1)Hand-in Mining lab M. Choice, Matching, Fill-ins. Tests back Tomorrow HW: Cha. 16 S. Answer

1)Hand-in Mining lab 1)Hand-in Mining lab M. Choice, M. Choice, Matching, Fill-ins.Matching, Fill-ins.

Tests back TomorrowTests back TomorrowHW: Cha. 16 S. AnswerHW: Cha. 16 S. Answer

Today 2/13/07Today 2/13/07

1)Hand-in Chapter 16 S. Answer1)Hand-in Chapter 16 S. Answer2) Lab: Relationships & Biodiversity.2) Lab: Relationships & Biodiversity.

Tests back TodayTests back TodayHW: Cha. 16 Critical Thinking.HW: Cha. 16 Critical Thinking.

Today 2/15/07Today 2/15/07

1)Hand-in Chapter 16 work1)Hand-in Chapter 16 work2)Finish Relationships/Biodiversity Lab2)Finish Relationships/Biodiversity Lab

Preserving Preserving Earth’s Earth’s

Biological Biological DiversityDiversity

Chapter 17

Do Now: Identify and explain the significance

of the various components of biological diversity.

Supply one specific example of each type of diversity in your explanation.

THINK:biological diversity

genetic diversityspecies richness

ecosystem diversity

Variation among organisms is referred to as biological diversity. The components of biological diversity include genetic diversity,

species richness, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity takes into account the genetic variety within all

populations of that species. These differences provide a broad genetic base for each species’ long-term health and survival. *If all members of a species were genetically identical, then they would all be susceptible to the same pests and disease.

However, a corn blight fungus that ruined the corn crop in the U.S. in 1970 was brought under control by crossing the

cultivated, highly uniform corn varieties with genetically diverse ancestral varieties from Mexico, making the resulting varieties resistant to the fungus.

Species richness refers to the number of species found in an ecosystem.

Species richness within an ecosystem provides the ecosystem with resilience, the ability to recover from environmental disasters. The removal of one species from a community makes an ecosystem run less smoothly.

Ecosystem diversity is the variety of interactions among organisms in natural communities, including forests, prairies, deserts, coral reefs, lakes, coastal estuaries and other ecosystems. A forest community with trees, shrubs, vines, insects, worms, animals, fungi and bacteria has greater ecosystem diversity than a cornfield.

Do Now: Answer and examples

Biological Diversity1. Why We Need Organisms2. Ecosystem Services and Species Richness3. Genetic Reserves 4. Scientific Importance of Genetic Diversity5. Medicinal, Agricultural, and Industrial

Importance of Organisms6. Aesthetic, Ethical, and Spiritual Value of

Organisms

Biological Diversity Biodiversity

Species Richness

Genetic Diversity

Biological Diversity Biodiversity

Species Richness

Genetic Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity

Why we need organisms

Biological diversity: the number and variety of organisms. Genetic diversity: variation within a

species.Species richness: the number of

speciesEcosystem diversity: variation

within an ecosystem.

Why we need organisms

270,000 plant species270,000 plant species45,000 vertebrate species45,000 vertebrate species950,000 insect species!950,000 insect species!10,000 new species identified 10,000 new species identified

each year.each year.

Where is declining Biological Diversity the Greatest problem?

Drastic loss biological diversity is Drastic loss biological diversity is occurring worldwide.occurring worldwide.

Tropical areas are more Tropical areas are more susceptible to species loss.susceptible to species loss.

Ecosystem Services and Species Richness

Why We Need Organisms Ecosystem Services and Species Richness

Maintains Maintains smaller fish smaller fish populations by populations by eating gareating gar

Digs underwater Digs underwater holes used by holes used by other aquatic other aquatic organismsorganisms

Gator trails clear Gator trails clear out aquatic out aquatic vegetationvegetation

Nests Nests eventually eventually become small become small islands of treesislands of trees

Ecosystem Services & Organisms

Organisms provide essential ecosystem services. Ex: Florida Alligators Bacteria and Fungi are decomposers that cleanse

and recycle nutrients within an ecosystem. Forests recharge groundwater, hold soil, act as a C

sink.

I. How many Species are there?

99.95 % of species that have 99.95 % of species that have existed are now extinct.existed are now extinct.

~~1.8 million species identified at 1.8 million species identified at present.present.

# may range from 5-100 million # may range from 5-100 million species, we don’t know.species, we don’t know.

Do Now: Explain why genetic Do Now: Explain why genetic diversity is important. diversity is important.

