JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC.A Report To The Citizens Of Jacksonville

RODERICK M. NICOL, CHAIRMAN SUMMER, 1980

"JACKSONVILLE-ANENERGYEFFICIENTCITY?".-

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In the fall of 1979 the Energy Study Committeereceived its charge: "Moving Toward an EnergyEfficient Jacksonville - how should Jacksonvilleapproach this problem?" This report examinesthe energy situation to ascertain whether crisisconditions really exist. In the broadest terms.this means a close look at two things: suppliesand consumption.

The report is limited to the examination of theavailability and consumption of oil in both thenation and Jacksonville in the short term (thenext 5 years). and in the long term (the next20 years). for the fueling of the transportationsystem and for the generation of electricity tosupport land use patterns and the built environ-ment.

The report concentrates on Jacksonville's trans-portation sector. primarily automobile traveland the residential sector. because these sectorsare Jacksonville's largest energy consumers.

But supplies. systems. and buildings are onlypart of the energy story. Indi vi dua1sin thei rhomes. cars and workplaces are the true consumers.While this report attempts to provide some in-sight into how people cope with and respond tothe energy crisis. it does not examine the socio-logical consequences caused by the crisis. Thereport makes recommendations as to howJackson-ville should respond to the crisis and encouragesstrong conservation measures.

Definition of the Energy Crisis

A crisis is an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs. The energy crisis is the resultof decreasing supplies of oil and natural gas controlled by foreign governments at a crucialtime when the United States is very dependent on these non-renewable resources. No longerself-sufficient. America has become a major importer of oil. unable to control its price orsupply. America's growing population and increasing energy demandmust compete for the samefinite fuel supplies with the rest of the world.

HIGHLIGHTSRECOMMENDED SOLUTIONSMAJOR PROBLEMS

Shrinking supplies of oil and gasoline. reachingcrisis proportions

Jacksonville's vulnerability because of its de-pendence on foreign oil for electrical genera-tion

Lack of leadership by government and the privatesector

A "busi ness as usual" attitude by city governmentand private business when changes are needed

A deficiency of mass transit services

Energy inefficient buildings and land use patterns

Inadequate conservation by individuals as a re-sult of denial of the energy crisis

Consolidate and encourage conservation effortsand provide leadership to the community throughan energy commission

Expand efforts to diversify fuels to includeseeking renewable sources of energy and promot-ing energy conservation by the JacksonvilleElectric Authority

Reduce single person automobile travel as muchas possible

Increase use and services of mass transit andother alternatives

Promote energy efficiency in land use patterns.in new building practices and in retrofittingexisting buildings

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PREFACE

Despite the complexity and controversy of the energy problem, there is no doubt that the energy crisisis real. Oil and all other non-renewable energy sources will eventually be depleted, and America, asthe world's largest energy consumer, is particularly vulnerable so long as it must depend upon othersfor its supply.

While new technology is being developed, the only reasonable solution to the crisis is conservation.The best form of conservation is a "productive" conservation which addresses elimination of wastefuluses of energy, and reasonable changes in lifestyles.

Jacksonville can successfully cope with the energy crisis if it moves responsibly towards an awarenessof its dimensions and if it takes immediate steps to conserve the energy it has. Ultimately failure todo this will be costly, not only to the individual's pocketbook, but also to the community's standardof 1i vi ng.

The time for action is now -- not by the few but by everyone of our citizens and our 90vernment.

FINDINGS

Findings represent the data base of the committee. They are derived from the published materials listedin the references, facts reported by resource persons or from a consensus of committee understanding asreported by resource persons.

THE ENERGY CRISIS

What seemed to be an excellent decision in 1965was sorely regretted in 1973. In 1965, Jackson-ville decided to become totally dependent on oilfor electrical generation. That decision tem-porarily gave the city one of the lowest electri-cal rates in the nation. In 1973, the Organiza-tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)em-bargoed oil to the West. Shortages began to occurand prices climbed, They have been climbing eversince and there is no end in sight.

The energy crisis of the 1970s has become the en-ergy plight of the 1980s. Despite crisis condi-tions, the nation has not taken significant mea-sures to combat the energy problem. The energycrisis is really a crisis of oil and secondarilyone of natural gas. U.S. dependency on thesenon-renewab1e reso urces is growing. For example,in 1973 the U.S. was importing about one-third ofits oil. By 1979 - six years into the energycrisis - the U.S. was importing between8 millionand 9 million barrels of oil per day - about one-half the U.S. consumption.

The future availability of oil and gas is uncer-tain. Major discoveries of U.S. oil and gas inthe future are doubtful. At the present rate ofconsumption, equivalent to 40 million barrels ofoil per day, the U.S. will deplete the relativelynew and huge Alaskan oil field in less than threeyears.

Forty million barrels of oil is a huge amount.To visualize how much 40 million barrels is,form a line five barrels across and stretchthe barrels from the intersection of 1-95 and1-10, across the United States to Los Angeles.America is using the equivalent of that muchoil every day.

(1 barrel of oil contains 42 gallons)

CAUSES

Growth of Energy Consumption

Growth of energy use is soaring. It has out-stripped population growth. While the U.S. uses30 times the energy it used 100 years ago, thepopulation has increased only seven ~imes. Inother words, today an American uses four timesthe energy his great grandparent did. (see chart A)

The nation is doubling its consumption of petro-leum every nine years. If this continues, theU.S. will use as much oil during the next nineyears as man has used throughout history.

The State of Florida is doubling its consumptionof electricity every eight years. If this ratecontinues, Floridians will consume the sameamount of electricity between today and 1988 asthey consumed since the discovery of electricity.

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Chart AU.s. EneI'\IY ConsIJrT1)tion and Pcpulatioo

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Data from: EnerGYEOY'ron..n, Source Book. ,.292.

Most people think of growth in a linear way -one plus one equals two, plus one equals threeand so on. Whenconsumption increases at acertain fixed percent per year, growth is ex-ponential, not linear.

Exponential growth is extremely sudden andsometimes unexpected. For example, a pond con-tains one lily which doubles itself each day -1 lily, 2 lilies, 4, 8, 16, etc. On the 25thday, the lilies cover half the pond. Howmanymore days would it take for the 1il i es to en-tirelY cover the pond? One more day!

By a simple formula (see Appendix B), on:: cancalculate how long U.S. fossil fuels will last.According to Dr. M. King Hubbert, world autho-rity on the estimation of energy resources andon the prediction of their patterns of discoveryand depletion, one-half of the U.S. domesticpetroleum has already been consumed. Referringto the lily pond example, the U.S. has "onemore day" or one more doubli ng time unti 1 ithas consumedall its oil resources.

If oil imports (one-half U.S. petroleum con-sumed) ceased and if the rate of growth ofconsumption remained at the 1970 level (7.04percent), U.S. domestic reserves would lastonly 14 years. Chart B shows a model whichrepresents growth at 7 percent per year con-sumption. The oil used during the doublingtime is approximately equal to the sum of allprevious consumption.

Most people assume that if it took 120 years toconsume all the discovered oil, it would takeanother 120 years to consume that same amountagain. This is a misconception. With a con-stant rate of growth of energy consumption, itwill "take only one more doubling time to con-sume the equivalent of all the oil that hasbeen consumed in the past.

Chart BThe rectangle A,B,C,D, representsthe total known world oil includingall the oil that has been consumedin the past. Rectangle C,D,E,Frepresents the amount of oil thatmust be discovered to continue ourseven percent growth for one moredecade from the year 2000 to 20l0.

A B

c D

E F

Depletion of Non.Renewable Resources

It is not possible for American oil wells to pro-duce the necessary 9 million barrels per dayto close the gap between what the U.S. prudlfcesand what it consumes. In fact, to maintain totalU.S. output level of 9 million to 10 million bar-rels of oil daily requires finding almost 4 bil-lion barrels annually. In only one year of thelast 30 years have more than 3 billion barrels ofreserves been found.

Florida faces a shortage of energy as early as1990 when the state projects a 25 percent energyshortage based on a population growth rate of5.6 percent. In fact, Governor Graham's EnergyLegislation specifically states that,lIlf Flori-dians fail to take sensible steps to reduce ener-gy consumption, within less than two years sub-stantial economic disruptions will occur in thestate . "

3

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efor, 1960 1970-950

1960- 19801970

1990 - 2000

1980 -

1990

This amount of oil must bediscovered if we wish to

have oil consumption con-

tinue to grow 7 percentper year for the decRrle2000-2010.

Most agree that oil resources are running out.Authorities such as the National Academy ofSciences, the National Petroleum Council, U.S.Geological Survey and the oil industry differsomewhat in predicting the time of exhaustionof oil, but not very widely. In 30 years theU.S. will probably be past that point of ex-haustion. The flow of oil will taper off ina period of years augmented by foreign oil im-ports. Prices will rise to uncontemp1atedlevels as more and more countries compete forscarce resources. "Three decades from nowthe use of oil for generating electricity forindividual transportation will be rare, incredi-bly expensive or unheard of." Thinking Aboutthe Future.

Among the unconventional sources of energy,conservation presents itself as the most

immediate opportunity and should be regardedas a 1arge1y untapped source of energy. In-deed, conservation - not coal or nuclear en-ergy - is the major alternative to importedoil.. It could perhaps "supply" up to 40 per-cent of America's current energy usage, al-though we do not predict that it will. More-over, the evidence suggests that there ismuch greater flexibility between energy useand economic growth than is generally assum-ed and that a conservation strategy couldactually spur growth. Conservation does notrequire technological breakthroughs, but ithas been difficult to tap, because a consis-tent set of signals - price incentives andreJu1ations - is not in place. Moreover,the decentralized character of energy consump-tion means that decisions to conserve unlikedecisions to produce energy have to be madeby nii11ions of poorly info rmed people. Con-servation is not very glamorous nor does itinclude the exciting technological advance-ments made during the "man to the moon" pro-gram. It is not one group of scientists withone so 1uti on to the prob 1em. The problem ofenergy can be perceived as a lot of specificproblems with a lot of particular solutionssolved by many alternatives, not THEANSWER,but improvement.

