1978

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Fourth Annual

BYZANTINE STUDIES CONFERENCE

3-4 November !"#$

Un%ver&%t' o( )%*h%+an Ann Arbor

ABSTRACTS OF ,A,ERS

The B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e %& an annual (orum (or the /re&entat%on an. .%&*u&&%on o(/a/er& embo.'%n+ *urrent re&ear*h on all a&/e*t& o( B'ant%ne h%&tor' an. *ulture0 The Fourth

Annual Con(eren*e %& .e.%*ate. to ,ro(e&&or ,aul 10 Ale2an.er !"!-!"##5 6ho&e /%*turea//ear& on the *over o( the&e Ab&tra*t&0 ,ro(e&&or Ale2an.er 6ho tau+ht mo&t re*entl' at theUn%ver&%t' o( Cal%(orn%a at Ber7ele' an. the Un%ver&%t' o( )%*h%+an 6a& (or 'ear& one o( thelea.%n+ e2/onent& o( B'ant%ne Stu.%e& %n North Amer%*a0 ,ro(e&&or Ale2an.er le(t an a.m%rablele+a*' both a& a &*holar an. a& an %n.%v%.ual an. %t %& a /lea&ure to .e.%*ate th%& *on(eren*e toh%m0 The Ab&tra*t& o( ,a/er& %& /r%nte. (rom *amera-rea.' *o/' &u//l%e. b' the &/ea7er&0Co/%e& are /re&ente. to ea*h re+%&tere. /art%*%/ant an. the' are ava%lable to l%brar%e& an. other%ntere&te. /er&on&0 A (%ve 'ear *harter &ub&*r%/t%on to the Ab&tra*t& *over%n+ the 'ear& !"#8 to

!"#"5 *an be or.ere. (or 9!0 In.%v%.ual ba*7 *o/%e& ma' be /ur*ha&e. (or 930 Be*au&e theB'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e ha& no /ermanent &ta(( /lea&e /re/a' all or.er& *he*7& /a'ableto the B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e5 an. &en. then to:

B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e*;o Dumbarton Oa7&!#3 3<n. StreetN0=0 =a&h%n+ton D0C0 <#

A..%t%on& or *orre*t%on& to the BSC ma%l%n+ l%&t &houl. be &ent to the &ame a..re&&0

T%moth' E0 >re+or'Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'

CONTENTSI0 RO)E IN T?E EI>?T? CENTURY /0 !II0 BYZANTINE ?ISTORIO>RA,?Y AND @ITERATURE /0 III0 )ANUSCRI,TS )USIC AND )EDICINE /0 !I0 ?I@ANDAR )ONASTERY ON )T0 AT?OS 0/0 40 ?ISTORY OF ART /0 <I0 )IDD@E BYZANTINE ?ISTORY /0 <#II0 ?ISTORY OF ART /0 3!III0 @ATE ANTIUITY: ?ISTORY AND T?EO@O>Y /0 3I0 T?E)ES IN @ATE BYZANTINE ?ISTORY AND T?OU>?T /0 4!OFFICERS AND CO))ITTEES OF T?E BYZANTINE STUDIES CONFERENCE /0 48INDE OF S,EAERS /0 4

B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e0

Ab&tra*t& o( /a/er&--B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e0 !&t-!"#8-)a.%&on =%&0 et*0G B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e0v0 << *m0 annual0e' t%tle: Ab&tra*t& o( /a/er&--B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e0ISSN !4#-33$#!0 B'ant%ne Em/%re--Con+re&&e&0DF8!080B"a "4"08 ##-#"34

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)ARC-S

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/a+e number& re(er to the te2t (ollo6%n+ the number5

I0 RO)E IN T?E EI>?T? CENTURY

The E%+hth-Centur' ,a/a*': Some Con&%.erat%on& o( ,ol%t%*al Theor'

Dav%. ?enr' )%ller Un%ver&%t' o( O7lahoma

=h%le the /ol%t%*al a*t%on& o( Roman /o/e& %n the e%+hth *entur' ma' be .e&*r%be. a& ant%-B'ant%ne the ult%mate root& o( /a/al /ol%t%*al *on*e/t%on& 6ere B'ant%ne an. rema%ne. &othrou+h the e%+hth *entur'0 The ho&t%l%t%e& bet6een the /o/e& an. the em/eror& %n Con&tant%no/le6ere *learl' ver' .ee/-&eate.0 The heav'-han.e. att%tu.e& o( &ome &eventh *entur' em/eror&notabl' Con&tan& II an. 1u&t%n%an II ha. *learl' ero.e. both Roman an. Central Ital%an*omm%tment to the *ont%nu%n+ *onne*t%on 6%th the ea&tern &tate0 )oreover the Huarrel over the&tatu& o( hol' %*on& an. the ta2 .%&/ute bet6een @eo III an. >re+or' II /u&he. the /a/a*' to thera.%*al /ol%*' o( &e*e&&%on (rom the B'ant%ne &tate0 The .emon&trate. %nab%l%t' o( the e2ar*h %n

