1.Principle of Stability

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    http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/dca/stg4-

    05.html

    LESSON O!"#: 4.1 "LE: !$"N#"!LES O% S&'"L"(

    #ontact p)r*ods allott)d th*s LESSON O!"#:

    #lassroom: +.5 )st: 0.0

    ra*n)r: 0.5 otal: ,.0

    E"&: #lassroom l)ctr) w*th v*sal m)d*a

    %%-2 Sta3*l*ty ra*n)r

    E$"N&L O'E#"ES:

    6.0 E&L7&E sh*p3oard sta3*l*ty 3y analy8*ng

    w)*ght and mom)nt cons*d)rat*ons. 9" ,.+.1 6.0

    6.1 6.+

    EN&'L"N O'E#"ES:

    6.1 ES#$"'E th) r)f)r)nc) po*nts forc)s and

    l*n)ar m)asr)m)nts s)d *n sta3*l*ty

    calclat*ons.

    6.+ ES#$"'E th) mov)m)nt of sta3*l*ty r)f)r)nc)

    po*nts as a fnct*on of chang)s *n d*splac)m)nt

    and *ncl*nat*on.

    6., "%%E$EN"&E 3)tw))n *nd*cators of *n*t*al

    sta3*l*ty and m)asr)s of ov)rall sta3*l*ty as a

    fnct*on of sh*ps d*splac)m)nt.

    6.4 "EN"%( and ES#$"'E th) s)s of var*os

    typ)s of );t)rnal hll mar

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    FUNDAMENTALS OF STABILITY

    Sta3*l*ty *s th) t)nd)ncy of a v)ss)l to rotat) on) way or

    th) oth)r wh)n forc*3ly *ncl*n)d. Sta3*l*ty can 3) 3ro

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    ,. & 3ody *mm)rs)d 9or float*ng *n

    wat)r w*ll 3) 3oy)d p 3y a forc) )Aal

    to th) w)*ght of th) wat)r d*splac)d.

    EXAMPLE OF GRAVITY -VS- BUOYANCY

    1 ton of st))l 1 ton of st))l

    "f th) c3) of st))l *s plac)d *n wat)r *t s*n

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    Force:& psh or pll that t)nds to

    prodc) mot*on or a chang) *n mot*on.

    7n*ts: tons ponds N)wtons )tc.

    !arall)l forc)s may 3) math)mat*cally

    smm)d to prodc) on) >N)t %orc)>

    cons*d)r)d to act throgh on) po*nt.

    Weig!:h) forc) of grav*ty act*ng on a

    3ody. h*s forc) acts towards th) c)nt)r

    of th) )arth. 7n*ts: tons ponds

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    Vo$%"e:w)*ght. 7n*ts: c3*c f))t p)r

    ton 9%,/L. h) sp)c*f*c volm) of

    l*A*ds 9NS 0D6 a3l) 0D6-1 s)d most

    fr)A)ntly *n th*s n*t ar):

    Salt =at)r C ,5 %,/L

    %r)sh =at)r C ,6 %,/L

    *)s)l %)l C 4, %,/L

    CALCULATING THE WEIGHT OF FLOODING WATER

    & compartm)nt has th) follow*ng d*m)ns*ons:

    L)ngth C +0 % %lood)d w*th salt

    'r)adth C +0 % wat)r to a d)pth

    )*ght C F % of 6 %

    1. %*rst calclat) th) volm) of wat)r that has 3))n

    add)d to th) compartm)nt.

    olm) C L)ngth ; 'r)adth ; )pth of %lood*ng =at)r

    C +0 % ; +0 % ; 6 %

    C +400 %,

    +. S)cond d*v*d) th) volm) of wat)r 3y *tBs sp)c*f*c

    volm).

    STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

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    - )tac)nt)r

    - #)nt)r of rav*ty

    ' - #)nt)r of 'oyancy

    G - G))l

    ( - (ee$:h) 3as) l*n) r)f)r)nc) po*nt from wh*ch

    all oth)r r)f)r)nc) po*nt m)asr)m)nts ar)

    compar)d.