CONSERVATION-THE ONLY INTERIM SOLUTION

Conservation is the only feasible answer to meetnew energy requirements for the next 10 years to20 years. There is no "quick technological fix."Although unconventional sources of energy shouldbe pursued, none will add significantly to energysources in the near future.

According to Energy Futures, the Harvard report:

COPING WITH ENERGY CRISIS

If the price of pork rises in relation to poultlY, households shift their meal plans to include more chickenand less pork. There are few such choices for the consumer of energy. Big decisions such as the purchase ofnew homes, business machinery, cars and retrofitting older structures, and little decisions such as choosingthe wattage of light bul bs, requi re concern about energy effi ci ency.

Many people were shocked when they realized that cheap energy actually is a thing of the past. Research byElizabeth Kubler-Ross on how people psychologically cope with the shock or grief in death might paralleladjustment to the energy crisis. The Texas Business Review article "Homeowners and Energy Costs, the GriefProcess" relates Kubler-Ross' stages in the grief process: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.It then compares these stages to the consumer's acceptance of significant changes caused by the "death of alifestyle. "

Denia 1 StageConsumers in the denial stage hang ontothe belief that the energy shortage isnot genuine. They might argue that sup-ply reductions are a temporary phenomenonassociated with the economic and politicalshenanigans of one group or another. Theyrationalize that as soon as the forcescreati ng the temporary shortage achievetheir objectives, prices and availabilitywi11 return to normal (by which they meanthe conditions prevailing during the 1960s).

Anger StageAfter denial, consumers come to the pointof anger. They lash out at politicans,oil companies, utilities, or regulatorycommissions. Someone must be blamed forthe demise of the energy-oblivious life-style, and those responsible must bepunished. Anger is an especially uglyphase of the grief process, but a stagethrough which consumers nonetheless pass.

Bargai ni ng StageAfter anger comes the bargaining stage.Homeowners in the bargaining stage grantthe inevitability of changes in their waysof living, but they hope to postpone them.They hope for one more summer of air-condi-tioni ng unfettered by hi gh temperaturesettings or the bother of insulation.

Depression StageA sense of loss next overwhelms the individ-ual's ability to formulate a response. Home-owners in this stage may freely admit thatthey do not know how heating and cooling billsfor the coming year fit into their householdbudgets but are unable to develop plans forholding utility bills in check.

Acceptance StageAfter consumers have completed the experienceof the first four stages, they may be ableto move to acceptance. Only then can a home-owner deal with, and respond to, the new eco-mics of energy by making appropriate life-s tyl e adjus tments.

Many consumers are still in the denial or anger stage. They have not accepted the changes in lifestyle broughton by the energy crisis. Citizens from all segments of the community must work through the grief process beforethey can take positive action and make necessary decisions to cope with the crisis.

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Utilitiesin other parts of the country havepostponed building additional electrical gene-ra ti ng plants by encouragi ng the use of "con-servation as an energy resource." Util iti esin California are preparing to implement zerointerest weatherization loans to reduce resi-dential gas and electric needs by 25 percentin the next five years. The California effortis not unique. The Tennessee Valley Authorityand Portland, Oregon's Pacific Power and Lighthave implemented verions of it.

Utilities must borrow money to make loans, butcompared to financing new plants, results aremore reliable and the payback is faster. Con-sumers pay more too, but not as much as if theywere paying for a new kind of plant.

In addition, conservation is a reliable sourceof energy. It is immunefrom external shocksuch as the shutdown of plants or the cutoffof gas or oil. It has no negative environ-mental effects. It is also cheaper, moreaccessible and the least disruptive source ofenergy available. It buys the U.S. time todevelop new technologies and helps the U.S.decrease dependence on foreign oil - all posi-ti ve benefi ts.

But despite consensus by energy policy analyststhat conservation is the only achievable resourcein the short term, Americans have not conservedas much as could be expected. According to oneanalyst the economyhas increased its energyefficiency by 10 percent since 1973, but morethan 60 percent of the improvement was becauseof industry's efforts, not individuals.

THE CRISIS IN JACKSONVILLE

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

Since Jacksonville is almost totally dependenton foreign oil, the crisis dramatically affectsthe city. Jacksonville's utility bills, whichranked among the lowest in the country, have nowrisen to amongthe top eight in the nation.

Jacksonville's electrical energy is supplied bythe Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA). TheJEA is one of the largest totally oil dependentutilities in the United States using as much as10 million barrels of residual oil per yearsupplied primarily by imported oil.

If all units were on line, Jacksonville's poten-tial supply of electrical generating capacitywould be 1572 megawatts from steam generatingunits and 494 megawatts from the combustion tur-bines. However, some generating u~its are out ofservice for maintenance and others are aging,

limiting Jacksonville's capacity. During periodsof high demand, combustion turbines which use amore expensive oil must be put on line to generatethe city's needed electric power and peak loads.

Demandfor electricity varies with temperature con-ditions. During the period of low usage (mildweather) demand is between 400 and 750 megawatts.The highest usage occurs during the summerwhenthe demand ranges from a low of 750 megawatts toover 1300 megawatts.

Alternativesthe JEAis Exploring

President Carter has initiated a program whichrequires 50% reduction in the use of oil for elec-trical generation by 1990. The JEA has begun mea-sures to decrease its dependence on oil by diversi-fying its fuels. Developing alternative fuels whilereducing dependence on oil may also provide fordecreased costs and increased reliability.

. Purchase of Coal-Fired Power - In February 19.80,the JEA completed negotiations with the SouthernCompanies in Georgia to purchase 50 megawatts ofcoal~fired power. An additional purchase of 50megawatts of power is expected this year.

. Conversionto Natural Gas - To achieve a substan-tial reduction of the 4.8 million barrels of oilrequired yearly by the Northside generatingunits, the JEA is pursuing natural gas to fuelone or more steam generating units and combus-tion turbines. The JEA has a potential supplierbut still awaits the needed approval from thefederal government and formal arrangements withFlorida Gas to transport the fuel. A conversionto gas could begin in the spring of 1981. Thechange to natural gas is a temporary measure.Since natural gas is also a non-renewable and anincreasingly scarce fuel, it is also includedunder the President's 50 percent reduction pro-gram.

. Purchase of Power- The J.E.A. will purchase ex-cess power generated by Regency Square.

. Nuclear Power- Negotiations are underway to pur-chase 150 megawatts of nuclear power from theGeorgia Power Company. The two Vogtle nuclearplants are scheduled for commercial operation in1984 and 1986. In order to bring the purchasedpower from Georgia and to increase rel i abil ityof service, JEAis making arrangements with par-ticipating utilities to construct and operateadditional transmission lines by 1983.

. Coal and Oil Mixture Conversion - The JEA hassubmitted a proposal to the federal governmentto convert a boiler to use a coal and oil mix-ture for fuel. The grant is valued at between15 million and 18 million dollars with a required

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contribution from JEA of $13.2 million. Ifthe project is successful, the JEA couldsave 600,000 barrels of oil each year.

. Coal Conversion- JEA has also requested agrant for $250,000 to study the feas i bil ityof converting an existing oil-fir~d boilerto coal. This would reduce the boiler'spower rating from 500 megawatts to about350~megawatts. Tlie research would includea study of the economic feasibility of otherideas 'such a.S enabling Northside #3 to burneither coal or oil by constructing an addi-tional coal-fired boiler alongside the ex-istiOg power plant.

. Refuse - JEAwill investigate incineratingrefuse to provide process steam to be usedin such plant operation as preheating ~fuelfor low temperature steam for operatingpower. .

. Hydroelectric- A small amount of hydrogene-rated power may be available from the South-eastern Power Administration in Georgia forpurchase and use in Jacksonville.

Coal Power - Design and construction of two600 megawatt plants is planned to meet Jack-sonville's growth and replace oil plants.Since coal is significantly cheaper thanoil now, the fuel savings could pay for thecost of construction.

Coal Power Purchase- Available in 1983, thepurchase of coal-fired power from the Semi-nole Electric Cooperative is being consideredby JEAalong with purchases of relativelylong term power from other utilities.

JEA is seeking to improve its efficiency andreliability through better maintenance of ex-isting plants, applica~ion of time of daypricing, rate structures, and integration ofload managementwith current energy conserva-ti on efforts.

Most of JEA's power has been generated by non-renewable sources of oil. Oil will continue tobe the JEA's main source for the next three tosix years. Whenthe JEA moves to coal by 1990,again it will be pr~marily dependent On a non-renewable resource. Although coal wilT not havethe disadvantage of imported oil, all fuel sourcesexcept conservation have disadvantages.

TRANSPORTATION

ChangingConsumptionPatterns

Until World War II, 35 percent of the travellinfpublic used public transportation, walked orbicycled. Cities were more compact than thesuburban sprawl ofmost cities today. But by

1973 the reverse was true. The automobile becamethe major carrier of people between cities,accounting for 85 percent of the traffic. Rail-roads and buses together accounted for only threepe~cent with 10 percent going to air travel.

Since the HighwayAct of 1956 creating the High-way Trust ~und, the federal government has subsi-dized rubber wheel travel. Building cars, trucksand planes provided millions of jobs and increas-ed the use of cheap petroleum to help soak upthe glut of oil.lr.""'fact, one in six jobs in theUnited States today is related to the auto indus-try.

