Final Exam

Spanish II

Review Notes

First Six Weeks – 1) SER vs ESTAR 2) Pronunciation of Letters 3) Present Tense 4) Vocabulary Greetings & Verbs

Notes SER and ESTARSingular Plural1st person Yo – I nosotros/as - we2nd person tù – you (informal) XXX3rd person él, ella, objeto, usted – ellos, ellas, objetos, ustedes –He, she, object, you formal they, objects, yall

SER – TO BE (PERMANENT)YO- SOY NOSOTROS - SOMOSTÙ- ERES XÈL ELLA USTED- ES ELLOS/AS USTEDES – SON

ESTAR – TO BE (TEMPORARY)YO ESTOY NOSOTROS - ESTAMOSTÙ ESTÀS XÈL ELLA USTED- ESTÀ ELLOS/AS USTEDES – ESTÀN

¿¿WHEN TO USE SER OR ESTAR??SER ESTARD DESCRIPTION P POSITIONO OCCUPATION L LOCATIONC CHARACTERISTICS A ACTIONT TIME C CONDITIONO ORIGIN E EMOTIONR RELATION

Vocabulary GreetingsHola – helloBuenos días – good morningBuenas tardes – good afternoonBuenas noches – good evening / good nightAdiós – good byeHasta pronto – see you soonPerdóname – pardon me, forgive meEncantado – pleased to meet you / delighted / enchantedLo siento – I´m sorryPor favor – pleaseBienvenidos/as – welcomeCon permiso – excuse me (Muchas) gracias – thank you (very much)De nada – you´re welcomeHasta mañana – see you tomorrowHasta luego – see you laterSeñor – Mr.Señora – Mrs.Señorita – Ms.Què tal – how´s it going (informal)Còmo estàs – how are you (informal)Còmo està usted – how are you (formal)Muy bien – very good / wellNos vemos – see yaMucho gusto – nice to meet youQuè pasa – what´s happening Qué haces – what are you doingComo siempre – like alwaysTodo bien – all goodNada – nothing

Vowels & Consonants in Spanish

A /ah/ hahaha father

E /eh/ hehehe feather

I /ee/ heeheehee feet

O /oh/ Ho Ho Ho

U /oo/ who who who food

Dipthong - combination of two vowels that is ONE syllableCombinations are – SW, WS, WW

Strong Vowels A E OWeak Vowel I U

AI /eye/ caigo AU /ow/ gaucho EI /(m)ay/ seis EU /eh-oo/ EuropaOI(Y) /(t)oy/ goya OU no wordsIA /ya/ Italia IE /yeh/ pies IO /yo/ piojoUA /wah/ agua UE /weh/ puedo UO /woah/ cuota

ConsonantsLetter C

Hard SoftCA /kah/ casa CI /see/ ciudadCO /koh/ cosa CE /seh/ ceremoniaCU /koo/ cubo

Letter DWhen a word starts with “D” it is a hard sound like the word “DART”Otherwise it is pronounced as “TH”David MedidaDomino PiedadDar Cedo

Letter F – there is no PH in Spanish

Letter GGA /gah/ gato GI /hee/ GiganteGO /goh/ gota GE /heh/ genteGU /goo/ agudo

GUI /gee/ guindoGUE /geh/ pagueH is the unspoken letterBuho cohete ahora

J make the “H” alwaysJefe jirafa jarabe

Ñ makes the “NY”Castaño baño mañana

Q is always accompanied with U together they make one sound “K”

Tranquilo que querer

R makes a /rr/ when a words starts with R, when a words ends with R, when an R precedes a consonant, and when doubled (RR)

Rojo Cantar Puerta Perro

When an R is intervocalic (between vowels) it makes the sound like butter, flatter, ladder, cater, louder.

Cero pero bombero

V makes the B soundViernes móvil

W is only used in proper nouns

X has three sounds ´´KS´´ and ´´H´´ and ¨S¨KS Conexión Taxi Boxeo´´H´´ México´´S´´XilófonoZ is pronounced as an ´´S´´Lanzar Zitácuaro

Vocabulary Verbs List

Hablar – to speakComer – to eatVivir – to liveDormir – sleepPoder – to be ableRecordar – to rememberQuerer – to wantCerrar – to closeSentir – to feelRepetir – to repeat, to burpServir – to servePedir – to ask forJugar – to play (not an instrument)Conocer – to know people, placesCrecer – to growProducir – to produceTener – to haveDecir – to say, tellSalir – to leave, go outDar – to giveSaber – to know factsVer – to seeConstruir – to constructIncluir – to includeHuir – to fleeSer – to be (permanent)Estar – to be (temporary)Ir – to go

Present TenseBefore we begin...

