1.+DefiningUrbanAmerica (1).pptx

1

1. CONCEPTUALLY AND STATISTICALLY

DEFINING URBAN AMERICA

2

Urbanization, The Dominant Trend Around The World

For first time, more than half of world’s population is living in urban places

Based on State of World Population 2007 report from United Nations

By 2030, urbanization rate will be 60%

Compare with rate of world urbanization rate of 30% in 1950

3

Urbanization: More Developed vs. Less Developed Countries

Between 2007 and 2030, the urban share will rise from 75% to 81% in more developed countries

In less developed countries, urban share will rise from 44% to 56%

WORLD'S LARGEST POPULATED CITIES ARE CONCENTRATED IN ASIA

4

5

6

7

DEFINING URBAN AMERICA:CONCEPTUAL AND STATISTICAL

INTERPRETATIONS

Need to distinguish between urbanization and urban growth.

Important difference exists between these two processes.

·

8

Urbanization: a process whereby a society is transformed from an essentially rural to a predominantly urban one.

Two comparable indicators of urbanization:

• The proportion of the total population of an area

concentrated in urban settlement.

• The proportion of a place’s total area that is dedicated to

urban (as opposed to rural) land uses.

9

URBANIZATION (two indicators)

The process has a beginning and an end

Urban Population X 100

Total Population

Urban Land Area X 100

Total Land Area

10

URBAN POPULATION GROWTH:

In contrast, the growth of cities has no inherent limits.

P2 - P1

________________ P1

OR

X 100

[(P2/P1) - 1] x 100

11

Thus, cities can grow without any increase in urbanization if:

The rural population grew at an equal or greater rate.

If place is 100% urbanized, but continues to grow because

births exceed deaths or foreign immigration is larger than any exodus of nationals.

Ratio of urban to rural land areas remains the same or

declines.

12

IS IT POSSIBLE TO BE IN FAVOR OF URBAN GROWTH BUT NOT TO BE IN FAVOR OF

URBANIZATION?

OR VICE VERSA?

MORE THAN AN ACADEMIC QUESTION!!

RATHER, A PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION ON HOW

OUR SETTLEMENTS SHOULD LOOK AND FUNCTION.

13

URBAN SETTLEMENT PHILOSOPHY

PRO-URBANIZATION (second definition)

ANTI-URBANIZATION (second definition)

PRO-URBAN GROWTH

ANTI-URBAN GROWTH

14




PRO-URBAN GROWTH

Urban population growing and increasing share of settlement area in urban land uses. The current reality.

ANTI-URBAN GROWTH

No or limited urban population growth and share of urban land uses shrinking (or constant) relative to rural land area. Urban land may be reclaimed for "natural" uses.

15




PRO-URBAN GROWTH

Urban population growing and increasing share of settlement area in urban land uses. The current reality.

Urban population growing BUT growth restricted to limited land area. Strategy: Maintain urban land use boundary to concentrate urban population growth. Must result in some locations with higher land-use densities.

ANTI-URBAN GROWTH

No or limited urban population growth, but increasing share of settlement area in urban land uses. Typical of parts of upstate New York state. Sprawl without urban growth. Results in lower population densities.

No or limited urban population growth and share of urban land uses shrinking (or constant) relative to rural land area. Urban land may be reclaimed for "natural" uses.

16

FUNDAMENTAL LESSON

Clearly, both urban growth and urbanization measures depend on the particular way in which settlements are defined as urban.

In practice, U.S. Census (Department of Commerce)

typically used as basis to define urban status.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS USED

BY U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

TO DEFINE URBAN AND

RURAL AREAS IN THE

UNITED STATES17

18

19

Counties The primary legal division of every state except Alaska

(Boroughs and municipalities) and Louisiana (Parishes). Fairly stable units; therefore good for statistical/research purposes.

3,142 counties in the United States. 67 in Florida.

U. S. Census treats parish as equivalent to county for data

summary purposes. Familiar Louisiana example.

20

Census Tracts

Small, relatively permanent geographic subdivisions of a county.

Provide a nationwide set of geographic units that have

stable boundaries.

65,000 census tracts across the United States.

Used to measure internal diversity of a metropolitan area.

A reasonably compact, continuous land area, all parts of

which are internally accessible by road.

21

Population Thresholds for Census Tracts

Area(s) Optimum Minimum Maximum

United States, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands of the U.S.

4,000 1,500 8,000

43 census tracts in Alachua county

22

Alachua County Divided into Census Tracts

23

24

Census Block Group

Block groups are geographic subdivisions of census tracts. Provide a geographic summary unit for census block data.

A block group must comprise a reasonably compact and contiguous cluster of census blocks.

Each census tract contains a minimum of one block group and may have a maximum of nine block groups.

25

26

Population Thresholds for Block Groups

Area(s) Optimum

Minimum Maximum

United States, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands of the U.S.

1,500 600 3,000

27

28

Census Block Census tracts/block groups are subdivided into standard city

blocks

Smallest unit of data tabulation.

More fine-grained internal diversity.

Blocks are well-defined, usually rectangular pieces of land bounded by 4 streets, or other visible features.

