1Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 1 Cosmology 2002 -
2003 Prof. Guido Chincarini The scope of these lectures is to give
to the student a feeling for modern problems in cosmology,
understand the basic concepts and give to him some tools to work
with. Often I will deal with a rough approximation in deriving
equations and numerical solutions. That is to facilitate the
comprehension. The student can refer to advanced textbooks and
articles to refine his/her computational capabilities. The
Introduction give a general overview of the state of the art
referring to basic matters and problems which are being studied now
days. I will then, before getting to the world models, revisit the
Luminosity Function of galaxies in its more general meaning in
order to give to the students a good grasp on this fundamental
distribution function and ideas on where our knowledge could and/or
need to be improved. Slide 2 2Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano
Bicocca 2 Notes & References I will still work on these
lectures during the next semester,. Indeed various parts need to be
improved, other expanded and above all I must add an large number
of references to help the students and also to acknowledge the
contribution of others when needed and due. On the other hand I
realize that many students and colleagues like to have them the way
they are and eventually get the updates later on when ready. I
understand that so that I decided to put them on the Web. I
appreciate if they are quoted when used and if the students, or
anyone for that matter, let me know about errors and typos. Also
let me know ways to improve them. Slide 3 3Cosmologia A.Year 02_03
- Milano Bicocca 3 Cosmologia Notizie Pratiche Coordinates:
[email protected] - Phone: 039 999 111 FAX 039 9991160
Lectures: Monday & Wednesday 10:45 12:45 or TBD Notes: The
students will give a short (20 minutes lecture) at the end of the
semester. Exams: Can be done with appointment any time the student
wants. The exam consists of a discussion on a topic selected by the
student (generally the content of the lecture the student presented
at the end of the semester) and on some of the arguments dealt
during the regular lectures. Relax: Picnic at the Observatory in
Merate hopefully will continue. Eventually we organize a joint
gathering. Everybody is welcome. Slide 4 4Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 -
Milano Bicocca 4 Shall we try? The literature and the web is very
rich. Data and catalogues are available at any wavelength (Radio,
HST, XMM, Chandra etc) and tools to analyze them, as for instance
ASDC, are also at hand. There are beautiful pictures as well. The
idea is: a.Could we try, as a group, to tackle or re-work a
cosmological problem or b.Could we try to tackle many different and
simpler problems with pairs or single students or c.Better forget
about The Risks: A.We might fail because the problem (or problems)
is not well chosen B.Since I am very busy I might not find the time
to follow properly the students. I might not be capable of carrying
out on this first attempt what I have in mind. C.We discover it is
a silly idea. I did not star to plan on it yet. The Reason for
this: I.Things in science and in life are changing and we have to
find new ways not only to organize ourselves but also to teach,
become creative and find a way of thinking and operating with
broader view. Slide 5 5Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 5
Im astounded by people who want to know the Universe when its hard
enough to find your way around Chinatown. (Woody Allen) Slide 6
6Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 6 Slide 7 7 7
Composizione artistica della NASA Slide 8 8Cosmologia A.Year 02_03
- Milano Bicocca 8 The evolving Universe Milestones Big Bang. (0.0)
Plancks time (10 -43 sec) Nucleosynthesis - He - Gamow. (~100 sec)
Time of Equivalence. (7000 - 10000 years) Time of Recombination.
(~25000 years) - MWB The formation of galaxies and Large Scale
Structures.(~500 Ml years) The present (~ 12 10 9 years) Slide 9
9Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 9 Slide 10 10Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 10 Brown dwarfs White Dwarf Neutron
Stars Black Holes Big Squeeze or the Vacuum Le Tappe Finali Slide
11 11Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 11 The simulated
image shows what the accretion disk around a black hole might look
like. The distortions of time and space by the intense gravity of
the black hole and motion of the material at close to the speed of
light cause emission to be shifted to longer and shorter
wavelengths. Slide 12 12Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 12
Slide 13 13Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 13 Slide 14
14Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 14 Cosmological Tests
leading to q o 1.Hubble Diagram 2.Galaxy counts-magnitude 3.The
angular diameters - z relation 4.Age of the oldest objects
5.Lensing Slide 15 15Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 15
Slide 16 16Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 16 Slide 17
17Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 17 The amount of
matter/energy in the universe determines the rate at which the
expansion of the universe is decelerated by the gravitational
attraction of its contents, and thus its future state: whether it
will expand forever or collapse into a future Big Crunch. Slide 18
18Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 18 Slide 19 19Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 19 The Hubble Diagram in the low
red-shift limit(V=H o x D) Hubble& Humason 1931 Slide 20
20Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 20 530 km/s Mpc Slide 21
21Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 21 The Hubble Diagram at
high z For an object of known absolute magnitude M, a measurement
of the apparent magnitude m at a given z is sensitive to the
universal parameters, through the luminosity distance: Slide 22
22Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 22 Slide 23 23Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 23 GRBs ?? Slide 24 24Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 24 Slide 25 25Cosmologia A.Year 02_03
- Milano Bicocca 25 Slide 26 26Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano
Bicocca 26 Star Formation Rate The distribution has been obtained
by fitting the curve proposed by Lamb and Reichart and adding a
Gaussian distribution in the range 15 33Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 -
Milano Bicocca 33 Materia Oscura < 0.1 Barionica Clumped H2Gas
PolvereMACHOs VMONane Brune Black Holes > 0.1 Non Barionica
Particelle esotiche Non - Termiche Assioni ?? Equilibrio Termico
Neutrini Leggeri (25 eV) WIMPs ?? Da: Materia Oscura ed Energia
Oscura Guido Chincarini Slide 34 34Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano
Bicocca 34 Slide 35 35Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 35
Slide 36 36Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 36 Distant
Galaxy with Gravitational Lens - Einstein Ring - A way to Map
Matter Slide 37 37Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 37 The
Coma Cluster of Galaxies - PSS & CHANDRA Slide 38 38Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 38 X - Ray Photons Optical Photons
Slide 39 39Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 39 Merger of
two sub_clusters. The sub-clusters are embedded within Abell 2142.
The subclusters might have collided two or three times in the past
few billion years. The bright source in the upper left quadrant is
an active galaxy belonging to the cluster. White 50 million
Degrees, Magenta 50 Million Degrees to 100. Slide 40 40Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 40 Slide 41 41Cosmologia A.Year 02_03
- Milano Bicocca 41 Slide 42 42Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano
Bicocca 42 Gamma Ray Burst at z=1.6, GRB 990511 Slide 43
43Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 43 GRB Polarization
Observing the afterglow of GRB990510 with the VLT soon (~ 18 h)
after the burst detection, a small but significant amount of linear
polarisation was detected in the optical (R) band, Covino et
al.,Wijers et al. 1999. There are two major consequences of this
observation: first, it is a confirmation of the synchrotron origin
of the radiation, since synchrotron photons can be highly
polarised. Second, associated with a somewhat anomalous steeping of
the light-curve, it gives a strong indication for the fireball to
be beamed. Slide 44 44Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 44
GRB Model Slide 45 45Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 45
Slide 46 46Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 46 Slide 47
47Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 47 Slide 48 48Cosmologia
A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 48