The motorized economy, which includes the ~are,parking, polishing, repairing and insuring-ofautomobiles, uses nearly 25 percent of all theenergy burned in the country with half of thatamount going for the automobile alone. Thisenergy commitmentaccounts for more energy thanmost nations consumeror their entire economy.

In fact, the transport sector uses 26 percent ofthe energy consumed in the United States - halfthe oil. The American car alone consumes 1/9thof all the oil used in the world every day.

The Am~rican cities and suburbs have grown de-pendent upon the automobile and nowcannot existwithout it, More than 80 percent of the nationalpopulation uses the automobile for getting toand~from work, and more than ha1f (56 percent)of these cars carry only one occupant. Twenty-six percent of commuters share cars with othersand 14 percent use public transportation.

Work is not the only use of the automobil e. One-third of all the miles a family puts on its carare for social and recreational activities.

Automobile mileage per ga11on is the 1eas t effi-cient for short trips, getting less than two-thirds of the miles per gallon of a warmed-upengine in some studies. Currently more thanhalf the automobile trips are less than fivemiles in length, and almost 90 percent are lessthan 15 miles in length.

Until a few years ago gasoline was cheap. How-ever, gasoline is expected to cost up to $2.00by the end of 1980. Resistance to the higherprices and tight supplies have resulted in a5.1 percent 2rop jn U.S. gasoline consumptionin the United States in 1979.

Driving a full size autpmobile one mile willcost 24.7~ on the average this year, twice thecost of driving a mile in 1970, according toRunzheimer and Company,a Wisconsin managementconsulting firm. Other estimates from carrental agencies have run as high as 37~ permile. Ridership on public transportation willgrow because of the cost of driving, but Ameri-

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cans will s ti 11 rely on the car for more than90 percent of their commuting for the nearfuture.

~Transportation accounts for the largest amountof energy (38 Rercent) used by any sector ofthe Florida economy. In Jacksonville trans-portation amounts to 34 percen~ of total en-ergy consumption or about 300 million gallonsof nQp-renewable gasoline per year, In 1973Jacksonville's per capita cgnsumption was 647gallons o'f gasoline per year, 18 percent~higherthan the statewide per capita consumption.

The city government current1y uses 4 milliongallons of gasoline a yeark~nd its goal is toreduce that a~punt bYethree~quarters of a mil-lion gallons. In addition, the~city is lookingat its automobile fleets ~with the intent ofreducing the 3200 vehicles by 10 percent. Asa pil ot project the "city wi11 convert 100 vehi-cles to propane gas instead oLgasoli ne. At aco~t of $700 per conversion, tfie city estimates'that" it will save over 34,000 gallon;; of gaso-line~per JOO vehicles by using propane gas.

Because"of' an 18~percent budgethl1e shprtfaH"the City of Jacksonville throdgh the Mayor'sEnergy Office is attempting to reduce fuelconsumptioQ by 18 percent across the board.In the "last quarter of 1979,cjty departmentsreduced their gasoline consumption by eightpercent.

Another large consumer of gasoline is the DuvalCounty Public Sc~ool System. The schools con-sume 1,748,545 gallons of gasoline transporting~hildren to school for the 180 day school year:About haJf of that amount is being spent tocomplywlth the desegregation plan. Summerschool transportatioQ adds to the total amountof transporta ti on. "

TransportationPlanning

The Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)isthe major unit for transportation planning inJacksonville. Jhe MPOis responsible for fed-erar}y requi red" transportation pl anni ng i~nc1u-ding development and annual updating of a five-year trarrsportation'11short ~range"plan,and a longrange plan to the year 2005". The JacksonvHl eTransportation Authority (JTA) and the 'city arerepresented on the MPOas well as cDmmrssionersfrom St. Jo~n's and Clay counties. The MPO'makesthe po1iti-cal decisions concerning.;;:roa<;lconstruc-ti on and -other' trans'porta ti on matters. Net ener-gy analysis has not been~emp10yedin the decision-m~king process.-":

Transporta~ion planning in Jacksonville isbased on federal travel demandmodes whichassume that travel conditions wil] be the same

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in the future as they have been in the past.Nevertheless the MPOhas changed its plans.It has "decided to build fewer new roads thanit had planned a few years ago.

The p~blic doe~ not share the opinion that tra-~ve1 conditions wJll be the same. According to:a recent Florida State University Poll, thereis declining public support for road building.

Energy has been taken into consideration by theiv1POin p1arrning for new road construction. TheMPOhas valued "contri bution to energy conser-vation" at sixteen percent as a cri~ferion fQTroad building and improvement priorities. -

Jacksonville's transit network as proposed willcost 425 million dol-,lars in 1979-80 monies orabout 650 million dollars allowing for infla-tion. Sixty-five percent of the funding forthe total 2005 Comprehensive Plan will be forthe highways, and 33 percent will be for masstrans it.

DowntownPeople Mover

Jacksonville plans a QowntownPeople Mover cost-ing 107 million dollars. The federal grant willprovid? 80 percent of the funds, and the stateand ctty 10 percent each. The People Mover isprojected to carry 47,000 people each day whenit l;>ec~mes~operationa1in 1985. Since it isautomatic, labor costs will be reduced and opera-tional costs of the people mover will be signi-ficantly less than thee operation of the surfacebus sys tem. '"

""High Occupancy Vehicles (HOVs)

One of tli1e key features of the short term trans-portation plan for Jacksonville is the preferen-tial treatment of High Occupancy Vehicles (HOVs).HOVdescribes a vehicle holding two or more peo-ple. SRecial HOVlanes would facilitate bridgetraffic movement at toll booths fDr example.Within six ~months a special HOVlane could ,be de-signed to help traffic flow at the MatthewsBridge. Traffic flow improvements at the tollbooths would" help save gasol"ine.

Preferegtial Treatment

Preferenti at trea tment ~or buses i s plann~d by,JIA-IDOTalong Blanding and Roosevelt Boulevards.Using a priority traffic signalization system,movementof express buses through several inter-sections woutd be faci 1ttated~

Peripheral Parking

Other energy efficient transportation plans in-clude tbt,e Park [II,Ride ~system in the suburbs and

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parking for the Downtown People Mover, which isexpected to reduce vehicle travel to and fromthe inner city. These plans address the key totransit planning by dealing with the 20 percentto 30 percent of the people who travel by masstransit during peak hours.

Highways and Bridges

Highways and bridges are inextricably linked toenergy consumption since they control vehicletraffic flow and travel distance. Though manyof the new highways seek to reduce traffic con-gestion, they do so by rerouting vehicles to lon-ger more indirect means, increasing energy con-sumption. The 1-295 westerly bypass, for example,is 11 miles longer than 1-95. The easterly by-pass which includes the Dames Point Bridge isonly one mile shorter than the original route.

In addition, new roads and bridges take energy tobuild. By using net energy analysis one can de-termine whether new routes save more energy thanthey cost to build after the expens2s of explora-tion, extraction, production and transportationare subtracted. The "net" is an expression ofenergy profit.

New roads promote development which affects landuse patterns and stimulates demand for more ener-gy in terms of more gasoline consumption and newcity services. It is more energy efficient forservices to be provided contiguously along routesrather than in a leap frog pattern along routes.

Bi keways

Bicycles have been outselling cars in the U.S.since 1972. What some people have considered atoy or a fad is. now becoming an energy saving al-ternative to the automobile, according to WorldWatch Institute.

National studies reveal that one-third of the popu-lation rides bicycles. In Jacksonville that trans-lates into approximately 200,000 people. Of thoseriders, 50 percent are children under sixteen.Average adult riders comprise 45 percent (51,000)of the ridership; and the remaining 5 percent ofthe ridership is made up by experts who generallytravel long distances.

Despite flat terrain and mild weather which areconducive to bike travel, Florida!s roadways havebeen designed almost exclusively for motor vehi-cles. This design proBlem has made bike travelunsafe or uninviting. Safety of the individualand the bike itself are major issues in bicycling.

The bike plan has not been funded despite its re-

lative low cost. One hundred and eight miles of

bicycle paths in 1978 dollars cost 1 million to I1.4 million dollars of a total transportation bud- I

get of 425 million dollars. The plan has been Iused as the bikeway portion of the 2005 Transpor-tation Plan and has been approved by the MPO. I

The Jacksonville Area Planning Board recommended25 miles of bikeways for inclusion in the Capital ~

Outlay Program, but the City Council gave the bike I

project a low priority and did not fund it. Cur-rently Jacksonville has 10 miles of bike paths.

According to a Jacksonville Area Planning Boardstaff report, a 10 percent diversion from cars tobikes for short urban trips would produce 30 mil-lion barrels of oil in Florida.

Ridesharing

Ridesharing or carpooling has demonstrated itseffectiveness in saving gasoline. According to1975 census data, workers who rideshare savedapproximately 3.5 billion gallons of gasoline peryear.

The national passenger car average is 1.4 passen- '

gers in a 5 passenger car. Ridesharing is an al-ternative which better utilizes the car.

Jacksonville's Rideshare Program was the productof civic groups and city planners-who designed andpromoted the program. Under the sponsorship of theChamber of Commerce three large businesses: Pruden-tial, Mayport Naval Base and the City Hall/CourtHouse Complex, were chosen to test a pilot program Ibefore the citywide effort is begun.

Employers who participate in the Rideshare Programare asked to provide some incentive for the programsuch as company cars, preferred parking and flexi-ble working hours to facilitate coordination of theprogram.

The Rideshare Program has encountered some obstaclesin the past which are being overcome. The lack ofcredibility of the energy crisis has caused majorobstacles to the rideshare program. However, asthe price of gasoline increases, more people areparticipating. Insurance for ridesharing, once aproblem, is now available.

Rideshare participants can save up to $300 peryear. Other positive outcomes of the rideshareprogram include reducing environmental pollutionand alleviating the need for highway expansion.