Reminders:

1. Most present tense verb forms have several equivalents in English. For example, the form hablo may be translated in numerous ways:

I speak

(customary action)I am speaking (action in progress)

hablo I do speak (emphatic form)I will speak (near future action)do I speak (interrogative form)I have been speaking

(action started in the past but still in progress)

2. The subject pronouns that accompany these verbs are:

singular plural

yo I nosotros, nosotras wetú you (familiar) usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal)él he ellos they (masculine or mixed)ella She ellas they (feminine)

objeto object

objetos objects

Also any object that can be replaced with “IT” is considered he or she in Spanish

3. The formal second-person forms (usted and ustedes) take third-person forms of a verb:Ustedes hablan bien. You (plural) speak very well.Usted es norteamericana, no?

You (sing.) are an American, right?

Present Indicative of Verbs - Review of Forms

A. Regular verbs. To form the present indicative of regular verbs, drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and add the endings given below:

-ar -er -irhablar (to speak) comer (to eat) vivir (to live)hablo hablamos como comemos vivo vivimos

hablas comes viveshabla hablan come comen vive viven

B. In the above examples, note that the endings for the -er and -ir verbs are identical except for the nosotros.

C. Stem changing verbs. These verbs are also referred to as “radical changing verbs”; the word radical in Spanish means “stem” or “root”. The stem vowel undergoes a change when it is stressed in the present tense.

1. o > ue (the stem vowel o changes to ue when stressed)

acostar (put to bed)acuesto, acuestas, acuesta, acostamos, acostáis, acuestan

volver(return, go back)

vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis, vuelven

dormir (sleep)duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen

Similar verbs: 

acordarse (remember), almorzar (eat lunch), apostar (bet), contar (count, relate), costar (cost), encontrar (find), llover (rain),morir (die), mover (move), oler (smell), poder (be able), probar (try, prove), recordar (remember), rogar (beg), sonar (sound), soñar (dream),volar (fly).

2. e > ie (the stem vowel e changes to ie when stressed):

empezar (begin)empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan

querer (want) quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quierensentir (feel) siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten

Similar verbs:

advertir (notice), atravesar (cross), calentar (heat),  cerrar (close), comenzar (begin), convertir (convert), defender (defend),despertar (awaken), divertir (amuse),  empezar (begin), gobernar (govern), herir (injure),  pensar (think), perder (lose) querer (want), sentir(feel, regret), tropezar (stumble).

3. e > i (the stem vowel e changes to i when stressed; -ir verbs only):pedir (request, ask for) pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden

Similar verbs

competir (compete), conseguir (get), corregir (correct), derretir (melt), despedir (fire, say goodbye), elegir (elect), medir(measure), reír (laugh), servir (serve), seguir (follow, continue), sonreír (smile), repetir (repeat), vestir (dress).

4. u > ue (the stem vowel u changes to ue when stressed [in the verb jugar only]):

jugar (play [a game or sport]) juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan

D. Verbs with an irregular first person singular (yo) form.

1. c > zc in the yo form:conocer (know, be aquainted with [people

or places])conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen

Similar Verbs CER and CIR - acontecer (happen), agradecer (thank), amanecer (dawn), aparecer(appear), conducir (drive,

conduct), crecer (grow), enflaquecerse (get thin), enriquecerse (get rich), envejecerse (get older), establecer(establish), merecer(deserve), nacer (be born), obedecer (obey), ofrecer (offer), padecer (suffer),  parecer (seem), permanecer (remain),producir (produce), reducir (reduce), and traducir (translate).

2. appearance of g in the yo form:caer (fall) caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen

traer (bring) traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen

decir (say, tell) *digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicenhacer (do, make) hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen

poner (put, set) pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponensalir (leave, go out) salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen

tener (have) *tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienenvaler (be worth) valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valéis, valen

venir (come) *vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen

*These are also stem changing verbs*

3. other types of yo form changes:caber (fit [in something]) quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabéis, caben

dar (give) doy, das, da, damos, dais, dansaber (know [facts]) sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

ver (see) veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven

E. Verbs like huir. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -uir (but not -guir) insert a y in present tense endings whenever the ending does not contain the sound “i”, that is, in all forms except for nosotros and vosotros.huir (flee) huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huís, huyen

Similar Verbs

 construir (construct), contribuir, (contribute), disminuir, (diminish), incluir (include), influir (influence).

F. Irregular verbs. The following verbs are completely irregular (usually because of the way they evolved from Latin) or display characteristics so rare as to be considered “irregular” for our purposes.estar (to be) estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, estánser (to be) soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

ir (go) voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van

Word Stress1. Any word with a written accent mark is stressed on the accented syllable:

pá-ja-ro ha-bló ca-rác-ter

2. Any word not bearing a written accent that ends in a vowel, n or s is stressed on the next to last (penúltima) syllable:

ca-sa ca-san ca-sascon-so-nan-te di-go lla-me

3. Any word not bearing a written accent that ends in a consonant other than n or s is stressed on the last (última) syllable.

ha-blar de-cid me-tal tra-ga-luz

Word Types

1. Palabra llana: The word's stress falls on the next-to-last (penúltima) syllable. This includes unaccented words ending in a vowel, n, or s (see 2 above) as well as words bearing written accent marks on the next-to-last syllable (such as carácter in #1 above).

