1979-Gastrointestinal Parasites in Beef Cows

8/11/2019 1979-Gastrointestinal Parasites in Beef Cows

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John K. Ward, Donald L. Ferguson and Anne M. ParkhurstGastrointestinal Parasites in Beef Cows

1979, 49:306-309. J ANIM SCI

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G S T R O I N T E S T I N L P R S I T E S I N B E E FC O W S

Jo hn K. Ward 2 , Donald L. Fer guso n 3and An ne M. Parkhurst a

Univers i ty o f Nebraska , Lincoln 6 8583

Summary

A total of 2,005 fecal samples collectedquarterly over a 5-year period from nativeNebraska cows, ages 1 to 6, were examin ed forintern al parasites. Incidence and level of round -worms decreased (P


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G A S T R O I N T E S T I N A L PA R A S I T E S I N B E E F C O W S

TA B L E 1 . D E S I G N A N D F E C A L S A M P L E N U M B E R S B Y CO W A G E( Y E A R S ) A N D S E A S O N O F T H E Y E A R

3 0 7

A g e J a n u a r y M a r c h Ju n e O c t o b e r To t a l

1 193 50 21 40 3042 101 146 168 171 5863 98 109 117 122 4464 63 76 90 98 3275 0 71 72 65 2086 0 0 42 92 134

To ta l 455 452 510 588 2005

E g g s o f M o n i e z i a s p w e r e n o t c o u n t e d b e c a u s e

o u r o b j e c t i v e w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e l ev e l o ft a p e w o r m i n f e c t i o n a s a f f e c t e d b y a n i m a l ag e,y e a r a n d s e a s o n . C o c c i d i a l o o c y s t s w e r e i d e n t i -f i e d a s t o s p e c ie s o n t h e b a s is o f m o r p h o l o g i c a lf e a tu r e s . W o r m e gg c o u n t s w e r e m a d e b y ad i r e c t c e n t ri f u g a l f l o t a t i o n m e t h o d , u s in gs a t u r a t e d s o d i u m n i t r a te s o l u t i o n f o r t h ef l o t a t i o n m e d i u m .

A n a l y s i s o f c o v a r i a n c e w a s u s e d t o e x a m i n et h e e f f ec t s o f a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e c ip -i t a t i o n o n p e r c e n t a g e o f a n i m a l s i n f e c t e d ( S te e la n d To r r ie , 1 9 6 0 ) . D a t a f o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n dp r e c i p i t a t io n w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m r e c o r d s k e p ta t t h e M e a d F i e ld L a b o r a t o r y w h e r e t h e an i-m a l s w e r e lo c a t e d . F o r r o u n d w o r m s , t e m p e r -a t u r e w a s f o u n d t o b e si g n i fi c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) a n dr e s u l t e d i n t h e e q u a t i o n y = - 1 5 . 1 + 4 . 9 t , w h e r et is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e s C a n d y is t h ep e r c e n t a g e c a t t l e i n f e c t e d . I n t h e a n a ly s i s,r o u n d w o r m d a t a w e r e a d j u s te d f o r t h e e f fe c t o ft e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e m a k i n g m e a n c o m p a r i s o n s( D u n n a n d C l a r k , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e r e w e r e n o si g ni -

f i c a n t ( P > . 0 5 ) e f f e ct s o f e i t h e r t e m p e r a t u r e o r

p r e c i p i t a t i o n o n c o c ci d ia o r t a p e w o r m i n f e c ti o n .I n al l c as es c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t m e a n sw a s b y t h e m u l t i p l e- L S D m e t h o d p r o t e c t e d b ya si g n i f i c a n t p r e l i m i n a r y F - t e s t ( S n e d e c o r a n dC o c h r a n , 1 9 6 7 ; D u n n a n d C la r k, 1 9 7 4 ) . T h ed a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g th e r e g r e s s io n p r o -c e d u r e o f t h e S t a t is t i c a l A n a l y s i s S y s t e m ( B a r ra n d G o o d n i g h t , 1 9 7 1 ) .