The Jacksonville goal of 5 percent participationcould save 15 million gallons of gasoline a yearfrom an estimated 300 million gallons Jackson-ville used in 1979.

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Vanpooling

Following the 1973 national lead of the 3Mcom-pany, Prudential began a program in Jacksonvilleand all of its regional offices in 1976.

The individual benefits from vanpooling. Herides in a new, well-maintained vehicle, enjoysdoor-to-door pick-up service, may relax, workor sleep rather than fight the traffic, isdropped at the door of the building and maysave the cost of an additional family car.

The companybenefits. Peer pressure in the van-pool helps prevent one day absences. Since theriders pay whether they ride or not, most feelthey should use the service. Tardiness is vir-tually .eliminated because if one person is lateit makes 14 other riders late. Use of the vanshelps improve employee morale since riders feelthat the company is giving them something - theopportunity to save money.

The federal government provides incentives tothe companyby giving a 10 percent tax creditif the companyuses the vans for more than 20percent of companybusiness during the day. Asign on the van can also advertise the nameofthe company.

The 1979 cumulative figures for 12 vanpools in-dicated that Prudential saved 90,000 gallons ofgasoline last year, based on 10 miles per gallonper van. Carpooling removed an estimated 274cars from the city's roads. By reducing thenumber of cars on the road, 87.9 tons of carbonmonoxide emissions along with 17 tons of othernoxious emissions, including lead, were elimi-nated.

Mass Transit

As the public changed its transportation prefe-rences to private cars, public transportationsystems became subsidized by federal, state andlocal government with rider fares providing only50 percent of the total revenue. Fares remainedlow as bus systems continued to serve their tra-ditional riders, the elderly and the poor. Gasshortages of 174 and '75 brought new users,downtowncommuters, to the transit system. Cur-rent bus fleets are having problems serving theold routes and the new commuter routes at thesame ti me.

The Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA)has nearly reached its passenger capacity withits present equipment. The major mass transitproblem lies in the three hour morning peakdemand, when about 170 buses are required withthe present service schedule. Even at thislevel, peak hour demand is exceeding seatingcapacity with existing equipment and fundinglevels.

City Council has indicated an unwillingness to in-crease its subsidy of the bus system until the JTAimplements a fare increase. At this writing, theJTA has proposed a 15~ increase in the standardfare, a 15~ increase for express buses and a $3.00increase for bus passes. This represents a 17-43percent increase for the general public. The pro-posed increase for senior citizens and handicappedis 66 2/3 percent (from 15~ to 25~).

According to the chairman of the JTA, Bill Birch-field, one of the greatest potentials for imme-diate service expansion without additional expenselies in the diversion of some peak hour travel tooff peak, with the adoption of flexible work hoursby employees. Another possible immediate solutionto the peak load service is the reduction of thework week to four days instead of five.

If the JTA doubled its current ridership, it wouldreduce the number of cars in downtownJacksonvilleby only 5 percent. Because of a shortage of Duses,the JTAwill have extreme difficulty dealing withthe increase in ridership without buying newequipment.

Jacksonville operates a 200 bus fleet. The aver-.age JTA bus is 10 years old with about 2 years oflife left. Refurbishing costing between $15,000and $60,000 per bus could add another 12 years oflife. The JTA is trying to buy 30 used buses ata cost of $365,000 to handle increased ridershipthrough this year. Newbuses cost up to $115,000in today's market.

Current buses average 3 to 5 miles per gallon withnewer modesl getting even less. While smallerbuses appear to be more fuel efficient, theirpassenger per mile per gallon is less than that ofstandard buses holding 54 passengers.

The JTA also operates the city parking lots, thePark N Ride lots and peripheral parking for usersof the city's shuttle services. Revenues fromparking contribute to the mass transit budget.

The JTAmaintains two budgets, one for the build-ing and maintaining of highways and bridges andthe other for mass transit. Highways are fundedessentially from two sources: the proceeds fromtoll facilities and money acquired from the saleof bonds. For the fiscal year which ended June 30,1979, bridge tolls alone brought in $14,690,730from 62 million revenue vehicles. 1979 bridgetolls were allocated to bond principal and inter-est, toll operations and maintenance. In recentyears toll revenues have exceeded these expenses.

The JTA transit budget for 1979, including theDowntownPeople Mover studies and capital acquisi-tion, was $15,275,478. The amount for bus opera-tions was $10,433,415. The 1980 budget projects$19,683,162 for mass transit with $11,538,033allocated to bus operations.

Additional funding for masstransit must be madeavailable to provide the services that will beneeded in the near future. Possible sources in-clude: surplus bridge toll revenues; increasedbridge tolls; and ad valorem, motor fuel, salesand use taxes.

LAND USE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The American Dream

The American dream has been to own a home and apiece of land. Americans in increasing numbersmovedfrom the central cities to achieve theirdream. Jacksonville was no different.

The 1970 census showed that of the 140 millionAmericans (68.6 percent of total population) liv-ing in metropolitan areas, 54 percent lived out-side the central cities. Before the system ofroads and cars, only the very wealthy couldafford to live in the country and commuteeachday to the city to work.

Americans fled the noise, congestion, pol)utionand crime of the industrial areas of the city andsought the beauty and appeal of the "countryside."Despite their drawbacks though, older more com-pact neighborhoods were more energy efficientthan some other land use designs. High densitycities allowed populations to live close to work,stores and public trans~,ortation.

In suburban areas, where most housing is detachedand city services and shopping areas scarce, re-sidents consume three times more energy than docity dwellers. The problems of the energy crisisare accelerating a growing disenchantment withurban sprawl. The crisis signals the end of anera and forces Americans to make central citiesbetter places to live by planning for a moreenergy efficient tomorrow.

Planning for More Energy Efficient Land Use

The Jacksonville Planning Board has consideredthree alternative planning concepts for Jackson-ville: (l) low density spread, (2) planned unitdevelopment, and (3) growth corridors. TheJacksonville Area Planning Board con~luded thatthe growth corridor concept was the least costlyand most energy efficient.

According to the growth corridors concept, moreintense development should occur along main cor-ridors complementedby masstransit.

In addition to the growth corridors concept, the2005 Land Use Plan encourages clusters of mixeduse areas which could include a combination ofresidences, small shops and offices. These clus-ters could help reduce travel.

Energy exists in the unbuilt environment as wellas in the built environment. For example, many

natural creeks have been used as a means ofdrainage. However, when abused with excessiveamounts of water, a creek will begin to self-de-struct and will no longer serve its function.In time t~e creek will cost the community energyfor periodic dredging.

Other examples of energy saving natural featuresin Jacksonville are the wetlands and swamps.Swampsnaturally serve as a free source of stormwater treatment alleviating the need for addi-tional water treatment plants. Swampsandmarshes should remain in their natural state be-cause they serve a positive function and wouldcontribute to drainage problems and costs if theywere used for other purposes.

Because Jacksonville has substantial agriculturalinterests, it should be noted that today's agri-culture is almost totally dependent on petroleumbased energy sources. The farmer's ever narrow-ing portion of the food and fiber dollar hasforced him to increase the production efficiencyof his operations as no other industry has done.Fifty years ago, over 1/2 the working Americanswere on farms. Today fewer than 3 percent arethere. As a result, economies have been forcedin the agriculture sector. The main areas of I

further energy use reduction lie in the develop- Iment of alternate energy sources and in the fur-

I

ther development of low energy technology.

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EnergyUse in Buildings

"If we adopted a high priority national programemphasizing energy efficient buildings, we couldby 1990 be saving the equivalent of more than12.5 million barrels of petroleum per day."American Institute of Architects

Heating, cooling, lighting and heating water forhomes, commercial structures and factories accountfor 36 percent to 40 percent of the U.S. energy Iconsumption. The residential sector accounts for20 percent of all energy used. Within U.S. resi-dences most energy is spent for heating (53 per-cent), hot water (24 percent) and air-conditioning(7 percent). Appliances use 6 percent of thenational energy total. Consumers demanding dura-ble and efficient appliances would help reduceenergy consumption substantially.

In Jacksonville, the residential sector is thesecond largest consumer of energy (23 percent)after transportation, with the commercial sectorthird. The fourth largest sector (14 percent)is the industrial user. In contrast to nationalfigures (26 percent), water heating in NortheastFlorida accounts for 30 percent of electricityused in the home followed by air-conditioning(27 percent).

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According to Wor1dwatchPaper, Energy: The Casefor",Conservation, 30 percent to 50 percent ofthe operating energy in most existing buildingscan be conserved an_d50 percent to 80 pencent canbe saved in new buildings.

Problems in Jacksonville's Housing Efficiency

Most of Jacksonville's housing was built beforethe 1973 energy crisis. Muchof it consists ofconcrete block with jalousie windows built be-fore air-conditioning was the rule rather thanthe exception. As time passed, air-conditioningwas added to home~that were not air tight,causing high energy consumption. Somehome-owners. electric bills have become higher thanthe mortgage payments.

As Jacksonville replaces its housing (about onepercent per year), houses could become more energyefficient~ But many new"homesare being built inthe same energy inefficient ways of the past.

Builders are trying to keep pr"ices down for thosewho can afford to buy. To the builder this usuallymeans minimal, optional energy efficient techniquesor packages. Manyho~ebuyers, too, are interestedonly in the initial down payment rather than thelong term energy savings. They view energy pack-

~ages in the short run rather than over the lifecycle of the hou~e.