2. Palabra aguda: The word's stress falls on the last (última) syllable. This includes unaccented words ending in consonants other than n or s (see #3 above) as well as words bearing written accents on the last syllable (such as habló in #1 above).

3. Palabra esdrújula:1 The word's stress falls on the third syllable from the end (antepenúltima). All such words must bear a written accent mark. Pájaro in #1 above is an example, as is the word "esdrújula" itself.

Syllable Division in SpanishA. Division with consonants:

1. When a single consonant comes between two vowels, the consonant begins the following syllable:

ca-sa pe-ro ma-má ni-ño

2. Remember that the Spanish alphabet is different from the English alphabet, so that rr, ll, and ch, are also considered single consonants:

co-che ca-lle ca-rro

3. Consonant blends composed of an f or an occlusive2 plus r or l are attached to the following vowel:

ha-blar a-fli-gi-da a-je-drez a-pro-pia-da a-plau-dir a-grio

4. Other combinations of two consonants are separated:3

en-cen-der har-to en-vol-ver ais-lar dor-mirpre-gun-tar far-del pun-to es-te em-pe-zar

5. In combinations of three consonants, (a) when the second and third consonants form a blend such as those in #3, above, the division is as one would expect: the blend begins the following syllable. (b) Other combinations of three consonants are divided so that the first two end one syllable and the third begins the next syllable.

en-trar ex-tra-ñar em-ple-ar em-bra-gue sor-pre-sains-ti-gar trans-mi-tir ins-ti-tu-ción trans-for-mar ins-tan-te

6. Combinations of four consonants are rare. Typically they are divided so that two end the previous syllable and two begin the next syllable.

trans-plan-tar ins-truc-ción

1

2

3

Second Six Weeks – Gerunds, Reflexive Verbs, Preterite Regulars, Body & Reflexive Verbs Vocabulary.

Gerunds Part One – definitions, conjugations, irregulars

Gerund – An action verb in English that ends with –ING. (not amazing that is an adjective)Present Progressive Tense – with a form of ´´to be´´ (I am, you are, she is, we are, they are)

-AR VerbsVerb hablarSubtract ending hablAdd –ANDO hablando

-ER and –IR VerbsVerb comer vivirSubtract ending com vivAdd –IENDO

Conjugate the following to gerund and defineHablar hablando speakingComer comiendo eatingVivir viviendo livingTraducir traduciendo translatingTocar tocando touching, playing and instrumentPresent Progressive Tense – ALWAYS use ESTAREstoy estamos I am We areEstás You areEstá están She is They are

Traduce al español.He is walking él está caminandoI am looking yo estoy mirandoThey are talking ellos están hablandoYou are playing tú estás tocandoWe are translating sentences. Estamos traduciendo oraciones.

The irregulars…

1. IR Verbs with stem change . – in these verbs, will stem change in the gerund form as well, but only one letter will change into one letter.

O-UE….O-U dormir - durmiendoE-IE….E-I sentir - sintiendoE-I….E-I servir – sirviendo

2. ER and IR Verb stems ending with a vowel. – in these verbs, the gerund ending is –YENDO instead of –IENDO.

Caer - cayendoLeer - leyendoHuir – huyendo

Gerund Part 2 - 3 other uses of Gerunds

Already discussed is the Present Progressive tense using a form of to be like… I am studying. Estoy estudiando

1. Verbs of Motion – with the verb of motion the next word will be the gerund.

Entrar – to enterSeguir (e-I, g) – keep onContinuar – continueVenir – to comeAndar – go aboutSalir (g) – go out, leave

I continue walking. Yo continuo caminando.Dante enters the classroom laughing. Dante entra la clase riendo.

Write 2 sentences utilizing verbs of motion with a gerund

I go out walking – salgo caminandoI leave crying – yo salgo llorando

2. Verbs of Perception

Ver – seeMirar – lookNotar – noticeEscuchar – listenHoler – smellOir – hear

I see students talking and eating. Yo veo estudiantes hablando y comiendo

Write 2 sentences using verbs of perception with a gerundI notice the girls playing. Noto las niñas jugando.I hear music playing. Oigo la música tocando.