esults

A t o t a l o f 2 , 0 0 5 f e c al s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e da n d e x a m i n e d o v e r a 5 - y e ar p e r i o d ( 1 9 7 1 t o1 9 7 5 ) a s s h o w n i n t a b l e 1. T h e p e r c e n t a g e o fc a t tl e in f e c t e d w i t h r o u n d w o r m s b y a ge a n ds e a s o n i s s h o w n i n t a b l e s 2 a n d 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y.O f t h e 2 , 0 0 5 f e c a l s a m p l e s e x a m i n e d d u r i n gt h i s st u d y , r o u n d w o r m e gg s w e r e o b s e r v e d in1 , 0 7 8 s a m p l e s ( t a b l e 4 ) . P e r c e n t a g e o f i n f e c t i o nw a s g r e a t e r ( P < . 0 5 ) w i t h y e a r l i n g s t h a n 3 - y e a r -o l d s. T h i s w a s t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e t h a t w a ss i g n if i c an t a f t e r t h e e f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e w a s

TA B L E 2 . E F F E C T O F A G E O N P E R C E N TA G E O F C AT T L E I N F E C T E D

Age ofan ima l(years) R o u n d w o r m s C o c c id i a Ta p e w o r m s

1 66.4 a 52 .3 a 8 .62 59 .6 ab 35 .2 ab 5 .03 56.1 b 24. 4 b 8.14 43 .7 ab 30 .0 b 4 .35 36.5 ab 36.1 ab 2.96 44 .0 ab 17 .2 b 11 .9SD 18.5 23 .4 6 .7

a bva lue s i n t he s ame co lum n-wi th d i f f e r en t supe r sc r ip t s d i f f e r s i gn i fi can t ly (P< .05 ) a f t e r ad ju s t i ng fo r s ig -n i f icant e ffec ts .

http://jas.fass.org/http://jas.fass.org/http://jas.fass.org/


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3 0 8 W R D ET AL.

TA III,I [ 3.EI FE(71 O F S E A S ( ) N O N I q - R C I- N 'I 'A G E O F C AT T L E I N F E C T E D

Season Rou ndw orm s ( ' occ id ia l 'apcworms

J a n u a r y 52.9 a 22.8 a 8 .6 ab

March 69 .3 b 38 .0 ab 4 .2 abJun e 38 .4 c 24 .9 a 2 .2 aOc tob er 56 .0 d 45.415 9 .9 bSI) 18 .5 23 .4 6 .7

a ' b ' c ' d va l uc s i n t he s ame co lum n wi th d i f f e r en t supc r sc r ip ts d i f fe r s i gn i f ican t ly (1 '< .O5) a f t e r ad ju s t ing fo rs igni f icant e ffec ts .

r e m o v e d . T h e a d j u s t e d d a t a a s w e l l a s t h e r a wd a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 2 s h o w ( ) n ix a s l i g h t

d e c r e a s e i n i n f e c t i o n b e t w e e n a g e s 2 a n d 3 , b u ta m o r e r a p i d d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n a g e s 3a n d 4 . T h e r e w a s a t e n d e n c y f o r a h i g h e r e. p . g.i n f e c t i o n l ev e l in y o u n g e r a n i m a l s . S e a st ma f f e c te d r o u n d w o r m i n f e c t io n w i t h f e w e r( P < . 0 5 ) w o r m e g gs o b s e r v c d in f e ca l s a m p l e sc o l l ec t e d i n J u n e t h a n O c t o b e r , J a n u a r y o rM a r c h . M a r c h s a m p l e s w e r e h i g h e r ( P < . 0 5 ) t h a nt h e o t h e r s a m p l e s ( t a b l e 3 ).

Eimeria spp. o o c v s t s w e r e s e e n in 6 7 0( 3 3 . 4 % ) o f 2 , 0 0 5 s a m p l e s ( t a b l e 5 ) . C o c c i d i a li n f e c t i o n a s a f f e c t e d b y a n i m a l a g e w a s s i m i l art o r o u n d w o r m i n f e c t i o n w i t h 1 - y e ar - ol d ss h o w i n g h i g h e r ( P < . 0 5 ) l ev el s o f i n f e c t io n t h a n3 -, 4- o r 6 - y c a r - o l d s . L e v e l o f i n f e c t i o n d r o p p e df r o m 5 2 .3 9 6 i n 1 - y e a r- o l d h e i f e r s t o 3 5 . 2 % i n2 - y e a r - o l d s a n d c o n t i n u e d a t a r e l a ti v e l y l o wl e ve l f r o m 2 t o 6 y e a r s o f a g e. S e a s o n a l v a r i a -t i o n w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h l e ve l o f i n f e c t i o n h i g h e r( P < . 0 5 ) i n O c t o b e r t h a n J a n u a r y o r J u n e . E i g h ts p e c ie s o f b o v i n e c o c c i d i a w e r e i d e n t i f ie d . T h en u m b e r o f s p e c ie s i n p o s i ti v e s a m p l e s r a n g e df r o m o n e t o s i x . 1',. bor is, E. aubu rne ns is, I',.