May be irregular in shape.

Blocks do not cross boundaries of census tracts or counties.

Average about 100 people.

29

30

IN FLORIDA (2010)

4,245 census tracts

11,442 block groups

484,481 census blocks

31

Population Density

Persons per square mile is the average number of inhabitants per square mile of land area.

Divide the total number of residents by the number

of square miles of land area in the specified geographic area.

32

33

34

URBAN AND RURAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Urban area Used by the U.S. Census Bureau since year 2000 to refer collectively

to Urbanized areas (UA) and Urban clusters (UC). Urbanized Area (UA) Geographic entity consists of a densely settled area with a census

population of at least 50,000. A UA generally consists of a geographic CORE of block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile, and adjacent block groups and blocks with at least 500 people per square mile.

Urban Cluster (UC) Geographic entity consists of densely settled area with a census

population of 2,500 to 49,999. A UC generally consists of a geographic CORE of block groups or blocks with a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile and adjacent densely settled block groups and blocks with at least 500 people per square mile.

35

Urban Area Title Criteria For those urban areas that contain an incorporated place

with at least 2,500 people.Self-governing unit with legally defined boundaries

established under state law.Legally constituted governmental functions—such as,

providing various types of services.Separate identity that controls much of its own

development (e.g., ability to tax and collect revenues) The urban area title includes the name of the incorporated

place with the most population within the urban area. As many as two additional incorporated place names may

be part of the urban area title. “Urban areas” do not cross over state boundaries.

36

RURAL The Census Bureau's classification of "rural" consists of all

territory, population, and housing units located outside of UAs and UCs.

Census tracts, counties, metropolitan areas, and the territory

outside metropolitan areas, often are "split" between urban and rural territory.

URBAN-RURAL DISTRIBUTION In the year 2009, 68% of Americans lived in 452 Urbanized

Areas and 11% lived in 3,158 Urban Clusters.

Thus, 79% of Americans lived in urban America.

37

METROPOLITAN AND MICROPOLITAN AREAS More widely used for research and policy. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget establishes the

standards by which to define Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Micropolitan Statistical Areas.

Areas with a relatively large population nucleus and adjacent

communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

All statistical areas are made up of one or more counties. Judging whether adjacent counties are included usually

based on measures of job commuting ties. Metros and Micros can cross over state boundaries.

38

Metropolitan Statistical Area (metro area)

Metropolitan Statistical Area (metro area) • Consists of a Census Bureau-defined of at least one

urbanized area that has a population of at least 50,000.

• The metro area comprises the central county or counties

containing this CORE population, plus adjacent outlying counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county as measured through commuting ties.

Remember: urbanized areas must meet both size and density requirements.

39

40

How to Define Central Counties

Every metropolitan or micropolitan area contains at least

one central county.

Some areas also contain one or more outlying counties.

The central county or counties:

Contain all or a substantial portion of an urbanized area

or urban cluster.

These counties, in turn, are used to measure commuting

to and from counties that potentially qualify as outlying

counties.

41

How to Define Outlying Counties

• A county qualifies as an outlying county of a MSA if it meets the following commuting requirements:

at least 25 percent of the employed residents of the county (e.g., Gilchrist) work in the central county or counties (e.g., Alachua) of the MSA

or

at least 25 percent of the employment in the county (workers in Gilchrist) is accounted for by workers who reside in the central county or counties (e.g., Alachua) of the MSA.

A county may appear in only one MSA.

42

Micropolitan Statistical Area (micro area)

Consists of at least one urban cluster that has a CORE population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000.

The micro area comprises the central county or counties containing this CORE population, plus adjacent outlying counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county as measured through commuting.

As of 2013, there are there are 381 Metropolitan Statistical areas and 536 Micropolitan Statistical areas in the United States.

43

Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs)

Umbrella term: Includes two settlement categories—Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Thus, CBSAs encompass all settlement types in U.S. except places with population and territory outside of metro and micro areas. Thus, CBSAs exclude the most rural or noncore areas.

METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS or Rural America

Micropolitan Statistical AreasNoncore Areas

U. S. Population by Core Based Statistical Area Status, 2010

44

Why larger share of U.S. populationconsidered urban when using MSAs than Urbanized Areas?

45

46

47

48

Metropolitan Division

A subdivision unit of a CBSA (usually MSAs). Must contain a core of at least 2.5 million population. A metro division consists of one or more counties that represent an employment center or centers plus adjacent counties associated through commuting ties.

In Florida, for example, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL. MSA is divided up into three Metropolitan Divisions (one county each).

49

Principal Cities (Central Cities) and Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Titles

The largest city in each metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area is designated a "principal city.“

Additional cities qualify if specified requirements are met concerning population size and employment.

The title of each Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of the names of up to three of its principal cities and the name of each state into which the metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area extends.

50

Suburbs (area outside of central cities/principal cities) of metropolitan area

Area outside of principal/central cities, but within the boundaries of metropolitan area (counties) will often be referred to as the suburbs of the metropolitan area.