3. Adverbial Phrase – describes a verb with a gerund using the word ´´by´´ before the gerund.

I stand by locking my knees. Yo me levanto asegurando mis rodillas

Algunos Verbos Reflexivos / Some Spanish Reflexive Verbsto bathe, take a bath bañarse to get up levantarseto be (get) happy alegrarse to go to bed Acostarse (ue)to be (get) surprised sorprenderse to have a good time Divertirse (ie)to break (arm, leg) quebrarse (ie) to hurt oneself lastimarseto brush (hair, teeth) cepillarse to make up one's mind decidirseto burn (oneself, one's body)

quemarse to put on (clothes) Ponerse (g)

to calm down calmarse to put on makeup maquillarseto cheer up animarse to put on makeup (colors) pintarseto comb (hair) peinarse to say goodbye to Despedirse (i)to cut (hair, nails) cortarse to shave afeitarseto fall (down) Caerse (g) to sit down Sentarse (ie)to fall asleep Dormirse (ue) to stay, remain quedarseto get sad entristecerse to take a shower ducharseto get angry enojarse to take off (clothes) quitarseto get bored aburrirse to tear (clothes) to break romperse

(arm, leg)to get dressed Vestirse (i) to try on Probarse (ue)to get ready arreglarse to wake up Despertarse (ie)to get scared asustarse to wash (up) lavarseto get sick enfermarse to worry preocuparseto get tired cansarse

Reflexive Verbs Notes

Reflexive verb – when the subject of the verb and the object of the verb are the same, a verb is reflexive.A reflexive verb must use a REFLEXIVE PRONOUN to indicate that the subject is acting out the verb to itself.

Singular Plural1st me myself nos ourselves2nd te yourself x3rd se himself se theirselves

3 Steps to correctly conjugate a reflexive verbHablarse – Yo

1. Remove the ``se`` …. Hablar2. Conjugate verb …..Hablar – yo is hablo3. Put the correct Reflexive Pronoun BEFORE the verb…. Me hablo

When used with a gerundThe reflexive pronoun can go in two different spots

1. Before the verb estar. Ella se està bañando2. Connected to the gerund. Ella està bañándose

You MUST add an accent to the previously accented syllable!!

Spanish Vocabulary The Body / El Cuerpo

Head – la cabeza

Hair (on the head) – el cabello

Eyebrow – la ceja

Ears – las orejas

Lip – el labio

Mouth – la boca

Neck – el cuello

Arm – el brazo

Shoulders – los hombros

Elbow – el codo

Wrist – la muñeca

Fingers – los dedos

Chest – el pecho

Back – la espalda

Stomach – el estòmago

Leg – pierna

Knee – la rodilla

Foot – el pie

Ankle – la tobilla

Toes – los dedos

To cough – toser

To see – ver (irr)

To move – mover (ue)

To sleep - dormir (ue,u)

To stretch – estirar

To think – pensar (ie)

To breathe – respirar

To yawn – bostezar

To break – quebrar (ie)

To sneeze – estornudar

Preterite REGULAR ConjugationsThe preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed.

AR Verbsyo                    étú                     asteél                     ónosotros         amos

ellos                aron

ER/IR Verbsyo                    ítú                     isteél                     iónosotros         imos

ellos                ieron

Here are all three regular preterite verb forms together:Hablar comer Vivir     Hablé comí VivíHablaste comiste VivisteHabló comió VivióHablamos comimos Vivimoshablasteis comisteis Vivisteishablaron comieron Vivieron

The Irregulars of the Preterite TenseRegular AR endings in the preteriteé amos

aste asteisó Aron

-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR. These verbs have changes in the "yo" form only. The rest of the conjugation is regular.-CAR - The "yo" form uses "qué"

Sacarsaqué sacamos

sacaste sacasteis

sacó sacaron

Other -car verbs

sacar tocar

explicar buscar

indicar practicar

- GAR - The "yo" form uses "gué"Llegarllegué llegamos

llegaste llegasteis

llegó llegaron

Other -gar verbspagar pegar

jugar apagar

-ZAR - The "yo" form uses "cé"Cruzar

crucé cruzamos

cruzaste cruzasteis

cruzó cruzaron

Other -car verbsalmorzar lanzar

Regular IR endingsí imosiste isteisió ieron

IR verbs - that are stem changing in the present tense (E-I, E-IE, O-UE) have a change (E-I or O-U)

only in the él-ella-Ud. Servir  -  E Iserví servimos

serviste servisteis

SIRVIÓ SIRVIERONSimilar verbs with E-Ipedir divertirse

repetir preferir

Dormir  -  O Udormí dormimos

dormiste dormisteis

DURMIÓ DURMIERON

Similar O-U verbs:Morir 

Verbs with a vowel preceding the stem. These verbs change the -ió to -yó in the él-ella-Ud. form and -

ieron to -yeron in the ellos-ellas-Uds. form. They also include accents on the í in the tú, nosotros and vostros forms.