Genetic ReservesGenetic ReservesScientific Importance of Genetic Scientific Importance of Genetic DiversityDiversity

How to avoid a How to avoid a Corn Blight?Corn Blight?

Increased genetic Increased genetic variety increases variety increases the chance that the chance that Zea mays Zea mays will will survive survive changing changing conditions in conditions in nature.nature.

Scientific Importance of Genetic Diversity Genetic Engineering

Bacterial derived Human Insulin Bacterial derived Human Growth Hormones

Microevolution

Medicinal, Agricultural, & Industrial Importance of Organisms PenicilliumPenicillium fungus: Penicillin based drugs Rosy Periwinkle: increased child leukemia

survivorship 5%95% Sponge derived compound used in AZT (aids

drug) Beetles: Steroids Centipedes: fungicide for crops

A. Ecosystem Services & Organisms

II. Why we need organisms

Salix babylonicaSalix babylonica

Aspirin Aspirin The discovery of aspirin dates back to the 5th century The discovery of aspirin dates back to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates used a powder from the bark B.C., when Hippocrates used a powder from the bark

of a willow tree to ease minor pains, reduce fevers of a willow tree to ease minor pains, reduce fevers and to help with childbirth. The willow tree contains and to help with childbirth. The willow tree contains salicylic acid which is similar to acetylsalicylic acid salicylic acid which is similar to acetylsalicylic acid

(aspirin).(aspirin).

Medicinal, Agricultural, & Industrial Medicinal, Agricultural, & Industrial Importance of OrganismsImportance of Organisms

Do Now: Define extinction and give the possible causes of

mass extinction. What single human activity increases the susceptibility of a given species to extinction? Provide the ways?

Do Now: Answer Extinction is the irreversible elimination of a species from

Earth. The causes of past mass extinctions are not well understood, however possible causes include a major climate change or a catastrophic collision of Earth and a large asteroid or comet.

Human activity disrupts or destroys the habitat of many organisms. If an organism’s habitat is altered, this impacts the organism's ability to find a mate, food sources, and territory necessary for survival and shelter.

Some species have an extremely small range and when this is disturbed, the species will perish

Human Causes of Species Endangerment

Most human activities contribute to a reduction in biological diversityHabitat Destruction is the major cause

of the current decline in biological diversity.

This loss of habitat reduces a species biological range & ability to survive!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Endangered & threatened Species

• ExtinctionExtinction: the permanent loss of a species, : the permanent loss of a species, therefore a permanent loss in species diversity.therefore a permanent loss in species diversity.

• Background extinctionBackground extinction: continual low level : continual low level extinctionextinction

• Mass extinction:Mass extinction: numerous species disappear numerous species disappear during a relative short period of timeduring a relative short period of time• Marine organisms being temperature Marine organisms being temperature

sensitivesensitive• Human population growth and consequent Human population growth and consequent

habitat destruction of the Dusky sparrowhabitat destruction of the Dusky sparrow

Endangered and threatened Species

Background Extinction vs. Mass Extinction

Continuous, slow rate of extinction over millions of years

Numerous species disappear over geologically short time frame.


• ExtinctionExtinction: the permanent loss of a species, : the permanent loss of a species, therefore a permanent loss in species diversity.therefore a permanent loss in species diversity.

• An An endangered speciesendangered species numbers are reduced numbers are reduced so that they are in danger of extinction so that they are in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of their throughout all or a significant part of their rangerange..

Endangered and Extinct Species Endangered and Threatened Species

Could become extinct soon.

Population declining very fast.


• Threatened species: Threatened species: when extinction is less when extinction is less imminent but its population is quite low.imminent but its population is quite low.

• Species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future, throughout all or a significant portion of its range


Protected Species Threatened species endangered species Extinct Species


• What factors are common with most Endangered & threatened species?

Gymnogyps californianusGymnogyps californianus


• Endangered & threatened species often have:

• Limited natural ranges

• Low population densities.

• Low reproductive rates

• Very specialized nutritional or reproductive requirements.

Characteristics of Endangered Species Extremely small range

Requiring large territories

Living on islands

Low reproductive success

Specialized breeding areas

Specialized feeding habits

Tiburon mariposa lily

California condor

Hawaii O-o, Moho nobilis

Blue whale

Green sea turtle

Giant panda

Hawaii O-o, Moho nobilis

Hawai'i 'O'o Moho nobilis was only found in forest on the big island of Hawai'i, USA. It was last collected in 1898 and last seen in 1934, with its decline to extinction presumably caused by both habitat destruction and disease.