TABLI .; 4 . EGG COUN TS IN 2005 FECA l , SAMPLES

Eggs Percentageper gra in of samples

0 46 .32- 4 28 .06- 8 11.O

10-12 4 .914-16 3 .318 -20 1 .822 -24 1 .126 -28 . 930 -32 . 734-98 1 .9

b u k i d n o n e t l s i s and 1 : . zuern i i w e r e t h e p r e d o m -i n a n t s p e ci e s. T h c p r e v a l e n c e o f b o v i n e c o c c i d i a

is s u m m a r i z e d i n ta b l e 5 .Moniezia sp. e g g s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n 11 7

( 5 . 8 % ) o f t h e 2 , 0 0 5 f e ca l s a m p l e s . l ' a p ew o r mi n c i d e n c e a p p e a r e d t o d e c l in e b e t w e e n t h e a g eso f 1 t o 5 . l l o w e v e r , 6 - y e a r - o l d c o w s a m p l e s i nO c t o b e r o f 1 9 7 5 h a d a n u n u s u a l l y h i g h p e r c e n -t a g e o f i n f e c t i o n ( t a b l e 2 ) . S e a s tm a l v a r i a t i o nw a s o b s e r v e d w i t h J u n e s a m p l e s lo w e r ( P < . 0 5 )t h a n O c t o b e r . Ye a r l y v a r i a t i o n in p a r a s i t e l ev e lsw a s o b s e r v e d , l l o w c v e r , d u e t o w i d e d i f f e r e n c e si n t h e n u m b e r o f c a t tl e in t h e r e s p e c t i v e a g eg r o u p s f r o m y e a r - t o -y e a r a v a li d c o m p a r i s o nw a s n o t p o s s i b l e .

Discuss ion

R o u n d w o r m e gg s w e r e o b s c r v c d in 5 3 . 8 % o ft h e f e c a l s a m p l c s , l l o w c v e r , n o n e o f t h e s a n >p i es a p p r o a c h e d t h e 3 0 0 c . p .g . I c ve l c o n s i d e r e db y l . c v i n a n d Ay e s ( 1 9 5 6 ) t o b e c l i n i c a l, ln f c c -

TABLE 5 . PRI';VALENCE OF BOVINI - COCCIDIA

IN CAT'I'I,E a

Inc idencehimeria spp. in samples I ' e rcentage

h'. bovi s b 368 18.3h. attburnensis 243 12.1E. bukidnonensis 177 8 .8h, zuernii b 165 8 .2E. eUipsoidalis b 46 2 .3h'. canadensis 22 1.1E. cylindrica 3 .1E. subs pber ica 2 .1

aTo ta l num ber o f s ample s i n wh ichh'imeria spp.ident i f ied : 670.

b spec i e s cons ide red pa thogen ic unde r f i e ld cond i -t ions .



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G A S T R O I N T E S T I N A L PA R A S I T E S I N B E E F C OW S 3 0 9

t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s d e c l i n e d i n o l d e r a n i m a l s ,w h i c h is i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h d a t a r e p o r t e d b yC i o r d i a ( 1 9 7 5 ) a n d L e l a n de t a l ( 1 9 7 3 ) s u g g e s t -i n g i n c r e a s e d i m m u n i t y w i t h a g e . D a t a r e p o r t e db y Z i m m e r m a n a n d H u b b a r d ( 1 9 6 1 ) d i d n o t

s h o w a s e a s o n a l e f f e c t o n i n f e c t i o n r a t e s ind a i r y c o w s . H o w e v e r , d a t a r e p o r t e d i n t h i ss t u d y s h o w e d s i g n i f i c a n t s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n inb e e f c o w s w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t i n f e c t i o n l e v e l i nM a r c h a n d l e a s t in J u n e . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t et h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n a f t e rt h e e f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e is r e m o v e d . T h e s er e s u l ts l e a d t o t h e s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t l e v e l s o fi n f e c ti o n o b s e r ve d m a y r e fl e ct th e m a n a g e m e n ts y s t em . C o w s g r a z e d d r y w e a t h e r e d g ra ss w i t hh a y f e e d i n g a s n e e d e d d u r i n g F e b r u a r y , M a r c h

a n d e a rl y A p r i l a n d t h e y g r a z e d b r o m e g r a s sp a s t u r e f r o m l a te A p r i l t h r o u g h O c t o b e r .J a c o b s o n a n d Wo r le y ( 1 9 6 9 ) o b s e r v e d o p t i m a le g g d e v e l o p m e n t c o n d i t i o n s in M o n t a n a d u r i n ge a r ly s u m m e r m o n t h s .