Leerleí leímosleíste leísteis

leyó leyeronOther verbs that are similar:oír caer

creer poseer

*Exceptions: Verbs that end in -UIR. These verbs keep the yó and the yeron but do not add the accents on the "i" in the tú, nosotros and vosotros forms.Construirconstruí construimos

construiste construisteis

construyó construyeronSimilar verbs:concluir huir

incluir contribuir

 

*Attention* The following verbs do not take accents in the preterite.

venir - vin

All of these verbs take the following endings:E                   IMOSISTE            XO                  IERON *Exceptions: Hacer - El-ella-Ud. HIZODecir - Ellos-ellas-Uds. DIJERONTraer - TRAJERONCIR Verbs - CONDUJERON, etc...

hacer - hic*

poner - pus

saber - sup

querer - quis

estar - estuv

tener - tuv

poder - pud

traer - traj *

decir - dij*

producir - produj *

conducir - conduj *

traducir - traduj *

 Dar, Ver, Ser-Ir.- These verbs also take no accents.

Dar                                                                       Verdi dimos vi vimos

diste disteis viste visteis

dio dieron vio vieron

Ser-Ir. These verbs are conjugated the same in the preterite.fui fuimos

fuiste fuisteis

fue fueron

3rd Six Weeks – Imperfect & Command Tenses Winter &

Imperfect Tense

The imperfect tense is an expression in the past seen as incomplete, on-going, or even ambiguous. Some examples in English to make this expression is what a person “was doing” “used to do,” or “would do” in the past tense.

In order to form this tense you…

Hablar - ar = Habl + aba = Hablaba

Endings

AR ER / IRYo -aba -íaTú -abas -íasÉl/ella/ud -aba -íaEllos/as/uds -aban -íanNosotros/as -ábamos -íamos

There are only 3 verbs that are irregular, ALL other verbs follow the aforementioned formula :

ser ver ir

eraeraseraéramoseraiseran

veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían

ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban

1. Past tense gerund – example I was eating chips. “I was eating” is a past tense gerund and is ALL combined into the conjugated form of to eat in the gerund form. To eat is comer, therefore comía would translate as I was eating.

2. Expression “used to” – example I used to eat chips. I used to eat will be ALL combined into the conjugated form of to eat, therefore comía can also translate as I used to eat.

3. Would – example I would eat chips. I would eat will be ALL combined into the conjugated form of to eat, therefore comía can also translate to I would eat.

When you conjugate a verb into the imperfect the verb itself without any context, could mean any of these three examples, Past tense gerund, “used to” and “would.”

Translate these sentences using the vocabulary list.

I was slipping on the ice.

Remember the underlined portion is in the conjugation of the verb.

Answer: Yo resbalaba en el hielo.

I used to celebrate Christmas during the summer.

Yo celebraba la navidad durante el verano.

The icicles would melt when the sun would rise.

Los témpanos se derretían cuando el sol subía.

Some Other Uses of the Imperfect

Not always do you need to use “used to” “would” or “past tense gerund” to have an expression in the imperfect tense. The following are other ways.

1. Talking about the weather in the past. Usually you will use the verb HACER

It was cold Hacía fríoIt was windy Hacía viento.

2. Talking about physical condition and/or emotions.

You felt sad. sentías triste.You were sick Estabas enfermo.

3. Habitual Actions in the past.

Every Monday I walked to the school.Cada lunes yo cominaba a la escuela

Imperfect vs Preterite VocabularyYesterday – ayerA lot – muchoEvery day – cada díaThis morning – esta mañana

The day before yesterday – anteayerAlways – siempreEvery Tuesday…. – cada martes…Last night – anocheFrequently – frecuentamenteNever – nuncaOn Saturday – el sábadoOn Sundays – los domingosEvery week – cada semanaThe other day – el otro díaAll of the sudden – de repenteFinally – por finTwo days ago – hace dos díasLas year – el año pasadoMany times – muchas vecesOne time – una vezAll the time – todo el tiempoSometimes – a vecesGenerally – generalmenteOccasionally – de vez en cuandoWhile – mientrasOften – a menudoLast week – la semana pasadaVarious times – varias vecesSo many times – tantas veces

Winter Vocabulary

tree – pinoMerry Christmas – feliz navidadOrnament – ornamentoTo celebrate – celebrar

Party – fiestaTo snow – nevarThe snow – la nieveSnow man – muñeco de nievePresent – regaloToy – jugueteSnowflake – copo de nieveIce skating – patina sobre hieloPeace – pazJoy – júbiloTo wish – desearBells – campanillasStocking – calcetaMiracle – milagroTo ascend – subirIt´s cold – hace fríoWinter – inviernoIcicle – témpanoThe shovel – la palaGloves – guantesCoat – abrigoScarf – bufandaTo freeze – congelarSlip – resbalarTo travel – viajarGive – darSing (carol) – entonarTo have a good time – divertirseTo melt - derretirse

Commands

Commands or the Imperative Tense – expressing an order or a command.Commands are orders to DO something or to NOT DO something.The following shows the conjugations for the 2nd person singular.