Bears http://www.iucn.org/

http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/13625/all

Do Now:

• What does it mean that a species is endemic? Name a species that is endemic to your bioregion.

Do Now: Answers

endemic = native to a limited area and not found naturally outside that area


• Endemic species: species found only in one spot in the world

• 171 extinct bird species

• 155 of them lived on islands

•Leads to habitat fragmentation

Do Now:

• What are some Human Causes of Species Endangerment?

Do Now: • habitat destruction,

• fragmentation, degradation, Deforestation• Invasive species (biotic pollution)

• competition• Pollution

• Water, air, land, Biocide use• Acid rain, ozone depletion, climate change

• Overexploitation, • commercial harvesting

• Ivory, pet trade, scientific whaling


• Many island species are Endangered species.• “Island” isolated habitat surrounded by unsuitable

territory

• Habitat fragmentation: the break up of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches (islands) is a major threat to the long-term survival of many species.

Habitat fragmentation

DeforestationDeforestation

DeforestationDeforestation

Habitat fragmentationHabitat fragmentationand how the Cow birds love and how the Cow birds love itit Not a deep woodland bird until loggers come.

North America's most notorious brood parasite Cowbirds have parasitized over 220 host species 150

reared by host species, with songbirds comprising the majority of hosts. Examples:

Black-capped Vireo: 90% of nests parasitized in open canyon woodlands on Fort Hood, Texas (Eckrich et al.).

Bell's Vireo and Yellow-breasted Chat: 80-90% of nests parasitized in desert riparian habitat in the lower Colorado River valley (Averill et al.).

Endangered and Extinct Species

Confirmed observation in Arkansas in April 2005


Where is Declining Biological Diversity the Greatest Problem?

In US: Hawaii and California Worldwide: Tropical rain forests

7% of earth's surface containing almost 50% species

Endangered and Extinct Species Earth’s Biodiversity Hotspots



#1 cause: Habitat

Destruction, Fragmentation,

and Degradation

Where is declining Biological Diversity the Greatest problem?

43% of all endangered species need wetland habitat to live.

60,000 acres of wetlands are destroyed in the US annually.

Endangered and Extinct SpeciesInvasive Species


Invasive Species Federal Noxious Weed Act banned the

importation of Caulerpa Blue water hyacinth Brown tree snake introduced by the US

navy and is responsible for the extinction of 9-12 species indigenous to Guan

Endangered and Extinct Species 40% parrot species are now threatened or

endangered Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992

Decreased poaching rates Hyacinth /Macaw $7,000 – $12,000


Exotic Species may compete with native species for food or habitat (niche) or may actually prey upon the endemic species.

CompetitionCompetition

1.1. Different species living in the same Different species living in the same environment, or environment, or habitathabitat, may require the , may require the same resources. When the resources are same resources. When the resources are limited, competition occurs among the limited, competition occurs among the species.species.

2.2. CompetitionCompetition- is the struggle between - is the struggle between different species for the same limited different species for the same limited resources. The more similar the needs of resources. The more similar the needs of the species, the more intense the the species, the more intense the competition.competition.

Competition (cont)Competition (cont)3. Each species occupies a 3. Each species occupies a nicheniche in the community. in the community.

A niche is the role the species plays, and A niche is the role the species plays, and includes the type of food it eats, where it lives, includes the type of food it eats, where it lives, where it reproduces, and its relationships with where it reproduces, and its relationships with other species. other species. Ex. catfish and the Asian carpEx. catfish and the Asian carp

4. When two different species compete for the 4. When two different species compete for the same niche in a community, the weaker species same niche in a community, the weaker species is usually eliminated establishing one species is usually eliminated establishing one species per niche in a community.per niche in a community.

CompetitionCompetition

NO,, I can’t NO,, I can’t compete with compete with

that!!!that!!!

Throw him

back!!

Throw him

back!!

Graphs showing competition between two species of Paramecium. Since each population alone prospers (top two graphs), when they are in a competition

situation one species will win, the other will lose (bottom graph).

Do Now:What does the data on the graph tell you?

Do Now: AnswersWhat does the dada on the graph tell you? Ruffe have steadily increased from about

10% of the catch in 1989 to nearly 90% of the catch in 1996.

Unlike ruffe, emerald shiners have declined from nearly 80% of the catch in 1989 to about 5% of the catch in 1996.