    B - Ce#!er o' B%o)*#c):

    h) g)om)tr*c c)nt)r of

    th) sh*p?s nd)rwat)r

    hll 3ody. "t *s th)

    po*nt at wh*ch all th)

    forc)s of 3oyancy may 3)

    cons*d)r)d to act *n a

    v)rt*cally pward

    d*r)ct*on.

    h) #)nt)r of 'oyancy w*ll mov) as th) shap) of th)

    nd)rwat)r port*on of th) hll 3ody chang)s. =h)n th) sh*p

    rolls to star3oard >'> mov)s to star3oard and wh)n th)

    sh*p rolls to port >'> mov)s to port.

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    =h)n th) sh*p?s hll *s mad) h)av*)r th) drafts *ncr)as) as

    th) sh*p s*ts d))p)r *n th) wat)r. >'> w*ll mov) p.

    =h)n th) sh*p?s hll *s l*ght)n)d th) drafts d)cr)as) as

    th) sh*p s*ts shallow)r *n th) wat)r. >'> w*ll mov) down.

    ++ Te Ce#!er o' B%o)*#c) "o,e

    i# !e *"e .irec!io# * !e

    i&/ 0*!er$i#e1 ++

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    G - Ce#!er o' Gr*,i!):h)

    po*nt at wh*ch all forc)s of

    grav*ty act*ng on th) sh*pcan 3) cons*d)r)d to act. >>

    *s th) c)nt)r of mass of th)

    v)ss)l. h) pos*t*on of >>

    *s d)p)nd)nt pon th)

    d*str*3t*on of w)*ghts

    w*th*n th) sh*p. &s th)

    d*str*3t*on of w)*ghts *s

    alt)r)d th) pos*t*on of >>

    w*ll r)act as follows:

    21 "G""o,e !o0*r. * 0eig! *..i!io#

    31 "G""o,e *0*) 'ro" * 0eig! re"o,*$

    41 "G""o,e i# !e *"e .irec!io# * * 0eig! i'!

    M - Me!*ce#!er:&s th) sh*p*s *ncl*n)d throgh small

    angl)s of h))l th) l*n)s of

    3oyant forc) *nt)rs)ct at a

    po*nt call)d th) m)tac)nt)r.

    &s th) sh*p *s *ncl*n)d th)

    c)nt)r of 3oyancy mov)s *n

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    an arc as *t cont*n)s to

    s))< th) g)om)tr*c c)nt)r of

    th) nd)rwat)r hll 3ody.

    h*s arc d)scr*3)s th)

    m)tac)ntr*c rad*s.

    &s th) sh*p cont*n)s to h))l

    *n );c)ss of 2-10 d)gr))s

    th) m)tac)nt)r w*ll mov) as

    shown.

    h) pos*t*on of th) m)tac)nt)r *s a fnct*on of th) pos*t*on

    of th) c)nt)r of 3oyancy ths a fnct*on of th)

    d*splac)m)nt of th) sh*p. h) pos*t*on of >> mov)s as

    follows:

    A !e Ce#!er o' B%o)*#c) "o,e %&5 !e

    Me!*ce#!er "o,e .o0#1

    A !e Ce#!er o' B%o)*#c) "o,e .o0#5 !e

    Me!*ce#!er "o,e %&1

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    LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN STABILITY

    (G- Heig! o' !e i&/ Ce#!er o' Gr*,i!) !e*6o,e (ee$:h*s m)asr)m)nt *s fond *n s)ct*on

    ""9a of th) # 'oo< for s)v)ral cond*t*ons of

    load*ng. o f*nd >G> for load*ng cond*t*ons oth)r

    than thos) *n th) # 'oo

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    actally th) rad*s of th) c*rcl) for th)

    mov)m)nts of >'> at small angl)s of h))l.