Verb Ending Affirmative (do) Negative (don’t)AR -A -ESbailar baila no bailes

ER -E -AScomer come no comas

IR -E -ASdormir duerme no duermas

Irregular Affirmatives

Remember this phrase .. Vin Diesel has ten weapons eh??Venir – VenDecir – DiSalir – SalHacer – hazTener – TenIr – Ve / No vayasPoner – PonSer – sé / no seas

How to conjugate Irregular Negatives1. Infinitive of the Verb Salir2. Present tense Yo form Salgo3. Flip the ending ES or AS no Salgas

** IT IS MOST SAFE TO USE THESE THREE STEPS TO CONJUGATE NEGATIVE COMMANDS BECAUSE YOU PROBABLY DON’T KNOW WHICH ONES ARE IRREGULAR**

Mirar Miro No miresDecir Digo No digasVenir Vengo No vengas

Orthographic Changes – spelling change based on pronunciationCAR GAR ZARTocarToco no toquesJugar Juego no jueguesLanzar Lanzo no lances

Commands – an order to DO or NOT DO something.Hablar – habla, no hablesComer – come, no comas Dormir – duerme, no duermas

Irregular Affirmatives… see notes pageHow to conjugate negative… infinitive…present tense yo form…flip ending AR---ES and ER/IR---ASSalir Construir conocerSalgo construyo conozcoNo salgas no construyas no conozcas

Orthographic change – CAR GAR ZARChocarChocoNo choques

When doing conjugations tables for the affirmative and negative, do the negative table first.Hablar AffirmativeXXX HablemosHabla XXXhable hablen

Hablar NegativeXXX No hablemosNo hables XXXNo hable No hablen

HablarHabloNo hablesVenir Affirmative

Vengamosvenvenga vengan

Venir NegativeNo vengamos

No vengasNo venga No vengan

VenirVengoNo vengas

Jugar AffirmativeXXX JuguemosJuega XXXjuegue Jueguen

Jugar NegativeXXX No juguemosNo juegues XXXNo juegue No jueguen

¿¿Imperfect or Preterite??

Simple definitionsPreterite – an expression seen as COMPLETEDImperfect – an expression seen as NOT COMPLETED.

Preterite TenseC… Chain of events… he fell, then she fell… caerse

Él se cayó, entonces ella se cayóR… Repeated # of times… He failed three times… reprobar

Él reprobó tres vecesA… All of the sudden… Suddenly he fell. Caerse

De repente él se cayóB… Beginning / End His heart began to fail

Su corazón empezó a fallarS… Simple Event He ate a cake

Él comió un pastel

Imperfect

P… Progressive Action I was singing… cantarEstaba cantando

A… Age I was 22 yesterdayAyer, tenía veintidós años

T… Time It was three pm…Eran las tres

T… The stage It was darkEra oscuro

I… Information She was a brunetteElla era castana

E… Emotion They were boredEstaban aburridos

S… Systematic I brushed my teeth every dayMe cepillaba mis dientes cada día

4th Six Weeks – Past Participle, IOP & DOP,

The Past ParticipleI. Definition - used to modify a noun that is the object of a

verb, also used in certain compound tenses (Have spoken) and passive voice ( It was finished )

II. Formation – In English, this tense is usually formed by–ed endings. In Spanish is usually formed by –ADO for

AR Verbs and IDO for ER/IR verbs

Ex. Hablar – ar = Habl + ado = Hablado (spoken)Ex. Comer – er = Com + ido = Comido (eaten)

III. Irregulares

R resuelto resolver to solve, to resolveR roto romper to break, to tearE escrito escribir to writeV visto ver to seeV vuelto volver to returnM muerto morir to dieA abierto abrir to openC cubierto cubrir to coverP puesto poner to putH hecho hacer to do, to makeD dicho decir to say, to tellD descubierto descubrir to discover

IV. The uses of past participles

A. The main use of the past participle is with the auxiliary for of “to have” Haber. This is called Compound Past Participle. This type of past participle DOES NOT agree by gender and number, always in the masculine singular form.

Yo HE hablado – I have spokenTú HAS hablado – you have spoken

Usted HA hablado – You (formal) have spokenEllos HAN hablado – They have spoken

Nosotros HEMOS hablado – we have spoken.

Examples1. ¡Yo te he visto tres veces hoy! – I have seen you three time today!

2. Ellos ya han comido – They have already eaten

3. ¡Has encontrado la cura al cáncer! – You’ve found the cure to cancer

** Important, you CANNOT separate haber+PP with anything. Any pronouns used will go BEFORE haber+PP**

Examples1. Melo he tomado – I have drank it

2. Te has vuelto – You have come back!

B. Use ESTAR “to be” for the PASSIVE VOICE Past Participle.These types must agree by gender and number of the subject.

Ejemplos

1. Las computadoras estàn vendidas – The computers are sold.

2. El carro està manejado – The car will be driven.

3. El edificio està destruido – The building was destroyed.

C. The Adjectival past participle does not contain HAVE or TO BE, just a past participle followed by a noun.

Ejemplos

1. Los Estados Unidos – The United States.

2. Los estudiantes cansados – The tired students.

3. El hombre confundido – The confused man

*Remember*

¡¡ If the past participle is an Adjective it must agree by gender & number !!