I n c i d e n c e o f E i m e r i a s p p o o c y s t s f o l l o w e da n a g e p a t t e r n s i m i l ar t o t h a t o f r o u n d w o r m s i nt h a t y o u n g e r a n i m a l s w e r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b le t oi n f e c t i o n ( 5 2 . 3 i n y e a r l i n g h e i f e r sv s 1 7 . 2 i n6 - y e a r- o l d c o w s ) . Z i m m e r m a n a n d H u b b a r d( 1 9 6 1 ) a ls o r e p o r t e d E i m e r i a t o b e p r i m a r i l yc a l f p a r a s i t e s w i t h c o w s b e i n g t h e c a rr i e r s .O c t o b e r i n f e c t i o n l e ve l w a s g r e a t e r ( P < . 0 5 )t h a n J a n u a r y o r J u n e .

M o n i e z i a s p w e r e o b s e r v e d i n 5 . 8 o f t h es a m p l e s a n d t e n d e d t o s h o w a d e c l i n e w i t h a g eo f a n i m a l . I n f e c t i o n t e n d e d t o d e c l i n e w i t h ag e ,s u g g e st in g a b u i l d -u p o f i m m u n i t y, a l t h o u g h a g ed i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i ca n t . T h e l e v e l o fi n f e c t i o n w a s l o w e s t i n J u n e .

C a t t l e u s e d i n th i s s t u d y w e r e m a n a g e d

u n d e r a s y s t e m t h a t i n v o l v e d t h e u s e o f h a y f e da s n e e d e d b a s e d o n w e a t h e r a n d c o w n u t r i ti v er e q u i r e m e n t s . A l t h o u g h i n t e r n al p ar a s it e s w e r ep r e s e n t i n t h e f e c a l s a m p l e s t h e y d i d n o t a t a n yt i m e r e a c h a c l i n i c a l le v e l . S i n c e t h e l e v e l o f

i n f e c t i o n r e m a i n e d c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w n o c o r r el a -t i o n t o a n i m a l p e r f o r m a n c e w a s o b s e r v e d .T h e s e d a t a a r e t h e r e f o r e o f v al u e t o m i d w e s t e r nc a t tl e p r o d u c e r s u s i ng t h i s t y p e o f m a n a g e m e n ts y s t e m .

L i t e r a t u r e i t e d

Barr, A. J. and J. H. Goodnight. 1971. Statist icalAnalysis System. North Carolina Univ. Press,Raleigh.

Ciordia , A. 1975. O ccurrence of gas t rointes t inalparasites in Georgia catt le. Amer. J . Vet. Res.36:457.

Cox, D . D. and A. C. Todd. 1962. Survey of gas t ro-intestinal parasit ism in Wisconsin dairy catt le. J .Amer. Vet . Med. Assoc. 141:706.

Dunn, O. J. and V. A. Clark. 1974. Applied Statist ics:Analys is of Var iance and Regress ion. John Wileyand Sons , New York.

Jacob son, R. H. and D. E. Wo rley. 1969. In cidenc eand dis t r ibut ion of helminth paras i tes andcoccidia in M ontana cat t le . Am er. J . Vet . Res .30:1113.

Leland, S. E., Jr. , H. K. Caley and R. K. Ridley. 1 973.Incidence of gas t rointes tinal n ematod es in Kansascatt le. Amer. J . Vet. Res. 34:581.

Levine, N. D. and I . J . Ayes 1956. The incidence ofgas t rointes tinal nem atodes in I l linois ca t t le . J .Amer. Vet . Med. Assoc. 129:331.

Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran. 1967. Statist icalMethods. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.

Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles andProcedures of Sta t is t ics . McGraw-Hil l Boo k Co. ,New Y ork .

Zimm erman, W. J . and E. D. Hubbard. 1961. Gast ro-intestinal parasit ism in Iowa catt le. J . Amer. Vet.Med. Assoc. 139:555.


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1979-Gastrointestinal Parasites in Beef Cows