Buyers and builders consider energy~conservationpackages as extras or options which will pay forthemselves through the years in fuel bill savings.However, some energy efficient desfgns can, in -

fact, reduce the requirements for heating and cool-ing equipment thereby reducing monthly elect~,;cbills, saving moneyinitially as well., Installingdoub1e paned windows and reduci'ng ~window ar:easwill also reduce the need for larger air-condition-ing and heating units. The larger investment inthe windows will result in.an immediate savjngs inthe cost of air-conditioning/heating units as wellas a savings in energy over the ltfe of the house.

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Building Codes- .

Jacksonville's building code purports-to be a guidefor makinghouses energy efficient. "ASHRAE90-75,"a nationwide code, prirnartl';)'-"empftasi.zes savings on

'heating rather ~than savings on cooling. The newfl ori da Model Code being proposed by the Gove.rnoris arkASHRAEtype code but primarily geared to ai r-conditioning. ~

The ~State €)f Flori da expects the'"mode1 code to con-serve 12 million to 19 mH1ion ga'llons of oil inthe first year. An intelligent, long-range programof code implementation can save 700 million gallonsduring~ the",next ten years without sacrifi ci ng the

current standard of living. These numbers repre-sent the savings in residential buildings alone.

For the first time, a family shopping for a homewill be able to compare energy consumption fea-tures. In turn, buil der.s wi11 be encouraged bypublic awareness to develop the most efficientresidences possible.

Manycommonmisconceptions will be corrected bythe code. For example, it can readily be seen byreading the charts in the cod~ that ceiling insu-lation rated R30 is not much better than R19. Abuilder can see for himself that greater benefitscan be obtained at less cost by moving air-condi-tioning ducts from the attic into the conditionedspace.

Solar energy is encouraged, as is reclaiming heatfrom air-conditioning for heating water. Thisadvantage must be seen for its true value. Sixpercent of all energy consumed in Florida goesfor domestic hot water, and about 80 percentcould be furnished by solar heating. If solarenergy were universally used in residences,Florida would save 840 million gallons of oilper year.

New "Old" Designs

P~eoplelived in the Florida climate long befQreair-conditioning. They used passive devices tocontrol the hea,t. In the early" days trees andcloth canopies shaded walkways and cooled theair. Homeschad high ceil ings ~with adequate ven-tilation augmented by fans. Large porches shadedwindows from the sun and provided an additional"coom" in the summer.

In light of th~ e~ergy crisis new designs cancopy the Old. ~ome of the designs that Florida

~has had in the past have been very practical..~ The old schools had a large nl!.mber of wiYldows,~which allowed n~tural light and in~reased venti-

lation. OVerhangs also served as a.n effectivetool f~r shading glass. With no shading, 88 per-cent of the heat. of the sun goes through the win-dow into the building. With an indoof shade orcurtain, 35 percent pf the heat still enters theroom. Howeve~,where an overhang prevents thesun from touching the glazed surf~ce, only 5 per-cent of the heat enters the room.

'"

There are many innovative approaches to designingenergy efficient buildings. However, l~ttle re-search has been done on buildings for hot, humidclimates like .florida.s, where shade and airmovementare very important. Principles whichwork well in the North do not work as well inFlorida. Solar heating, for example, "can over-heat Florida hQmeseven on mild winter days.Rather than using windows for solar heating, itis more important to shade Florida windows withlouvres, overhangs or other meanJ'

1.1

Site Planning for New Buildings

Almost half of the dwelling units that will existin 2005 have yet to be built. Planners have atremendous opportunity and a responsibility toinfluence energy efficiency in the designing andsiting of those structures.

Site planning is very effective in reducing en-ergy needs. In planning buildings on a site,sun, shade, breeze and spaces in buildings shouldbe considered. Each building's placement shouldbe planned to receive maximumbenefits from solarorientation. Large areas of windows and wallsfacing east and west should be avoided. Closetson interior west and east walls can help to pro-vide insulation to the dwelling.

Air movementis an important feature to make aFlorida homemore liveable. Air movementcan beachieved by planning the orientation toward thewind and placing windows to control breezes.Landscaping by planting trees where they can coolthe breeze before it enters the house is effec-tive. Better ventilation is possible by stag-gering homes rather than lining them up next toeach other. Operable windows in a clerestoryallow rising hot air to return outside. A con-tinuous venting strip along the top of the roofcan help keep attics cooler.

Shrubs, trees and other greenery provide naturalair-conditioners to help cool buildings. In thespring and the summerthe foliage protects thebuilding from the heat's rays and in the winterdeciduous trees allow the sun to warm the build-ing. In addition, trees and natural foliage pro-vide fresh air, cooling breezes and attractivescenery.

Site planning provides the potential to improvethe quality of life as well as to save energy.Clustering buildings saves energy by shadingwalls and requiring less infra-structure to pro-vide services and utilities. Clustering also re-leases land to be used for passive features whichcool the air and provide recreational opportuni-ties and green spaces.

Effective Insulation

In Florida some of the most effective insulation

I

i,II

is for the outside of the house. Insulation on Ithe outside of concrete block keeps heat from Iinside of the house in the evening. For instance,for structures covered with a berm of earth therecan be 50 percent savings in energy use.

Better insulation enables existing houses to makemore efficient use of energy. Someestimates main-

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tain that 30 percent of the residences in thecountry are completely uninsulated: altogether66 percent probably need more thermal insulation.Insulation can produce a significant savings. Re-searchers from the Center for EnvironmentalStudies at Princeton University found that a sim-ple package of interior window insulation, base-ment and attic insulation and plugging of airleaks produced a 67 percent reduction in annualenergy consumption for space heating in northernhouses.

Energy Consumption in Office Buildings

Lighting uses a great deal of the energy in pre-sent office buildings. Muchof this lighting isexcessive. The more lighting, the more heat mustbe competed with by the air-conditioning system.Effective design in combatting heat from lightsuses glass on the north side of the buildingwhich allows good quality natural light withoutheat. Skylights and clerestories oriented to thenorth are also an effective means of lighting anarea without heat. An alternative to evenlylighting entire rooms is flexibility in lightingand switching systems.

Operable windows also take advantage of thenatural ventilation needed to cool buildings.Even though natural ventilation could be used asignificant amount of time in place of mechanicalsystems, there are many office buildings plannedfor Jacksonville without ogerable windows.

Consumers Make A Difference

Nomatter what the codes require, builders buildor architects design, it is the consumer who makesthe real difference in energy consumption. Twoidentical houses can have vastly different fuelbills depending on the habits of the consumers.

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CONCLUSIONS ~ - -----------

Conclusions express the value judgments of the committee, based on the findings.

Sources and Consumption

1. The world, dependent upon the relativelyclean and formerly cheap fuels of oiland natural gas, is beset with an energycrisis. These and other non-renewableenergy sources are rapidly being deplet-ed, and their loss will require changesin both sources and uses of energy.

2. Jacksonville is in a particulary vulner-able position because of its almost com-plete reliance on oil for energy tooperate our electric utility, transpor-tation system and built environment.Jacksonville's citizens seem more con-cerned about the high cost of energythan about the likelihood of impendingshortages. Yet the energy crisis is morethan a crisis of price. It is also acrisis of supply.

Leadership in this energy crisis fromwithin both the public and private sec-tors of Jacksonville has, to date, beenmore cosmetic than substantive. Variouscommittees and organizational structureshave been created ostensibly to deal withthe problem, but no real emphasis or com-mitment has been given to the task bycommunity leaders. This is particularlytrue in the areas of leadership-by-example,legislative and administrative actions,energy education, and conservation incen-ti ves .

3.

4. The Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA)is taking some steps to lessen Jacksonville'sdependency on oil and to provide for futureenergy by exploring alternative non-renew-able sources. JEA should not select onlyone non-renewable energy source. Instead, itit is important to use a diverse mix offuels including those from renewablesources.

5. \Jacksonville's citizens lack understandingabout the energy crisis and this probablyaccounts for their apathy towards conserva-tion measures. The less informed they are,the less likely they will be to conserve.For example, some consumers of electricityfeel that they are in a "Catch 22" situation--- the more they conserve, the more theymust pay if JEA raises its rates to offset aloss in volume. But the contrary is true.Unless consumers conserve, they will be payingeven more for the electricity they consumebecause increased demandwill cause increasedgeneration costs (purchase of foreign oil,use of combustion turbines, high operating

13

costs and costs of additional plants andequipment) by JEAwhich must be passed alongto the consumer.

6. A major technological goal is the developmentof clean, abundant, low-cost energy from renew-able resources. In the absence of such tech-nology, our best immediately available re-source is, strangely enough, conservation ---using what we have wisely and using less of it.

7. The best kind of conservation is what has beentermed "productive conservation." It seeksfirst to eliminate wasteful and frivolous useof energy and then to concentrate on adjust-ments in living habits which will cause theleast disruption in the consumer's standard of1i vi ng. It provi des an opportunity for Jack-sonville to lower its energy bills, improveits transportation, buy time for technologyand insure futur~ energy supplies.

Transportation

8. Gasoline will probably be available for theshort term, i.e., 1980 to 1985, but it iscertain that, despite some sporadic increasesin supply, the future will see a decrease insupply and an increase in price. The energycrisis threatens America's long love affairwith the automobile, which has been nurturedby the availability of cheap oil, governmenthighway policy, and an effective auto indus-try marketing program.

{

9. Even if new transportation technology emergesto permit alternative fuel sources, the publicmust be motivated to conserve gasoline. Con-servation is necessary both to make existingresources last longer and to reduce expendi-tures which help fuel inflation. Energysaved by conservation and transportationefficiencies could free oil for plastics, medi-cines, fertilizer, lubricants, chemicals andother products in which it is an indispensableingredient. The most effective way to imme-diately reduce gasoline consumption is toreduce private auto use.