Direct Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns

A direct object tells WHO or  WHAT receives the action of the verb. Also, in English, the Direct Object follows the verb in an active voice sentence.

I steal the car.Now let's examine the components of the sentence.

I= subjectsteal= transitive verb (transitive verbs transfer action to an object & require an object)the car= direct object (receives the action of the verb): The car is what I steal.

Now replace the Direct Object [the car] with a Direct Object Pronoun [it]:

I steal it.

It is a direct object pronoun ("it" refers to what was stolen - in this case, a car) Now let's look at the same sentence in Spanish:

Yo robo el carro.

Again, let's examine the components of the sentence.

Yo= the subjectrobo= transitive verbel carro= the direct object

Now we replace the Direct Object [un carro] with a Direct Object Pronoun [lo].

We use lo because carro is masculine and singular. Lo = it (un carro) In Spanish you must place the direct object pronoun directly in front of the active (conjugated) verb:

Yo lo robo.

The Direct Object pronouns:Yo me nos NosotrosTu te os Vosotros

Él, Usted (male) ["it" masculine]

lo losEllos, Ustedes ["those things" masculine]

Ella Usted (female) ["it" feminine]

la lasEllas, Ustedes ["those things" feminine]

Indirect Object Pronouns

An indirect object is usually a person receiving the direct object. The pronouns in Spanish are basically the same as the ones used for the direct objects, with the exception of the third person. It is important to remember that in Spanish, anytime that an indirect object is expressed, the pronoun must be present even if the indirect object is expressed in some other way (i.e., prepositional clause).

 Singular Plural

Me (me) Nos (us)

Te (you) Os (you [all])

Le/se (him/her/it) Les/se (them)

As you see, we have one that can be used only for the singular (le), one used only for the plural (les), and yet another one (se) that can be used for both! Nevertheless, the 'se' form is used only when the direct object pronoun is

also used for reasons that seem to be primarily aesthetic (such as the use of the 'n' with the indefinite article in English: "an apple" vs. "a apple"). Although you'll see the pesky 'se' everywhere in standard writing in Spanish (i.e., newspaper articles, literature, manuals, etc.), you should be aware that there are many uses of 'se', and that it's not always used as an indirect object pronoun.

First, let's see a few examples where we substitute the indirect object without using the direct object pronoun, and then we'll see how these two pronouns act together.

   Spanish English

With prepositional clause

(Tú) Le das el libro a Pedro

You give the book to Pedro

No prepositional clause (Tú) Le das el libro

You give him the book [incorrect to express a prepositional clause].

With prepositional clause

 Yo te doy el libro [a ti: redundant/emphasis] I give the book to you

No prepositional clause  Yo te doy el libro I give you the book.

Note how in both languages we can use the prepositional clause to know who is receiving the book. The prepositional clause is mainly used for clarification or for emphasis. Generally, in Spanish the prepositional clause is used at the end, whereas in English it would be incorrect to use it sometimes, as in the second sentence. In that case, we can identify the indirect object by using the name: "You give Pedro the book."

SP II

Direcciones

To the left – a la izquierda

To the right – a la derecha

To go – ir

To drive – manejar

Straight – derecho

Forwards – adelante

Backward – al revés

Block – cuadra, manzana

Traffic light – semáforo

Street – calle

Boulevard – bulevar

Avenue – avenida

To turn – darse vuelta

To follow – seguir

Near – cerca (de)

Far away – lejos (de)

Corner – esquina

Behind – atrás

In front – en frente

To cross – cruzar

Address – domicilio

To walk – caminar

To move – moverse

Between – entre

Blinker Lights – luz intermitente

To stop – pararse

To take – tomarse

Highway – autopista

To pass - pasarse

Lane - carril

Modismos del Internet y Celular surl.im/b37x

Be right back (BRB) – ahorita vengoHaha – jajaWell, so (filler word) – pos (pues)All the way – atm (a toda maquina)Love you lots (friend) – TQM (te quiero mucho)A lot, many– muxo (mucho)God bless you – DTB (Dios te bendiga)Just kidding – NTC (no te creas)Good – wueno (bueno)Hello – AlóA call – una llamadaAnswer – contestarHang up – colgar (o-ue)Ring (phone) – timbrarLike (filler word) – esteWhatever – o sea(facebook) wall – forotext – textearsend a text – mandar un textoyou messed up – la regastea whole lot – un chorroalso – tmb (también)ratchet – grosero(a)Take care – cuídateI am (temporary) – toi (estoy)Yeah, Yep, yup – sipSalty – sangrón(a)Greetings – salu2 (saludos)Bye – a2 (adios)I cant talk – nph (no puedo hablar)Why / because – pk (por qué)

5 th Six Weeks Test- Future Tense / Conditional Tense, Pobre Ana Ch 1-9, Spring and Space Vocabulary

1) Future Tense There are two different ways to express the future tense in Spanish.