Little change has been observed for yellow perch, which have consistently made up about 10% of the catch for these three species.

What does the dada on the graph tell you?

Importation of Importation of OrganismsOrganisms

Humans have accidentally and/or intentionally imported organisms to areas where they have no natural enemies leading to the disruption of existing ecosystems.

Examples include the Zebra Mussel, Gypsy moth, & “Killer bees”

INVASIVE SPECIES LINK

http://chesapeake.usgs.gov/invspec.html

Importation of OrganismsImportation of Organisms

Kudzu smothers native trees and shrubs.Kudzu smothers native trees and shrubs.

Purple Loosestrife Environmental Impacts Purple Loosestrife Environmental Impacts ofof replaces native wetland communities replaces native wetland communities eliminates food and shelter for wildlife species eliminates food and shelter for wildlife species reduces biodiversity reduces biodiversity

Importation of OrganismsImportation of Organisms Humans have Humans have

accidentally and/or accidentally and/or intentionally intentionally imported organisms imported organisms to areas where they to areas where they have no natural have no natural enemies leading to enemies leading to the disruption of the disruption of existing existing ecosystems.ecosystems.

Examples include Examples include the Japanese beetle the Japanese beetle and the Gypsy moth.and the Gypsy moth.

Importation of Organisms

INVASIVE SPECIES LINK

Human Causes of Species Endangerment Pollution, such as acid rain, pesticides, O3

depleting compounds, as well as climate warming atmospheric pollutants (CO2, CH4) contribute to the decline of species.

Major air pollutants include: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates.

Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide combine with water vapor creating acid rain problems.

Exam avg= 73%, pt I=70%, pt II=76%

Grade Range

Students

90< 1

85-89 2

81-84 2

76-80 2

71-75 7

66-70 1

61-65 5

55-60 3

Endangered and Extinct SpeciesHuman Causes of Species Endangerment Pollution• Acid rain

• Ozone depletion (leading to increased UV radiation

• Climate change due to CO2 increases

Endangered and Extinct Species Human Causes of Species Endangerment

Overexploitation Commercial harvest


Overexploitation of speciesOverexploitation of species: the : the over hunting or harvesting of over hunting or harvesting of species without regard to their species without regard to their biotic potentialbiotic potential..

Ex: Ex: The DodoThe DodoBlack Rhino Black Rhino


Overexploitation:Overexploitation: Ranchers, hunters and government agents reduced wolf and Ranchers, hunters and government agents reduced wolf and

grizzly for grazing livestockgrizzly for grazing livestock Carolina Parakeet: (extnt 1920) exterminated by farmers to Carolina Parakeet: (extnt 1920) exterminated by farmers to

protect fruits and cropsprotect fruits and crops Prairie dogs and pocket gophers were poisoned 1900-1960, Prairie dogs and pocket gophers were poisoned 1900-1960,

most disappeared from natural landsmost disappeared from natural lands Predators like the Black footed ferret became endangered Predators like the Black footed ferret became endangered 1985-1986 10 ferrets left, 1985-1986 10 ferrets left, 1991 successfully reintroduced back to the wild1991 successfully reintroduced back to the wild black tailed prairie dogs Plague has now Wyomingblack tailed prairie dogs Plague has now Wyoming Prairie land development also negatively affect BFF populationsPrairie land development also negatively affect BFF populations

..


Uncontrolled hunting, Uncontrolled hunting, trapping, and fishing still trapping, and fishing still occur in many parts of occur in many parts of the world.the world.

The extinction of the The extinction of the dodo bird and the dodo bird and the passenger pigeon passenger pigeon resulted from such resulted from such activities.activities.


The last known individual of the species, a female named Martha, died in 1914 in the Cincinnati Zoo and is now on display in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History.

The Passenger Pigeon

OverexploitationOverexploitation

The The exploitationexploitation of of wildlifewildlife for their products and pet for their products and pet trade has led to trade has led to threatenedthreatened populations & ecosystem populations & ecosystem disruptions.disruptions.

Examples include: the African Examples include: the African elephant—ivory; the elephant—ivory; the Colombian parrot—pet trade; Colombian parrot—pet trade; Tropical rain forest—plywood.Tropical rain forest—plywood.

Over hunting


Commercial harvestCommercial harvest is the removal of live organisms from is the removal of live organisms from nature. Inature. I

illegal commercial trade of rare animals & plants supplies a illegal commercial trade of rare animals & plants supplies a thriving black market, but regulated commercial harvest may thriving black market, but regulated commercial harvest may sustain species from an economic standpoint.sustain species from an economic standpoint.