Ravenna to /revent or %nterru/t the Roman S'no. o( A0D0 #3! at 6h%*h %*ono*la&m an. theem/eror 6ere (ormall' *on.emne. an. the (a%lure o( Con&tant%ne to e%ther /revent or .%&ru/tthe Fran*o-/a/al all%an*e o( A0D0 #84 e((e*t%vel' &%+n%(%e. the /erman%at%on o( the /a/al&e*e&&%on0 The level o( ho&t%l%t' (elt to6ar.& the em/eror& 6a& %n.ee. h%+h b' the m%..le o( the*entur' an. %n the 6or.& o( ,o/e ,aul I the B'ant%ne& 6ere ne(an.%&&%m% >rae*%0 But thou+hthere %& no .oubt%n+ the +enu%nene&& o( the /a/al reJe*t%on o( %m/er%al rule .ur%n+ the /er%o. the/a/a*' 6a& &t%ll %n man' re&/e*t& an %n&t%tut%on 6h%*h o/erate. 6%th%n a lar+er B'ant%ne *ultural*onte2t0 In e&/e*%al the /o/e& thou+ht about /ol%t%*al an. *on&t%tut%onal %&&ue& %n a *on*e/tual*onte2t .eterm%ne. b' tra.%t%onal B'ant%ne /ol%t%*al an. e**le&%olo+%*al v%e6&0 The near %.ent%t'o( &tate an. *hur*h a& element& o( the re&/ubl%*a Chr%&t%ana /re&%.e. over b' an %m/er%al o((%*er.e&%+nate. b' >o. an. re&/on&%ble throu+h the *ler+' (or h%& *on.u*t o( the a((a%r& o( &tate %n amanner *on&%&tent 6%th the be&t %ntere&t& o( the Chr%&t%an &o*%et' rema%ne. a (%2e. element o(/a/al thou+ht0 =h%le the /a/a*' .%. re(a&h%on %t& /ol%t%*al an. e**le&%olo+%*al *onv%*t%on& alon+

the l%ne& o( @eon%ne an. >ela&%an *on*e/t%on& o( the /a/al o((%*e %t&el( %t& v%e6& rema%ne. lar+el'B'ant%ne0 Th%& (un.amentall' B'ant%ne v%e6 o( the &tate there(ore .eterm%ne. /a/al rea*t%on&to ne6 &%tuat%on& *reate. b' all%an*e 6%th the Fran7&0 The attem/t to art%*ulate a &/e*%(%* v%e6 o(7%n+&h%/ a& a//l%e. to ,e/%n the Short 6a& an attem/t to /la*e the Fran7%&h 7%n+ %n a B'ant%nerather than a 6e&tern /ol%t%*al (rame6or70 The attem/t to re*reate the %m/er%al o((%*e %n A0D0 $6a& o6%n+ to the &ame mot%vat%on0

,a/al ?%&tor%o+ra/h' an. ,a/al ,ol%t%*& %n E%+hth-Centur' Rome

1ane B%&ho/ Columb%a Un%ver&%t'

Dur%n+ the *our&e o( the e%+hth *entur' the /ol%t%*al &%tuat%on altere. .ra&t%*all' (or Rom an. the,a/a*'0 Rome be+an the *entur' un.er the a.m%n%&trat%on o( the E2ar*h o( Ravenna an. un.er

the &overe%+nt' o( an Em/eror at Con&tant%no/le 6ho *la%me. the r%+ht to arre&t the ,o/e or&ummon h%m on .eman.0 It en.e. %t a& the

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*a/%tal o( an %n.e/en.ent &tate un.er the &overe%+nt' o( the ,o/e an. the /rote*t- %on o( the%n+& o( the Fran7&0 The ,o/e& .ur%n+ th%& /ro*e&& at (%r&t a&&ume. re&/on&%b%l%t' (or the%r *%t'an. env%ron& onl' %nvoluntar%l' a& the Em/eror& /rove. unable to .o &oK the' *ont%nue. to ho/e(or an Im/er%al return to ortho.o2' (rom I*ono*la&m an. Im/er%al a%. a+a%n&t the threaten%n+@ombar.&0 But later the' be+an to a.o/t the /ol%*' o( .el%beratel' *ontroll%n+ the%r o6n /ol%t%*al