1) Distant Future – expressed with a new set of conjugation and expresses that a) the topic at hand is seemingly far away utilizing the word ´´WILL´´ in English (even though something in reality is close, it can be expressed as distant future) b) the topic at has expresses uncertainty, probability, and question, utilizing words such as ´´COULD´´ and ´´PROBABLY´´

The conjugations are as follows. Remember ADD the endings without taking away the AR ER or IR of the verb (for regular verbs only)

È Emos ÀsÀ Àn

Example Hablarè Hablaremos Hablaràs hablarà Hablaràn

The IrregularsVerb Yo Form caber .......................yo cabréponer .......................yo pondrédecir ........................yo diré haber .......................yo habré salir ..........................yo saldré hacer .......................yo haré poder .......................yo podré tener ........................yo tendré querer ......................yo querré

valer .........................yo valdré saber ........................yo sabrévenir ........................yo vendré

Example Sentences

We will eat. ComeremosI will talk to you. Te HablarèShe could be a doctor? Ella serà una doctora?You will come to the party Tù vendràs a la fiesta.

2) Near Future – expressed by the formula ´´ ir+a+infinitive ´´ that is relatively close to happening utilized by ´´ GOING TO .´´

Voy – I am going… Vamos – We are going…Vas – You are going…Va – He/She/It is going… Van – They/Yall are going…

Infinitive is an unconjugated verb i.e. comer, hablar, vivir…

Example SentencesI am going to eat. Voy a comer.We are going to learn. Vamos a aprender.

2) Conditional Tense

As in English, the conditional tense (sometimes considered a mood) is used to talk about what would or would not happen under certain circumstances. In English the conditional is formed by placing the auxiliary verb “would” before a verb (“I would study but I have no book;” “With a little encouragement, she would run for office”). In Spanish THERE IS NO AUXILIARY VERB THAT MEANS “WOULD.”

Instead, you form the conditional by adding endings to the infinitive (if regular). The endings are as follows:

conditionalSubject ending Example

yo -ía hablaría I would talktú -ías hablarías you would talkél / ella / usted -ía hablaría he/she/it/Ud. would talknosotros -íamos hablaríamos we would talkellos / ellas / ustedes -ían hablarían they/Uds. would talk

IRREGULARS

Certain verbs use irregular stems instead of the infinitive. You should know the conditional conjugations for the following 12 verbs. The good news is that the conditional endings are always the same, regardless of whether the stem is regular or irregular.

stem used forInfinitive conditional Conjugations

decir dir- diría, dirías, diría, diríamos, diríanhaber habr- habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríanhacer har- haría, harías, haría, haríamos, haríanpoder podr- podría, podrías, podría, podríamos, podríanponer pondr- pondría, pondrías, pondría, pondríamos, pondríanquerer querr- querría, querrías, querría, querríamos, querrían

saber sabr- sabría, sabrías, sabría, sabríamos, sabríansalir saldr- saldría, saldrías, saldría, saldríamos, saldríantener tendr- tendría, tendrías, tendría, tendríamos, tendríanvaler valdr- valdría, valdrías, valdría, valdríamos, valdríanvenir vendr- vendría, vendrías, vendría,vendríamos,vendríancaber cabr- cabría, cabrías, cabría, cabríamos, cabrían

La Primavera

The Spring time – la primaveraTo bloom – florecerTo awaken – despertarseA flower – una florBright – brillanteSunny – soleadoA hummingbird – un colibríTo buzz – zumbarTo grow – crecer, cultivarTo rain – lloverA downpour – un diluvioFresh – frescoTo be born – nacerTo find - encontrarThe wind – el vientoTo hatch – salir del cascarónA breeze – una brisaA vacation – una vacaciónA rabbit – un conejoA bluejay – azulejoFree time – tiempo libreEaster – La PascuaFour-leaf clover – treból de cuatro hojasTo celebrate – festejarTo develop - desarrollarse

VocabularioEl Espacio

Earth – la tierra

Star – la estrella

Comet – la cometa

Rocket- el cohete

Planet – el planeta

Moon – la luna

Sun – el sol

UFO - ovni

Alien – el extraterrestre

Eclipse – eclipsar

Gravity – la gravedad

Spaceship – nave espacial

Constellation – la constelación

Black Hole – el agujero negro

Dwarf – el enano

Rock - piedra

Launch - despegue

Asteroid – el asteroide

Track - huella

Mars – El Marte

Space – el espacio

Astronaut – el astronauta

Explore – explorar

Dust – la pólvora

Helmet - casco

Research – investigar

To land - aterrizar

Solar System – el sistema solar

Wave – la onda

Exist – existir

Travel – viajar

Matter – la materia

Ring - el anillo

Revolve – girar