10. Positive, aggressive leadership from localgovernment, private enterprise and communitygroups is needed to bring about gasolineconservation by the Jacksonville consumingpublic, yet:

a. The Metropolitan Planning Organization(which is responsible for local bridgeand highway planning), the JacksonvilleTransportation Authority, and the StateDepartment of Transportation have given

... ~

insufficient emphasis to the energycrisis in doing the transportationplanning for our community. Theyappear more concerned about construc-tion of bridges and highways than aboutreducing the use of motor vehicles,which is essential to lowering gasolineconsumption.

b. The Jacksonville Transportation Authority(JTA) appears to be giving little atten-tion to the energy crisis. Its carefullysegregated budget favors bridgesc and high-ways over mass transit, and its commit-ment to projects like the DamesPointBridge and J. Turner Butler Boulevardreinforces the conclusion that JTA seesits primary role as a "builder" and"stimulator of growth" in the commu-nity. This role is not balanced ,by acommitmentto mass transit and energyconservation. The city bus system isnear capacity and will need to be ex-panded, but JTA seems morelnterestedin the DowntownPeople Mover and HighOccupancy Vehicle Lanes (HOVs)forwhich federal moneyserves as a catalystand which will provide constructionjobs than in mass transit. These pro-jects are not assessed from a net energyviewpoint to insure both their compati-bility with a program of energy conser-vation and their practicability. Itis clear that if mass transit is to fillits role as an energy saver, it 'must beattractive, convenient and economicaltransportation to its users. This canonly be achieved if the decision-makerscommit to such a goal and seek ways toincrease efficiency of operations andto further subsidize mass transporta-tion.

c. Most actions taken to date by the Jack-sonville City Government and the DuvalCounty School Board have bee~ to meetbudgetary constraints rather than tofurther conservation. They are bothsubstantial consumers of gasoline andthey need to consider conservation mea-sures which may necessitate changes intheir operations, but which will notdrastically reduce their services tothe public.,

With few exceptions, the businesscommunityand citizen groups have notexerted leadership in promoting conser-vation. Presumably, business will re-duce its own gasoline consumption inorder to reduce its operating costs,but it has not done much to provide in-centives to its employees to conserve.Carpools, vanpools, city buses, flexi-time, staggered wor,king hours, andbiclcles all constitute transportation

d.

14

alternatives to the employee's privateauto, which could be promoted by business.With respect to bicycles, for example,most businesses do not provide adequatestorage space and security for them. In-deed, bicycles are not taken seriouslyas a transportation mode by the govern-ment, as shown by the limited scope ofthe JUATSBike Plan and the great dis-parity between funding for the Bike Planand other allocations for transportation.

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Land Use and the Built Environment

11. Energy conservation in t1e built environmentcan be accomplished only through cooperativeefforts of consumers, the construction indus-try and the government.

With a few notable exceptions, the local con-struction industry, including architects,mechanical engineers, builders and lenders,is not designing new buildings, retrofittingold buil di ngs and fi nanc i ng homes and commer-cial buildings which stress energy efficiency.Too often, the long range cost benefits ofincorporating energy efficient features("life-cycle costing") are ignored in favorof short term first cost savings. Energyefficient buildings can save energy andmoney.

12.

13. The Jacksonville 2005 Comprehensive Plan(which is designed to describe what our cityshoul~ be like over the next 25 years) hasnot been revised to include a so-calledenergy "element," which would require thetesting of various assumptions and conclu-sions against energy concerns. Further,neither Jacksonville's city government nortQe private sector is considering the energycrisis in zoning and land use decisions.Consequently, urban sprawl conditions andnatural resources are not adequately pro-tec ted .

14. Jacksonville's subdivision regulations andbuil di ng code are not ta i 1oredto Jackson-ville's climate and do not specificallyaddress the possibilities of passive solardesign in site and building planning.

15. Individual consumers make a difference in theenergy crisis, provided they have sufficientknowledge of energy conservation measures.Their educated purchase and use of homes andappliances which are energy efficient willsave significant amounts of energy. Energyusage between identically constructed housescan vary dramatically because of differentconsumption patterns by the occupants. Ifhouseholds conserve, moneythat would other-wise be spent for energy can be spent forlocal goods and services to the benefit ofthe corrnunity.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendationsare the committee's specific suggestions for change, based on the findi~gs and conclusions.

Government

1. In view of the proliferating number ofcommittees studying energy~ the Jackson-ville City Counci', by ordinance, shouldattempt to consolidate efforts and createthe Jacksonville Energy Commission chargedwith the responsibil ity of recommendingpolicy to City Council on all mattersdea1i ng with energy conserva ti on. Its mem-bership should be chosen by the Mayor andconti rmed by the City Counci1. The com-mission should be broad-based. JCCI wouldbe willing to suggest a list of possiblemembers for consideration. Membershipshould be limited to 15 persons, one-thirdfrom government, one-third from busjnessand professional organizations, and one-third from civic groups. The commissionshould be supported by pub1i c funds withthe option of seeking other funding later,and staffed by a professional director anda secretary hired by the commission. Itsfunctions would incl~de but not be limitedto the following:

(a) to establish a comprehensive publiceducation program dealing with theenergy cri s is;

(b) to advocate specific legislative oradministrative action by the citygovernment in the interest of energyconservation;

(c) tg act as a clearinghouse for infor-mation on energy conservation;

(d) to recommendenergy conservation mea-sures with apprQpriate incentives toboth government and the private sector;

(e) to monitor and evaluate city planningactivities to insure energy efficiency;

(f) to analyze or cause to be analyzed thenet energy requirements of such capitalprojects and operations of the dtygovernment as it deems necessary and tomake such analyses public;

(g) to encourage the private sector to use 5.similar energy analysis in its activities;

(h) to solicit grants to implement specificprograms.

2. The Jacksonville Electric Authority shouldexpand its efforts to diversify its fuelsand should be actively seeking renewablesourc~s of energy for- its future supply.

It should promote conservation both toreduce the consumers' costs and to providea possible alternative to future needs sothat generating capacity could be decreased.

If Jacksonvi lle citizens conserve produc-ti vely, it may pre-empt the need for newgenerating plants. Specifically, JEA should:

(a) provide financing (grants, low or nointerest loans, etc.) and other ser-vices for customers who wish to installenergy saving devices and insulationin their homes, the cost to be repaidthrough monthly billings;

(b) adopt residential rate structures whichreward low consumption, and penalizehigh consumption of electricity;

(c) adopt co-generation measures which useso-call ed "wasted energy."

3, The Metropolitan Planning Organization, Flori-da Department of Transportation, JacksonvilleTransit Autbority , Jacksonvi 11e Port Authori-ty and the Jackson vi 11e Planni ng Body of theCity of Jacksonville should re-examine allmajor transportation projects such as roadand bridge construction and expansion, masstransit projects and parking garages in lightof the energy crisis. An energy analysiswhich takes into account net energy should berequi red for each major project. Recommenda-tions from the analysis should be disseminatedto the public by the agencies.

The J.T.A. should assign mass transit a higherpriority than new bridge and highway construc-tion. An assured revenue source for mass transitis urgently needed and should come from one ormore of the following sources: bridge tolls,sales, gas or other taxes or general revenue funds.

4.

The City of Ja~ksonville and the JacksonvilleTransportation Authority should review traf-fic circulation and promot~ energy efficiencyby revising operating practices.

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A) Traffic light synchronization plansshould be expanded and implemented.

B) JTA attorneys should seek to amend bondcontracts so that tolls can be collectedin some lanes without stopping traffic -perhaps using annual tags.

6.

c) High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Plans whichwould speed traffic through tolls shouldbe implemented.

The City of Jacksonville, including itsStreets and Highways Department, theJacksonville Transit Authority, theDepartment of Transportation and theCity Council, should fund and constructwell-maintained bikeways on or adjacentto new roads and major road reconstruc-tion projects, giving a high priority tosuch alternate transportation routes.The city should appoint a bikeway staffperson to coordinate with respecti vecity and state departments in planningand funding bikeways with a citizens'advisory group representing the generalpublic and experienced cyclists. Inaddition, the City, schools and private.business centers should provide auxili-a ry services for bi kers such as securedbike parking areas or enclosed lockerfacilities. A network of safe bikepaths should be constructed as energyefficient transportatio~ alternatives,especially to schools and for shorttrips.

7. The Mayor should re-examine his planto cut gasoline usage. Rather thanan across-the-board cut of 18 percent,each department should set goals forconservation unrelated to budget con~straints and contingent on individualdepartmental needs. As city vehiclesare replaced, new energy efficientvehicles should be purchased.

The Duval County School Board shouldrevise its policies for transportingchildren to school. The School Boardshould insist on sidewalks and bikepaths so that children can safely walkor ride bicycles rather than beingdrfven. Bus routes should be re-examined so that children who livein close proximity to the school canwalk or ride bikes. Schools shouldexamine the use of J.T.A. busesduring non-peak hours. Students shouldbe discouraged from driving to schoolby school policy and/or paid parkingrequirements. The School Board andthe NAACPshould review the court-ordered desegregation pl an to decreasethe length of busing trips in lightof the energy crisis.

8.

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9. The J.T.A. and the City of Jacksonvilleshould charge commercial rates for down-town p,arking. Increased parking ratesprovide incentives for using mass transit,carpools and vanpools.

The Jacksonville Planning Body shouldrevisit the 2005 Plan and confirm whetherthe growth corridors concept is the mostenergy efficient plan for further growthand development. In addition, the 2005Comprehensive Plan should contain an energyelement which would require the testing ofvarious assumptions and conclusions againstenergy concerns. The energy element andland use element should:

10.

A) discourage sprawling patterns of landuse which waste energy and overtaxcity servi ces.

B) assure that new developments and majorrezoning conform to the plan.

11.

C) include a conservation zone which wouldreduce the i ntens ity of use of marsh-lands and swampsso that natural systemscould retain their functions of lowenergy water treatment. In this waythe natural systems would prevent theneed for building additional energyintensive water treatment plants.