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.e&t%n%e& b' &ett%n+ them&elve& u/ a& .e Jure ruler& o( the%r State0 The ,a/al *la%m to th%&tem/oral rule al&o %nvolve. a *la%m to author%t' over tem/oral ruler& &o that the latter 6oul. hel/an. .e(en. Rome at nee.0 Th%& %n turn %nvolve. a /ol%*' o( bu%l.%n+ u/ la/al /re&t%+e /er &e a& a&our*e o( th%& author%t'0 Th%& /ol%*' %& re(le*te. %n the ,a/al &our*e& o( the /er%o.0

The @%ber ,ont%(%*al%& that on+o%n+ &er%e& o( ,a/al b%o+ra/h%e& be+%n& the *entur' a& a (a%rl'out&/o7en *ommentar' on %t& &ubJe*t&L l%ve& an. en.& %t a& an ent%rel' o((%*%al &our*e %+nor%n+the ne+at%ve an. em/ha&%%n+ the m%ra*ulou& the hero%* an. the /re&t%+%ou&0 ,a/al letter& to theFran7%&h ruler& em/ha&%e to a /rev%ou&l' unhear.-o( e2tent the ,o/e&L ?eaven-be&to6e.author%t' an. the%r r%+ht to obe.%en*e an. /rote*t%on (rom the Fran7&0 The Donat%on o(Con&tant%ne (or+e. %n ,a/al *%r*le& %n the latter hal( o( the *entur' &/len.%.l' Ju&t%(%e& the/r%n*%/le o( tem/oral rule b' the ,o/e 6%th no le&& than Im/er%al tra//%n+&0 The term& u&e. (or,a/al a**outerment& %n &u*h &our*e& a& the @%ber ,ont%(%*al%& an. the *ontem/orar' Or.%ne&Roman% *han+e (rom tho&e 6%th neutral or e**le&%a&t%*al *onnotat%on& to tho&e %m/l'%n+ tem/oral&overe%+nt'0 At len+th %n the re%+n o( ?a.r%an I the ne6 %.ea o( ,a/al %n.e/en.en*e an.author%t' be+%n& to be e2/re&&e. even %n re+ar. to the ,o/e&L (ormer &overe%+n& the B'ant%ne&0

Thu& the e%+hth *entur' &ee& the be+%nn%n+ o( the ten.en*' o( ,a/al &our*e& 6h%*h be*ome&ver' /ronoun*e. %n the n%nth *entur' .el%beratel' to (o&ter the %ma+e o( the ,o/e a& autonomou&an. /o6er(ul a& a &our*e o( nee.e. /ol%t%*al &tren+th0 The &u**e&& o( th%& /ol%*' %& &een at the

ver' en. o( the *entur' 6hen b' an %nvo*at%on o( the ,a/al m'&t%Hue @eo III turn& a&%.e the&er%ou& a**u&at%on& o( h%& enem%e& an. then a//ear& to the 6orl. a& the *reator o( an Im/er%alt%tle0 The att%tu.e o( the B'ant%ne &our*e& to the *oronat%on o( Charlema+ne &ho6& that the' .onot (ull' un.er&tan. or a**e/t the ne6 ,a/al %.eolo+' but &u*h /eo/le a& the anon'mou&%nter/olator o( the letter& o( ,o/e >re+or' II to @eo III obv%ou&l' /la*e the ,o/e h%+h %n re+ar. toruler& &ho6%n+ that the ,a/a*'L& v%e6 o( %t&el( 6a& ma7%n+ hea.6a' al&o %n B'ant%um0

The >o&/el& o( St0 Au+u&t%ne an. ,a%nt%n+ %n Rome %n the E%+hth Centur'

1ohn )%t*hell Un%ver&%t' o( Ea&t An+l%a

Cambr%.+e Cor/u& Chr%&t% Colle+e )&0 <$ %& al6a'& thou+ht to be an Ital%an boo7 o( the &%2th*entur'0 A not ver' venerable tra.%t%on *la%m& that %t on*e belon+e. to St0 Au+u&t%ne the Roman

abbot 6hom ,o/e >re+or' the >reat &ent to evan+el%e the &outh o( En+lan. %n 8"#K an.althou+h the ev%.en*e %& noth%n+ %( not tenuou& mo&t &*holar& a**e/t th%& &tor'0 =hat %& *erta%n %&that the boo7 6a& %n En+lan. earl' %n the An+lo-Sa2on /er%o. 6hen an %n&ular &*r%be ma.e man'*orre*t%on& to the te2t %n an un*%al 6h%*h *lo&el' *o/%e& the or%+%nal &*r%/t an. %n an An+lo-Sa2onm%nu&*ule0 In the (%r&t hal( o( the n%nth *entur' %t 6a& /robabl' at Canterbur' 6here the art%&t o(the Canterbur' >o&/el& @on.on Br%t%&h @%brar' Ro'al )&0 I0E0I0 ma' have loo7e. to %t (or theone evan+el%&t &'mbol that &urv%ve&

