199760439 Physics Investigatory Project on Logic Gates

8/11/2019 199760439 Physics Investigatory Project on Logic Gates

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ofclass XII hassatisfactorily completed the project on LOGIC

GATES nder the !idance of drin! the session "#$%&"#$'(


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VALUED BY

TEACHER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL


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DATE:

AC)*O+LE,G-E*T

I.d li/e to e0press my !reatest !ratitde to the

people 1ho ha2e helped 3 spported me

thro!hot my project( I4 m !ratefl to or

school4s 567SICS faclty

I than/ for her continos spport

for the project8 from initial ad2ice 3

encora!ement to this day( Specialthan/s of

mine !oes to my collea!es 1ho helped me in

completin! the project 9y !i2in!necessary

information on the apparats sed in this

e0periment8 made this project easy and

accrate(


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I 1ish to than/ my parents for their ndi2ided

spport3 interest 1ho inspired me 3encora!ed me to !o my o1n 1ay 1ithot

1hich I 1old 9e na9le to completemy

project( At last 9t not the least I 1ant tothan/smyfriends 1ho appreciated me for my1or/ 3 moti2ated

me(

CO*TE*T

:Introdction

: E0periment

1. Aim $#


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2. Apparats $#

3. Theory $$

4. 5rocedre $;

5. Circits 5repared ""

6. O9ser2ations "'

7. eslt ";


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=i9lio!raphy "

I*TO,?CTIO*

Logic Gates:

A !ate is a di!ital circit that follo1s crtain lo!ical

relationship 9et1een the inpt and otpt 2olta!es(Therefore8 they are !enerally /no1n as lo!ic !ates @

!ates 9ecase they control the flo1 of information(

The fi2e common lo!ic !ates sed are *OT8 A*,8 O8

*A*,8 *O( Each lo!ic !ate is indicated 9y a sym9ol and

its fnction is defined 9y a trth ta9le that sho1s all the

possi9le inpt lo!ic le2el com9inations 1ith their

respecti2e otpt lo!ic le2els(

Trth ta9les help nderstand the 9eha2ior of lo!ic !ates(

iB *OT !ate In2erterB

This is the most 9asic !ate8 1ith one inpt and one otpt(

5rodces a $4 otpt if the inpt is #4 and 2ice&2ersa( That

is8 it prodces an in2erted 2ersion of the inpt at its otpt(

A Y=A

0 1


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1 0

iiB O Gate

An O< !ate has t1o or more inpts 1ith one otpt(Theotpt 7 is $ 1hen either inpt A or inpt = or 9oth are $s8

that is8 if any of the inpt is hi!h8 theotpt is hi!h(

A B Y=A OR B(A+B)0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

iiiB A*, Gate

An A*, !ate has t1o or more inpts and one otpt( Theotpt 7 of A*, !ate is $ 8only 1hen inpt A and inpt =are 9oth $( It /ind of loo/s for the minimm of the t1o

si!nals(

A B Y=A ANDB(A.B)

0 0 0

0 1 0


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1 0 0

1 1 1

$


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Circit dia!rams

AND 'ATE

OR 'ATE

NOT 'ATE


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Experiment

AIM

To design and simulate basic

logic gates and to design an

appropriate logic gate

combination for a given truth

table.

APPARATUS A project 9oard T1o *'## diodes

T1o LE,

A D2 9attery 1ith a connector


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T1o =5&=CF' transistors

T1o $##8 three F;# resistors Connectin! 1ires


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T6EO7

The three 9asic lo!ic !ates and theircom9inations are the 9ildin! 9loc/ of thedi!ital circit(

1.ORgate

A

BA

=

The O !ate is an electronic circit that !i2es a hi!h

otpt $B if one or more of its inpts are hi!h( A plsB is sed to sho1 the O operation(

CIRCUIT DIA'RAM:


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2. AND Gate

A A(=

=

The A*, !ate is an electronic circit that !i2es hi!h

otpt only if all inpts are hi!h

CIRCUIT DIA'RAM :


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3.NOTGateThe *OT !ate is an electronic circit that prodces an

in2erted 2ersion of the inpt at its otpt( It is also /no1n

as an in2erter(

A ACIRCUIT DIA'RAM:


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#

$


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PROCEDURE

Design of basic logic gates(

DESI'N OF AND 'ATE

COMPONENTS:T1o p&n jnction diode8 A LE,8 A

$## resistors

CONSTRUCTION:An A*, !ate can 9e realiHed

9y connectin! the diodes as sho1n in the fi!re( A

resistance of $## is connected in series 1ith the

LE, to pre2ent its malfnction(

PROECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

GROUND

HIGH


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DESI'N OF OR 'ATE

COMPONENTS: T1o p&n jnction diode8 A LE,8 A

$## resistors

CONSTRUCTION: An O !ate can 9e realiHed 9y

connectin! the diodes as sho1n in the fi!re( 6ere also

there is a need for a $## resistor in series 1ith LE,



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DESI'N OF NOT 'ATE

COMPONENTS:A transistor8 t1o LE,s8 three F;#resistors(

CONSTRUCTION: not !ate circit can 9e realiHed 9y

connectin! an *5* transistor as sho1n in the fi!re( The

9ase of the transistor is connected to the inpt thro!h

resistance of F;# and emitter is connected to the ne!ati2e


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terminal( The collector is connected to the positi2e

terminal and the otpt 2olta!e at collector is 1ith respect

to ne!ati2e.


1

2

3

Ground

High line

1=2=3=600


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Logic gate combination for gien tr!t"

table$( +rite prodct term for each inpt mintermB8 Com9ination

1here =oolean fnction has otpt

"( +hile 1ritin! minterms8 complement the 2aria9le 1hose 2ale

is # other1ise 1rite it in the direct form 1ithot complementB(

%( Add all the minterms to o9tain the =oolean fnction(

%( ,ra1 the circit sin! 9asic LOGIC Gates(

So !2 %oo#! ! &$3! T,- T"/!.

A B Y=A.B Y

0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0


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The =oolean nctionA08yBis o9tained asJ

F!"#$% &'.(')&.(')&'(

% (')&'(

% &')('$()('$

% &')('

% &($'

So8 or e0pression redces to that of a *A*, Gate

lo!ic *ot of A*,B(

LOGIC CIC?IT ISJ

F=(x.y)

x


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMHigh line

Ground


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C$,%-$#

P,!4",!*:5 AND gae

OR gae


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NOT gae

NAND gae

OBSERVATION

S

1. Stimlation of A*, !ate

The follo1in! conclsions can 9e easily dra1n from the

1or/in! of electrical circitJ


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aB If 9oth s1itches are open AK#8 =K#B then LE, 1ill

not !lo18 hence 7K#(

9B If S1itch one s1itch is open and the other is closed

AK$8 =K# or AK#8 =K$B then LE, 1ill not !lo18 hence

7K#(

cB If s1itch A 3 = 9oth closed AK$8 =K$B then LE, 1i

ll !lo18

6ence 7K$(

2. Stimlation of O !ate

The follo1in! conclsions can 9e easily dra1n from the

1or/in! of electrical circitJ

aB If 9oth s1itches are open AK#8 =K#B then LE, 1ill

not !lo18 hence 7K#(

9B If S1itch one s1itch is open and the other is closed

AK$8 =K# or AK#8 =K$B then LE, 1ill !lo18 hence

7K#(

cB If s1itch A 3 = 9oth closed AK$8 =K$B then LE, 1i

ll !lo18

6ence 7K$(

3. Stimlation of *OT !ate

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence Y=1.


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b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, hence Y=0.

4. Stimlation of *A*, !ate

a) If Switch A ! open (A=0, !=0) then LED will glow, hence Y=1.

b) If Switch A open ! closed then (A=0, !=1) LED will glow, hence Y=1.

c) If switch A closed ! open then (A=1, !=0) LED will glow, hence Y=1.

d) If switch A ! a"e closed then (A=1, !=1) LED will not glow, hence Y=0

R!

#-/:


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B"#$% /o&$% &"!# !,! *!#$&!*"* #$-/"!* "* /o&$% %$,%-$

"# 4,!4",!* 6o, ! &$3! ,-

"/!

BIBLIO'RAPHY:5

+i/ipedia Electronic de2ices and circits 9y =Gpta

Conceptal physics 9y G C A!ar1al

Encarta


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199760439 Physics Investigatory Project on Logic Gates