim mb hryt lgp ok`mt pmkeb tmb~b ky ygekd

`ged nblbftm gr~ obbt tmft pkee ogeegp ry pktm bb~{ yt~kdb,

Mb dkd lgt jlgp obf~ rltke mb dkyigb~bd q~kdb fld K dkd lgt jlgp q~kdb rltke K yfp tmb obf~ tmft q~kdb ekt kl mky b{by,

^bhbhnb~ tmky fy {gr ~fkyb {gr~ ypg~dy fld hgrlt {gr~ mg~yby:

og~ tmb hghblt {gr og~`bt tmky {gr pkee ofee kl mbee‛y fn{yy,

Pb dg lgt ok`mt gr~ n~gtmb~y pktm cg{ nrt gle{ og~ ~k`mtbgrylbyy yfjb: fee pkee tfytb Mky p~ftm mfkl` tr~lbd tmbk~

nfijy tg Mky `~fib,

Mky gkib mfd f tglb K igred lgt dbyi~knb fld pmbl mb oklkymbd tfejkl` mb ~fkybd mky ypg~d tg tmb Hgyt Mk`m:

Pb fee ogeegp mkh fld tmb ykeblib pfy imkeekl`: yg vrkbt pb pb~b tmft pb igred mbf~ tmb Eg~d‛y n~bftmkl`

Pktm tmb yi~gee kl h{ mfldy fld tmb tbf~y kl h{ b{by h{ Oftmb~ pmkyqb~ ifhb tg hb ”nfn{ p~ktb pmkeb {gr ~kdb‛,

Fy {gr ~bfd tmbyb pg~dy jbbq tmb ~bk`l go {gr~ mg~yby kl mfld%

eggj ft tmb `ged nblbftm {gr~ obbt: ybb tmb dbke gl yfld,

Mged {gr~ mbfd rq mk`m: nrt lgt tg tmb mglgr~ go q~kdb:

lgp obbe Mky pf~h bhn~fib fld Mky pmkyqb~ kl {gr~ bf~ yf{kl` ―~kdb n~kdb ~kdb‘,

Documents

1st Edition TSP Spring 2011