The Jacksonville City Council should adoptthe Florida Energy Efficient Code, modifiedif need be to the particular problems ofJacksonville's climate:

A) The code should assign ratings ofenergy efficiency to new residencesso that consumers can make informeddecisions based on comparisons inshopping for new houses.

B) The Mayor should require that publicbuildings set an example of energyefficiency. Any public buildings nowon the drawing board should be re-examined for energy conscious designssuch as operable windows and passivesolar design.

12. The City Council should pass a tree ordi-nance to provide shading of paved areas,sidewalks and buildings to cool outside airand reduce the need for air-conditioning.The ordinance should prevent unnecessaryremoval of trees and should also promotethe planting of shade trees along thorough-fares, parking lots and should encourageadditional planting on private property.

Private

13. Leadership in government, education, in-dustry, professional organizations andcivic groups must help the Jacksonvillepopulace adapt to altering lifestyles byproviding education, incentives and ex-amples. Architects, developers, engineers,builders and lenders must be encouragedto consider energy and maintenance costsas well as first time costs in designingnew structures and retrofitting older ones.

14. With the leadership of the ChamberofCommerce,private and public employersshould provide incentives to employeesto encourage the use of carpools, van-pools and mass transit. Incentivesshould include preferred parking, andemployer transit fare payments. Inaddition, some businesses could implementflexi-time and 4 day work weeks whereapplicable to help save energy andencourage conservation.

Consumer

15. The individual can help save energy inmany ways. The following list containsonly some of the numerous suggestionsthat can work:

. Use public transportation, amotorcycle, a mopedor a bicycleor walk to work.

Share a ride. Join a carpool ora vanpoo1. E1iminate unnecessaryt ri ps.

. Observe the 55 mph speed limit onthe highway. Most automobilesget about 20 percent more milesper gallon on the highway at 55mph than they do at 70 mph. Driveat a steady pace. Avoid stop andgo traffic.

. Have your car tuned as recommendedby the manufacturer. Regular tune-ups can save you as much as 10 per-cent on gasoliDe costs.

. Check tire pressure regularly. Tenpercent under inflation in yourtires will reduce. gas consumptionabout 5 percent, 40 percent underinflation will cost you nearly 60percent in peak mileage.

. Consider steel belted radials whenyou buy new tires. They give sev-eral percent better mileage and1ast longer.

Removeunnecessary weight from thecar. The lighter the car, the1ess gas it uses0

Purchase only the optional equip-ment and accessories you reallyneed. Items 1i ke automati c trans-mission and power steering requireconsiderable energy, all derivedfrom gasoline.

If designing a new home or apartment build-ing some of the following suggestions havesaved moneyand fuel:

Whendesigning a new house, designfor the climate and take advantageof sun and shade.

Insta 11 windowsyou can open, so -

that you can use natural ventilationin moderate weather.

Use double-pane glass throughout thehouse. Windowswith heat-reflectingor heat-absorbing glass in south andwest windows provide additionalenergy savings.

Insulate walls and roof to the highestspecifications recommendedin the area.

Install water heater as close as possi-ble to major use. Whenbuying a newwater heater, select one with thickinsulation on the shell. Considersolar water heating.

Select light-colored roofing in air-conditioned buildings.

Whenbuying a house, ask for a descrip-tion of the insulation and data onthe efficiency of space heating, air-conditioning, and water heating plants,or have an independent engineer adviseyou about the efficiency of the equip-ment provided. Consider the need foradditional insulation or replacement ofequipment.

17

REFERENCES

Avera, Wi11iam E. "Hom~ownersand EnergyCosts."Texas Business Review, January - February1980, pp. 40-44.

Bartlett, Albert Allen. "Forgotten Fundamentalsof the Energy Crisis." American Journal ofPhysics, September 1978, pp. 876-889.

Fowler, John M. Energy Environment Source Book.2 vols. Washington: National Science Tea-chers Association, 1975.

Governor's Energy Office. Governor Graham'sLegislative Program: Energy. Tallahassee,Florida [1980J.

Hayes, Dennis. Energy: A Case for ConservationWorld Watch Institute, 1976.

Jacksonville Area Planning Board. JacKsonvilleUrban Area Transportation Study Annual Re-port 1978-1979.

Lees, JamesR. ~"Energy Alternatives Recon-sidered." NECEPJournal, March 1979,pp. 25-27.

Northeast Florida Regional Planning Council.Regional Energy Plan. Jacksonville,Florida, June, 1979.

Portland, Oregon. Ordinance #148251. Ado,tingan Energy Conservation Policy for Portland15 August 1979.

Region IV Energy Action Committee. Energy andNortheast Florida. Northeast Florida Re-gional Planning Council.

Salisbury, David F. "Bicycl~ BecomesBig WheelOnce Again." Christian Science Monitor1 April 1980.

Sease, Gary. "JTA NowNeeds More Buses."Jacksonville Journal. 23 January 1980.

"Shapi ng the Next Three Decades." Thi nki ng Aboutthe Future. August 1979. :

Stobaugh, Robert and Yergin, Daniel. Energy Future. INew York: Random House, 1979.

Turl i ngton, Ralph D. "Energy and Educati on inFlorida." Address presented at the FloridaEnergy Awareness and Conservation Conference,Orlando, Florida, 21 April 1980.

Udall, Stewart; Conconi, Charles; and Osterhout,David. The Energy Balloon. New York: McGrawHill, 1974.

APPENDIX

GLOSSARY

COGENERATION... The combined production ofelectricity and heat, primarily in two forms:

1) Steamor hot water from a powerstationis delivered by pipes to homesand officesto provid~ heat and hot wate~.

2) Production of electGicity and steam at in-dustrial sites where the firm producesnot just steam but also electricity as abyproduct of generating the steam. Halfas much fuel is used to produce electri-city in steam, using cogeneration, as wouldbe needed to produce the two separately.

ExPONENTIALGROWTHFORMULA... An easy way ofcalculating the doubling time is simply todivide 70 by the annual 'percentage increase.

Thus a growth rate of 14 percent per year resultsin a dgubling time of five years.

70 = doubling time 70 = 5 yrs.percent 14

LIFECYCLECOSTS... The initial purchase priceplus the operating costs over an anticipated lifeexpectancy.

NETENERGY... All the useful energy left from anenergy source af~er the energy costs of exploration,extraction, production and transportation are sub-tracted. This "net" is an expression of energyprofit in a particular energy process. The dis-tinction is similar to gross income versus net pro-fits. Net energy is the net profit.

18

RETROFIT ... Retrofit is a space age term de-scribing the upgrading of a complex system forthe insertion of improved components. Inbuildings it generally means changes in equip-ment and structures to improve thermal andlighting efficiency.

solar that the Department of Energy organizedthe categories into the following:

1) Thermal (heating and cooling) applicationsHeating and cooling of bui1dings- in-cluding hot water heatingAqricu1tura1 and industrial process heating

NON-RENEWABLERESOURCES... Oil, gasoline, coaland fossil fuel derivatives are non-renewable.Renewable resources include solar energy of alltypes.

SOLAR ENERGY... A blanket term that covers adiverse set of renewable energy technologies,from microwave satellites to wood, America'soriginal fuel. There are so many facets of

2) Fuels from biomassPlant matter, including wood and waste

3) Solar electricSolar thermal electric-such as the "powertower"Photovo1taics-so1ar cellsWind-wi ndmi 11 sOcean thermal electricHydropower-hydroelectric dams

COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP AND WORK

The committee met weekly from November, 1979to June, 1980. Each week it heard fromknowledgeable resource persons and receivedadditional written materials researched byJCCI staff.

Members of the Committee

Sybi 1 AnsbacherBetty BedellMary-Lou BoyerDiana FurrJudi th GefterElwood GeigerGeorge HannonMarvin HillHe1en HoekengaLill i an Johann

Sha ron Lai rdGeorge Mai daL. Clifford MayfieldBobbie-Sue Mi11erCharlotte MinterPeggy Ni e 1 senGloria RinamanFrank SatchelSyl via Sil1100nsJohn Sulik

Rod Nicol, Chairman

Jack BrooksBetty~ CarleyKen Ei1ermannGeorge FisherJim MyersEspie Patrine1y ....

Management TeamManagement TeamManagement TeamManagement TeamManagement TeamManagement Team

JCCI Staff: Carol S. Miner,Associate Director

Ida M. Cobb,Executive Secretary

19

RESOURCE PERSONS TO THE COMMITTEE

Alexander, SteveAide to State RepresentativeJohn Lewis

Hill, BarbaraAssistant Transportation PlannerJacksonville Area Planning Board

Bartlett, Albert A.Department of Physics andAstrophys i csUniversity of Colorado

Jordan, DanAssociate Manager, Building Services,Prudential Insurance Company

Kennedy, WilliamGovernor's Energy OfficeBirchfield, William O.