Issue: Need for metropolitan areas to include whole

counties and implications for defining suburban and rural populations.

51

52

Florida’s Metropolitan Statistical Areas

53

22 MSA’s(2013)

Florida’s Nonmetropolitan Statistical Areas

54

2013

55

56

57

58

59

CHALLENGES OF MEASURING URBAN GROWTH AND URBANIZATION

Population Size

1990 2000 Growth Rate (%)

Gainesville MSA

204,111 217,955 6.8

60


Population Size


1990-2000 Variable Boundaries

Alachua 181,596 217,955

Bradford 22,515

Total 204,111 217,955 6.8%

61


Population Size


Year 1990 Constant Boundaries

Alachua 181,596 217,955

Bradford 22,515 26,088

Total 204,111 244,043 19.6

Year 2000 Constant Boundaries

Alachua 181,596 217,955

Bradford

Total 181,596 217,955 20.0

62

U.S. Census Regions

WEST MIDWEST NORTHEAST SOUTH

63

64

65

CONCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS OF URBAN AMERICA Central Business District (Downtown)—CBD (part of

central/principal city) An area of high land valuation characterized by a high

concentration of retail businesses, service businesses, offices, theatres, and hotels and by a high traffic flow.

Generally considered the essence of an urban place. Inner City (part of central/principal city) Surrounding downtown is the oldest built-up and relatively

higher population-density urban area of metropolitan area consisting of both residential and nonresidential land uses.

BOSTON, MASS.

66

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

67

SAN FRANCISCO, CA.

68

69

CONCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS OF URBAN AMERICA

Inner Ring/First-Tier Suburbs Earliest built residential suburbs of the metropolitan area

Outer Ring Suburbs Later built residential suburbs of the metropolitan area

Exurban Areas Rural territory within defined metropolitan areas, typically

beyond the built-up suburbs, not in central county(ies) but within long-distance commuting range of urban employment opportunities

70

71

Megalopolis (Gottman, 1961)

A loose amalgamation of several metropolitan areas into a single massive region. e.g., Northeastern United States (New Jersey, New York, Philadelphia, Atlantic City), San Diego to San Francisco; Chicago-Pittsburgh corridor.

Not only refers to a continuous mass of urban spaces but also the places linked together by virtue of telecommunications, airline routes, and other types of flows.

72

Newer Terminology: Megapolitan Areas (Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech)

73

74

75

SHOULD WE DEFINE URBAN BASED ON:SITE OR SITUATION INDICATORS?

SITE: ecological criteria such as size, density, characteristics of the

population, housing, or land uses, natural landscapes, voting patterns, other settlement features

absolute locational as opposed to relative locational features

has to do with form or attribute features as opposed to

functional relationships with outside areas

has to do with the phenomena in an area but not their

linkages with other places

76

SITUATION:

a place's linkages with other places

extent of a place's geographic isolation

a place's connections with other places

the influences of one place on another

concerned with flows, market areas, spheres of influence,

geographic ties, transportation patterns of people and communication flows of information

77

Daily Urban System (Brian Berry, 1970s) (example of urban "situation")

Was looking for an alternative approach to measure the extent that the U.S. population lived in urban areas.

Not happy with measuring “urban” by population size or

density. Constructed urban regions based on the level of commuting

by workers to central city core counties of metropolitan areas. Defining urban this way greatly increases the extent of the

population AND territory that falls within the sphere of an urban center.

78

SPRAWL

Pattern of land use in an urban area that exhibits low levels

of some combination of eight distinct dimensions: density,

continuity, concentration, compactness, centrality,

nuclearity, diversity, and proximity.

We’ll focus on only six key dimensions of sprawl.

79

Chicago EXAMPLE:

Between 1970 and 1990 the population of the Chicago metropolitan area increased by only 4 percent but the amount of land in the region used for urban purposes grew by 35 percent.

Altogether 454 square miles, twice the size of the city

of Chicago, were converted from agricultural to urban uses over that 20-year span.

80

Baltimore EXAMPLE:

Between 1960 and 1990 the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area increased by 33 percent but the amount of land in the region used for urban purposes grew five fold—by 170 percent.

If Maryland continued at its current rate of development over the next 25 years, it would lose over 500,000 acres of forests and farmland—the size of Baltimore County and Baltimore City combined.

81

1. Density: the average number of residential units per square mile of developable land in an urban area.

82

2. Continuity: the degree to which developable land has been developed at urban densities in an unbroken fashion.

83

3. Concentration: the degree to which development is located in relatively few square miles of the total urban area.

84

4. Compactness: the degree to which development has been "clustered" to minimize the amount of land in each square mile of developable land occupied by residential or nonresidential uses.

85

5. Centrality: the degree to which residential and/or nonresidential development is located close to the central business district of an urban area.

86

6. Nuclearity: the extent to which an urban area is characterized by a mononuclear (as contrasted with a polynuclear) pattern of development

87

NOTE: MOST SPRAWLING URBANIZED AREA IS ATLANTA; LEAST SPRAWLING URBANIZED AREA

IS NEW YORK

Documents

1.+DefiningUrbanAmerica (1).pptx