Human Causes of Species Endangerment Efforts to eradicate a pest species or predator.

MYXOMATOSIS more

Illegal commercial hunting has a great impact (especially on larger animals. (K selected)

Kayko

TontaweeSaccone

http://www2.umt.edu/geograph/edlund/g346/myxomatosis.html


Islands are particularly susceptible to biotic pollution. MYXOMATOSIS

Introduction of Exotic Species

Amphibian Deformities

Case-in-Point: Disappearing Frogs In the US, 38% of amphibian species are

declining Many deformities have been observed No single factor has been determined

Trematode (flatworm) infestation Environmental stressors

Habitat loss disease air/water pollution pesticide residues High UV levels,

Do Now: What is a bellwether species (aka sentinel

species) and which group of organisms are being considered bellwether species?

Do Now: defined as organisms that are very

sensitive to environmental change and provide “advance warning” of such changes

amphibians are very sensitive to changes perhaps because they are very thin skinned and absorb water (and whatever is in the water) through their skins

amphibian populations worldwide show decline in species and quantity

Biocide UseBiocide Use The use of some The use of some

biocides (such as biocides (such as pesticides) without a pesticides) without a complete complete assessment of their assessment of their environmental environmental impact has impact has contaminated the contaminated the soil, atmosphere, soil, atmosphere, water supply, and water supply, and has disrupted foodhas disrupted food webs.webs.

Ex: DDTEx: DDT

http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=38/492/2017/2033&pq-locale=en_UShttp://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=38/492/2017/2033&pq-locale=en_US

** 1939 discovered the effectiveness of DDT** 1939 discovered the effectiveness of DDT

**DDT seemed to be the ideal insecticide it is cheap and of **DDT seemed to be the ideal insecticide it is cheap and of relatively low toxicity to mammals. relatively low toxicity to mammals.

**Extensive use of DDT began to appear in the late 1940s..**Extensive use of DDT began to appear in the late 1940s..

**Linked to the RAPID decline of Raptors (birds of prey) due to **Linked to the RAPID decline of Raptors (birds of prey) due to the thinning of calcium layers of eggs shells.the thinning of calcium layers of eggs shells.

**The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1973, **The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1973, although it is still in use in some other parts of the world. although it is still in use in some other parts of the world.

** The buildup of DDT in natural waters is a reversible process: ** The buildup of DDT in natural waters is a reversible process: the EPA reported a 90% reduction of DDT in Lake Michigan fish the EPA reported a 90% reduction of DDT in Lake Michigan fish by 1978 as a result of the ban. by 1978 as a result of the ban.

DDT a Banned InsecticideDDT a Banned Insecticide

Species Preservation

The peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus .

Do Now:Name this scientist & describe what he did.

DDT a Banned InsecticideDDT a Banned Insecticide

http://birdcam.kodak.com/cgi-bin/asCgi.pl?node=1&app=birdcam&laf=playground



Former Wolf Range in the lower 48 statesFormer Wolf Range in the lower 48 states


Present Wolf Range in the lower 48 statesPresent Wolf Range in the lower 48 states


Some efforts to sustain endangered species have included habitat protection (wildlife refuges and national parks) and wildlife management (game laws and fisheries).

Animals which were once endangered are now successfully reproducing and increasing their numbers.

Examples of endangered animals which are responding to conservation efforts and beginning to make a comeback are the bald eagle Haliaetus leucocephalus and the peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus .


http://www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/fwb/wildlife/pages/falconindex.htm

Aesthetic, Ethical, & Spiritual Importance of Organisms

Do Now: What is the difference between Conservation

and Preservation? Conserve/preserve

Conservation Biology Scientific study of how humans impact

organisms and development of strategies to protect diversity.

Conservation Biology, Challenges

Conservation Biology, Challenges

Mock Trial8 Jurors6 Lawyers (3 per side)10 expert witnesses (5 per side)

Ferret ExpertWind expertSierra ClubSolar expert

Impact awareness

Energy specialist (debts)Wind expert

SolarBiologist (everything is ok)

War veteran Parent

Conservation Biology Restoring Damaged or Destroyed Habitats

Beginning of prairie restoration in 1935

Conservation Biology Restoring Damaged or Destroyed Habitats

Same area in 2004

Conservation Biology Zoos, Aquaria, Botanical Gardens, and

Seed Banks Goal? How?