Chairman, JacksonvilleTransportation Authority

Boutwell, MarvinChief, Zoning & Building Codes DivisionDepartment of Housing & Urban DevelopmentCity of Jacksonville

Koutnik, WardHead, Transportation DivisionJacksonville Area Planning Board

Lyles, RoyceExecutive DirectorJacksonville Electric Authority

Boyer, Davi dBoyer & Boyer, Architects Malcolmson, Michael

Public Affairs DirectorTexaco, Inc.Cannon, John

Division Head, Jacksonville Area PlanningBoard

Connell, uaniel W., Jr.Vice-President, Atlantic National Bank

McCue, PatDirector, Intergovernmental AffairsFlorida Department of Transportation

Doueck, BruceEnergy Conservation CoordinatorJacksonville Electric Authority

0ILeary, KenBoard of DirectorsNortheast Florida HomeBuilders Association

Frankel, ArnieJacksonville Area Chamber of Commerce

Hammond,JimEvans & Hammond, Architects

Prugh, PeterAssistant Professor of ArchitectureSchool of ArchitectureUniversity of Florida

Hea ly, EdwardChairman, Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of North Florida

Underwood, HerbExecutive DirectorDowntown Development Authority

Wood, TerryCi ty CouncilmanCi ty of Jacksonvi 11e

Hearne, TheresaDirector, Mayor's Energy Office

Hester., LexDirector, Governor's Energy Office

Zeman, BobbieStaff, Regional Energy Action CommitteeNortheast Florida Regional Planning Council

20

ABOUT THE JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY COUNCIL

The Jacksonville Community Council, Inc. is anon-profit broad based citizen organizationchartered in 1975. JCCr represents a mergerof three former community groups:

The Community Planning CouncilThe Commission on Goals and Priorities

for Human ServicesDelegates to the Jacksonville Community

Planning Conference at Amelia Island

Its goals are:

. To build citizen competence and awarenessin effectively participating in communityaffairs.

To strengthen and improve the capabilityof community institutions to serve citfzensof the community.

. To forecast emerging trends and opportunitiesthat will impact on the quality of community1He.

. To act as a catalyst for bringing togetherdeci si on-makers.

JCcr is funded by:

The United Way of JacksonvilleThe City of Jacksonvill eGifts from private corporationsGrants for specific research and

projectsevaluation

JCcr functions primarily through the volunteercitizen study committee process:

A Program Committee from the JCCI member-ship recommendsissues of community interest.

The JCCr Board of ~anagers approves theissues of study for the year.

Study commfttee chairpersons and managementteams are selected

Study committee participants are recruitedfrom JCcrmembership and the community.

The Study Committee obtains a data base bymeans of regular meetfngs with responsible,knowledgeable resource persons, and staffresearch.

Whenthe fact finding phase is completed,the committee reaches conclusions andmakes recommendations as part of thefinal report.

The report of the Study Committee is re-leased to the public after considerationand approval by the Board of Managers.

JCCI memberswork to implement the recom-mendations of the report by communicatingtheir findings to appropriate publicofficials and the community...at-large.

JCCI BOARD OF MANAGERS

Robert D. Davis PresidentGeorge W. Corrick """ President-ElectJoan Carver SecretaryRobert T. Shircliff Treasurer

J. J. DanielAlbert ErnestHowardGreensteinDavid HicksKenneth JohnsonDaniel L. Lauray

JCCISTAFFMarian ChambersExecutive Director

Eleanor AshbyJacquelyn BatesJohn BryanBetty CarleyYank D. Coble, Jr.

Carol S. MinerAssociate Director

John L. HamiltonAssociate Director

Sheryl ThomasClerk-Typist

Flo Nell OzellJames RinamanRobert SchellenbergSuzanne SchnabelEddie Mae Steward

I1.I

Ida M. CobbExecutive Secretary

.

III

I

C. Annette BrinsonSecretary

21

Edythe AbdullahJames H. Abernathy, Jr.W. 1. AdamRobert H. AdamsGary AdlerJo AlexanderJohn W. AlexanderFrank Allcorn, IIIRobert AiligoodHarry AndersonSybil AnsbacherEleanor AshbyJoe BaileyAnn BakerBarbara BaldRonald J. BannisterW. Ray BarbeeMartha BarrettJudy BatchelderJacquelyn BatesC. Ronald BeltonLuann BennettStephen BerryW. O. BirchfieldRichard BizotMargaret BlackMurray BlackSusan H.-BlackArthur H. BolteForrest F. BooneJames BorlandBruce BowerWayneBowersFrederick W. BowmanChyrlene M. BoydMary-Louise BoyerTyrie W. Boyer, Jr.D. C. BrandvoldLew BrantleyAlexander BrestJani s K. BrillJack E. BrooksClanzel T. BrownMarian Tally BrownJohn C. BryanJ. Shepard Bryan, Jr.Cecilia BryantEzekiel BryantJ. D. Buchanan, Jr.Julie BuckinghamJohn BunkerSherman BurgessJames W. BurkeJ. W. BurnetteBernice ButlerJohnnie Lee ByrdSamue1 ByrtsWilliam H. CaldwellHugh Carithers, Jr.Betty CarleyJoe CaducciTomCarpenterDale CarsonWilliam CarterJoan CarverR. Daniel CastleJames P. CitranoYank CobleCorine W. ColeCecil W. ConeDaniel CookWi 11 i am CookGenie CookeGeorge CorrickO. B. CosbyRichard L. CoveyNancie CrabbEartha B. CrawfordGerald Crews

JCCI MEMBERSHIP

L. E. £rittendenWilliam J. CrossenJoseph Cull enEarT 1. CullinsRobert J. DahlGerald DakeHoward L. DaleJ. J. DanielJames E. DavisKevin L. DavisOrmondL. DavisRobert D. DavisVera DavisD. Clinton DawkinsEdward W. DawkinsWalter DickinsonLouis DiGiusto, IIIJoseph J. DodgeHoney DonzigerDottie DorionWalter DormanPaul C. DoyleRuby R. DuBoseLawrence J. DuBowBetsy DunlapConnie EdgarKen EilermannAlbert ErnestJinunie S. FantDrema FarmerJames S. FarrVivian D. FarrellRichard G. FennElII11ett FergusonRonnie FergusonGeorge R. FisherSusan FisherBeaulah M. FlournoyRobert FlowersJoe ForsheeTillie FowlerGinger FraileyGeorge A. FrankMoses Freeman, Jr.Robert O. FreemanFrank Friedman, Jr.Diana S. FurrJohn GaillardMarvin GansonSallie GarlingtonJudith GefterElwood E. GeigerCarolyn GentryMargaret GibbsHarold GibsonSue GiddingsJames GilmoreJames A. GlosterJake GodboldHerbert GoldLois GraessleAlice GrantMarvin L. GrantRoy G. GreenArnett GreeneHoward GreensteinAnne GrimesMary Loftin GrimesRichard G. GroffB. A. GrubbsAlice R. HadwinMattox HairBonnie Halll11Pat HannanGeorge HarmonDavid HarrellWill i am HarrellThomas A. HarrisRosanne HartwellPreston Haskell

TomHealyCharles G. HelmsJames HenryDavid HicksMarvin Hill, Jr.Helen HoekengaWendell P. HolmesBetty HolzendorfJ. Earl HuntleyRodney L. HurstKitty InmanAlberta JacksonDavid B. JacksonHattie R. JacksonJesse A. JacksonWilliam JacksonMarilyn JacobsJudy JacobsonBarbara JaffeDiane JeffersonLi11i an JohannAndrew E. JohnsonKenneth L. JohnsonWilliam L. JohnsonSilas E. JonesMorton KeslerCharles E. KingIra KogerMargaret KoscielnyDaniel KossoffJulie H. KuntzSharon R. LairdDaniel LaurayWilliam G. Lee, Jr.Melinda J. LeightyJessie M. LesterMadelyn LevinEarl LewisGeorge LongworthJean LudlowRoyce LylesWilford C. Lyon, Jr.George NormanMaidaTim MannArthur B. ManningRichard C. MartinWilliam S. Mathias, Jr.Judith Ann MattisonMeltonia MayL. Clifford Mayfield, Jr.Donald McClureJane McCullaghMartha McGeeJames T. McGibonyAnne G. McIntoshGarry MerrittWi 11 i am Merwi nJoseph F. MikulasBobbie-Sue MillerGene Mi11erDouglas J. MilneJohn P. MinahanDon MinerCharlotte MinterEdmondJ. Moran, Jr.Max K. Morri sE. Ronal MuddJames R. MyersLouis C. MyersRod M. NicolJack NooneyMaria O'HearnMichael S. O'LearyPrime F. OsbornFlo Nell OzellLinda U. PadgettSteve PajcicTed PappasGene Parks

22

Espie PatrinelyJesse L. PattersonPam PaulTrinita L. PetersenMary Alice PhelanAnn RadwanHarry ReaganJarold W. RegierBobby G. ReidMac ReiggerFranklin ReinstineDel RevelsRobert L. RichardGloria RinamanJames RinamanBeth RioLynwoodRobertsAndrew RobinsonRhoda RosenbergAnne RossR. Ed RowanHerbert SangFrank SatchelRobert SchellenbergHarry SchnabelSuzanne SchnabelFred SchultzIsabelle SearsWi11i am SegravesIsabella SharpeSandra L. SheppardRobert T. ShircliffMary Lou ShortGeorge ShumanCharles Simmons, IIIFrances SinunonsSylvia Silll110nsKenneth M. SmithNancy SnyderLeonard SpearmanMary SpuhlerJohn Stafford, Jr.William StainbackJohnnie M. StallingsRobert A. SternEddie Mae StewardJohn J. Sulik1. M. SulzbacherWilliam SulzbacherDavid SwainMarcus TamplinHans G. Tanzler, Jr.C. Chadwick TaylorJulia TaylorMari TerbrueggenEarle C. TraynhamIs rae 1 Tri bb1eArnold TrittDarlene TyeB. J. Wa1kerLarry WeasThomas E. WeaverJohn Welch, Jr.Al WellsJim WellsDick Weston-JonesCoby R. WhiteSusan WhitesidesMargaret Abel WiegandWalter Williams, Jr.Courtenay WilsonHugh WilsonStephen R. WiseBetty 'WoodWayne WoodJulie WoodruffRene' WoodwardClaude YatesR. P. T. Young

JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC.1045 Riverside Avenue, Suite 180Jacksonville, Florida 32204

A JCCI report: Jacksonville-An Energy Efficient City?

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