    THE STABILITY TRIANGLE

    =h)n a sh*p *s *ncl*n)d th) c)nt)r of 3oyancy sh*fts offc)nt)rl*n) wh*l) th) c)nt)r of grav*ty r)ma*ns *n th) sam)

    locat*on. S*nc) th) forc)s of 3oyancy and grav*ty ar) )Aal

    and act along parall)l l*n)s 3t *n oppos*t) d*r)ct*ons a

    rotat*on *s d)v)lop)d. h*s *s call)d a copl) two mom)nts

    act*ng s*mltan)osly to prodc) rotat*on. h*s rotat*on

    r)trns th) sh*p to wh)r) th) forc)s of 3oyancy and grav*ty

    3alanc) ot.

    h) d*stanc) 3)tw))n th) forc)s of 3oyancy and grav*ty *s

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    7s*ng th) S*n) fnct*on to solv) for th) r*ght*ng arm:

    =*th *n*t*al sta3*l*ty 90oto 2o-10o th) m)tac)nt)r do)s not

    mov) and th) S*n) fnct*on *s almost l*n)ar 9a stra*ght

    l*n). h)r)for) th) s*8) of th) sh*pBs $*ght*ng &rm H

    *s d*r)ctly proport*onal to th) s*8) of th) sh*pBs

    )tac)ntr*c )*ght . hs GM i * goo. "e*%re o' !e

    i&/ i#i!i*$ !*6i$i!).

    RIGHTING MOMENT 7RM8

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    h) $*ght*ng om)nt *s th) 3)st m)asr) of a sh*p?s ov)rall

    sta3*l*ty. "t d)scr*3)s th) sh*p?s tr) t)nd)ncy to r)s*st

    *ncl*nat*on and r)trn to )A*l*3r*m. h) $*ght*ng om)nt

    *s )Aal to th) sh*pBs $*ght*ng &rm mlt*pl*)d 3y th) sh*pBs

    d*splac)m)nt.

    E9*"&$e:

    & d)stroy)r d*splac)s 6000 L and has a r*ght*ng arm of +.4

    % wh)n *ncl*n)d to 40 d)gr))s. =hat *s th) sh*pBs $*ght*ng

    om)ntI

    RM = 2.4 FT x 6000 LT

    RM = 14,400 FT-Tons (pronounced "foot tons")

    STABILITY CONDITIONS

    h) pos*t*ons of rav*ty and th) )tac)nt)r w*ll *nd*cat)

    th) *n*t*al sta3*l*ty of a sh*p. %ollow*ng damag) th) sh*p

    w*ll assm) on) of th) follow*ng thr)) sta3*l*ty cond*t*ons:

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    POSITIVE STABILITY

    h) m)tac)nt)r *s locat)d a3ov)

    th) sh*pBs c)nt)r of grav*ty. &s

    th) sh*p *s *ncl*n)d $*ght*ng

    &rms ar) cr)at)d wh*ch t)nd to

    r)trn th) sh*p to *tBs or*g*nal

    v)rt*cal pos*t*on.

    NEUTRAL STABILITY

    h) m)tac)nt)r and th) sh*pBsc)nt)r of grav*ty ar) *n th) sam)

    locat*on. &s th) sh*p *s *ncl*n)d

    no $*ght*ng &rms ar) cr)at)d.

    9nt*l th) m)tac)nt)r starts to

    mov) aft)r th) sh*p *s *ncl*n)d

    past 2o-10o

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    NEGATIVE STABILITY

    h) sh*pBs c)nt)r of grav*ty *s

    locat)d a3ov) th) m)tac)nt)r. &sth) sh*p *s *ncl*n)d n)gat*v)

    $*ght*ng &rms 9call)d ps)tt*ng

    arms ar) cr)at)d wh*ch t)nd to

    caps*8) th) sh*p.

    STATICAL STABILITY CURVE 7RIGHTING ARM

    CURVE8

    =h)n a sh*p *s *ncl*n)d throgh all angl)s of h))l and th)

    r*ght*ng arm for )ach angl) *s m)asr)d th) stat*cal

    sta3*l*ty crv) *s prodc)d. h*s crv) *s a >snapshot> of

    th) sh*p?s sta3*l*ty at that part*clar load*ng cond*t*on.

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    ch *nformat*on can 3) o3ta*n)d from th*s crv) *ncld*ng:

    R*#ge o' S!*6i$i!):h*s sh*p w*ll g)n)rat) $*ght*ng &rms

    wh)n *ncl*n)d from 0oto appro;*mat)ly 24o. 9h*s crv)

    sally assm)s that th) )nt*r) sp)rstrctr) *s

    wat)rt*ght.

    M*9i"%" Rig!i#g Ar":h) larg)st s)parat*on 3)tw))n th)

    forc)s of 3oyancy and grav*ty. h*s *s wh)r) th) sh*p

    );)rts th) most )n)rgy to r*ght *ts)lf.