Seed Banks Ultimate goal is to reintroduce

endangered species back to their natural habitats By artificial insemination Embryo transfer


Seed Banks Establishing seed banks (Gene banks)

Conservation Biology Conservation Organizations

IUCN, The World Conservation Union

Many work with state & federal agencies and private landowners to promote conservation.

Conservation Policies and Laws Endangered Species Act

Conservation Policies and Laws Endangered Species Act

Conservation Policies and Laws Habitat Conservation Plans 1982 amendment to ESA Landowner allowed to set aside land

for endangered species, but develop other land with those species

Conservation Policies and Laws International Conservation Policies and

Laws Most important: CITES (Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna)

Wildlife Management Differs from conservation biology in that

wildlife managers focus more often on common organisms

and manage those species primarily for human benefits

Wildlife Management Management of Migratory Animals

Example of artic snow geese impact

Wildlife Management Management of Aquatic Organisms Freshwater fisheries primarily

managed by state fishing regulations Ocean fisheries commonly viewed as

common property this has lead many species close to

commercial extinction

What Can We Do About Declining Biological Diversity? Increase Public Awareness Support Research in Conservation Biology Support the Establishment of an

International System of Parks Control Pollution Provide Economic Incentives to

Landowners and Other Local People


Biotic pollution: the introduction of of a foreign species into an area where it is not native.

IV. Conservation biology

The scientific study & protection of biological diversity.

In situ conservation addresses loss of diversity in nature.

Includes parks, sanctuaries, refuges, & other protected areas.

Restoration ecology attempt to restore a degraded area (derelict lands) by applying ecological principles.

Species population community ecosystembiome

IV. Conservation biology

Ex situ conservation addresses loss of diversity in controlled settings & involve captive breeding programs & storing genetic material.

Zoos, Aquaria, botanical gardens, and seed banks are examples of Ex situ conservation.






































Conservation organizations

Various organizations help to educate policy makers and the public about the importance of biological diversity. Organizations also take direct action in addressing the problem.

Schoolworld W.W.F EarthFirst! U.S. Fish & Wildlife The World Conservation Union. Greenpeace

Conservation Policies & Laws

Endangered Species Act: this legislation authorizes the U.S. Fish & wildlife Service to protect endangered & threatened species in the U.S. & abroad.

Other nations have similar laws. The Endangered Species Act does not include economic

considerations built in. (private property owners won’t be compensated for abiding by the law if they suffer financial loss due to protecting an at risk species.

Habitat conservation plans are intended to resolve conflicts that arise due to the Endangered Species Act on private lands.

International Policies & Laws

The IUCN, World Wildlife Fund, & the U.N Environment Program developed the World Conservation Strategy in an attempt to conserve biological diversity worldwide.

International Policies & Laws

C.I.T.E.S

There are laws which regulate and guide the use of natural habitats.

Ex: SEQR- State Environmental Quality Review Act

A New York State law designed to provide the opportunity for citizen review and comment of the environmental impact of any proposed development that has been determined to have significant effect on the environment.

Policies & Laws

Wildlife Management

An applied field of conservation biology that focuses on the continued productivity of plants & animals.

Involves the regulation of hunting & fishing & the management of food, water, & other habitat components.

Wildlife programs often have different priorities than conservation biology. Traditional wildlife management tends to focus on maintaining the population of a specific species, whereas conservation biology focuses on managing a community to ensure diversity in general.

What can we do about declining biological diversity?

Increase Public Awareness

The general public & lawmakers must become more aware of the importance of our biological heritage.


Support research in Conservation Biology

Funding must be found for additional research in both basic & applied fields relating to conservation biology.


Support the establishment of an International System of parks with a minimum of 10% of the Earth’s land area.


Control pollution which damages humans as well as other organisms.


Provide economic incentives to landowners & other local people to manage their lands in an environmentally sustainable way.

Ex: Ecotourism in Costa Rica


Developing nations that are the repositories of much of the world’s biological diversity must realize the economic value of their living resources.


Disappearing Amphibians:

Frogs and other amphibians have been disappearing on a global scale.

Click here forchytrid fungus

Genetic Reserves

Domesticated plants & animal breeding including traditional breeding (pollination & animal husbandry) as well as genetic engineering.

The End?

Documents

1)Hand-in Mining lab M. Choice, Matching, Fill-ins. Tests back Tomorrow HW: Cha. 16 S. Answer