    A#g$e o' M*9i"%" Rig!i#g Ar": h) angl) of *ncl*nat*on

    wh)r) th) ma;*mm $*ght*ng &rm occrs.

    D*#ger A#g$e:On) half th) angl) of th) ma;*mm $*ght*ng

    &rm.

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    SHIPS HULL MAR(INGS

    C*$c%$*!i,e Dr*'! M*r;

    7s)d for d)t)rm*n*ng d*splac)m)nt and oth)r prop)rt*)s of

    th) sh*p for sta3*l*ty and damag) control. h)s) draft mar...*nstall)d on thos) sh*ps whos) l*m*t*ng d*splac)m)nts

    ar)

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    P$i"o$$ M*r; 7Lo*. $i#e8

    ar

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    DRAFT DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONS OF FORM

    h) raft *agram *s a nomogram locat)d *n s)ct*on ""9a of

    th) amag) #ontrol 'oo

    - ons p)r "nch "mm)rs*on 9!"

    - )*ght of )tac)nt)r 9G

    - Long*td*nal #)nt)r of %lotat*on 9L#%

    - Long*td*nal #)nt)r of 'oyancy 9L#'

    I#!r%c!io# 'or %e:

    1. raw a stra*ght l*n) 9L"NE J1

    3)tw))n th) sh*p?s forward and aft draft

    r)ad*ngs 9s) calclat*v) drafts

    +. =h)r) L"NE J1 *nt)rs)cts th)

    *splac)m)nt #rv) *s th) sh*p?s

    d*splac)m)nt at thos) g*v)n drafts.

    ,. raw a hor*8ontal l*n) 9L"NE J+

    throgh th) sh*p?s d*splac)m)nt. 9*nt:

    =h)n th) forward and aft drafts ar)

    )Aal th) l*n) *s hor*8ontal

    4. 1> !" G and L#' ar) d)t)rm*n)d s*ng L"NE J+.

    5. raw a v)rt*cal l*n) 9L"NE J,

    throgh th) sh*p?s d*splac)m)nt 9h)r)

    *s no way to )nsr) th*s l*n) *s

    v)rt*cal - @st )y)3all *t.

    6. =h)r) L"NE J, *nt)rs)cts th) L#%

    #rv) *s th) sh*p?s L#% for th) g*v)n

    drafts.

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    E9*"&$e:

    %%-+1 has th) follow*ng drafts: %orward: 2&ft: 2?@>

    Fi#.:1. Sh*p?s *splac)m)nt: 4@== LT

    +. G: 3314 FT

    ,. 1>: ? FT-To# &er I#c

    4. !": 4313 LT &er I#c

    5. L#': 312 FT A'! o' Mi.i&

    6. L#%: 3< FT A'! o' Mi.i&

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    CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY

    h) #ross #rv)s Of Sta3*l*ty ar) s)d to d)t)rm*n) th)

    l)ngth of th) r*ght*ng arm at any angl) of *ncl*nat*on for a

    g*v)n d*splac)m)nt. 7s*ng th) sh*p?s d*splac)m)nt 9from th)

    raft *agram and %nct*ons of %orm a stat*cal sta3*l*tycrv) for th) sh*p can 3) constrct)d.

    I#!r%c!io# 'or %e:

    1. Ent)r th) sh*pBs d*splac)m)nt along th)

    hor*8ontal a;*s.

    +. raw a v)rt*cal l*n) at th) sh*p?s

    d*splac)m)nt. 9*nt: >t*c< mar ar)

    locat)d along th) top of th) crv) to

    ass*st *n draw*ng th*s v)rt*cal l*n)

    ,. h) d*splac)m)nt l*n) w*ll cross )ach

    >angl) of *ncl*nat*on> crv) at var*os

    po*nts.

    4. h) r*ght*ng arm for )ach angl) of

    *ncl*nat*on *s r)ad along th) v)rt*cal

    a;*s 9l)ft s*d).

    5. Each r*ght*ng arm *s plott)d at th)

    corr)spond*ng angl) of *ncl*nat*on onth) >Stat*cal Sta3*l*ty #rv) !lott*ng

    Sh))t> or on r)glar graph pap)r.

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