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%n h%& boo7 St0 @u7eL& *al(0 An. %t 6a& *erta%nl' %n Canterbur' at the abbe' o( St0 Au+u&t%ne %n thelate tenth an. %n the eleventh *entur%e& 6hen t6o .o*ument& re*or.%n+ +rant& to that hou&e 6ere6r%tten %nto %t0

The manu&*r%/t %& %nvar%abl' .ate. b' %t& &*r%/t 6h%*h E0A0 @o6e %n volume II o( h%& C0@0A0*hara*ter%e. a& Ital%an o( the &%2th *entur'0 But the &t'le o( %t& %llum%nat%on& ha& re*e%ve. &*antattent%on an. l%ttle attem/t ha& been ma.e to e&tabl%&h the%r art%&t%* *onte2t0

The .e*orat%on o( the *o.e2 --the /ortra%t o( the evan+el%&t St0 @u7e (lan7e. b' t%n' &*ene& (romthe )%n%&tr' o( Chr%&t an. the &er%e& o( t6elve &mall e/%&o.e& (rom the ,a&&%on 6h%*h are la%. outon a /re*e.%n+ /a+e--.oe& not (all %n 6%th 6hat 6e 7no6 o( art%&t%* .evelo/ment& %n &%2th-*entur'Ital'0 But %t .oe& (%t ea&%l' %nto the *onte2t o( /a%nt%n+ %n Rome %n the e%+hth *entur'0 A *on&%.erablenumber o( 6or7& o( th%& /er%o. have &urv%ve. %n RomeK an. %t %& /o&&%ble to *hart the *our&e o( a

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tra.%t%on o( /a%nt%n+ there--/robabl' &tron+l' %n(luen*e. b' *ontem/orar' B'ant%ne art at %t&out&et--(rom *a0 # to the m%.-n%nth *entur'0 Th%& tra.%t%on run& (rom the &*ene& %n the /re&b'ter'an. *ho%r o( S0 )ar%a Ant%Hua o( the (%r&t .e*a.e o( the e%+hth *entur'K throu+h a number o( 6or7&.at%n+ (rom the m%..le o( the *entur' %n /art%*ular the /a%nt%n+& %n the Cha/el o( Theo.otu& %n S0)ar%a Ant%Hua the Ol. Te&tament *'*le on the north 6all o( that *hur*h an. &ome (ra+ment&(rom the *r'/t o( S0 )ar%a %n %a @ata5K an. then on to the late &t%((ene. almo&t mor%bun. ver&%ono( the &t'le to be &een %n the &*ene& o( mart'r.om& %n the north tran&e/t o( S0 ,ra&&e.e o( thet%me o( ,a&*hal I an. %n a +rou/ o( /a%nt%n+& %n the lo6er *hur*h o( S0 Clemente o( the m%.-n%nth*entur'0 It %& to th%& tra.%t%on that the &eHuen*e o( l%ttle &*ene& %n the Cor/u& >o&/el& belon+&0 The(%+ure o( St0 @u7e an. *erta%n .eta%l& o( h%& elaborate ar*he. taberna*le al&o (%t ha//%l' %nto ane%+hth-*entur' *onte2t0

The /a/er *on*lu.e& 6%th a *on&%.erat%on o( the /roblem& o( .at%n+ ra%&e. b' the &*r%/t o( themanu&*r%/t0

B'ant%ne In(luen*e on Roman ,a%nt%n+ %n the F%r&t ?al( o( the E%+hth Centur'

1ohn O&borne Courtaul. In&t%tute o( Art

An e2am%nat%on o( l%(e %n the *%t' o( Rome %n the (%r&t hal( o( the e%+hth *entur' reveal& the

%mmen&e %n(luen*e e2erte. b' B'ant%um not onl' %n the &/here& o( /ol%t%*al l%( ean. rel%+%ou&a((a%r& but al&o on the more mun.ane a&/e*t& o( /o/ular *ulture0 Th%& %& re(le*te. to a lar+ee2tent %n /a%nte. *hur*h .e*orat%on& 6h%*h have &urv%ve. (rom th%& /er%o.0 Art .e/en.& lar+el' on/atrona+e an. the /r%mar' &our*e o( /atrona+e %n the *%t' namel' the /a/a*' 6a& .om%nate. b'>ree7-&/ea7%n+ *ler%*&0 The @%ber ,ont%(%*al%& %n(orm& u& that o( the e%+ht /o/e& 6ho&e re%+n&&/an the (%r&t hal( o( the e%+hth *entur' (our 6ere S'r%an an. three >ree70 =all /a%nt%n+& 6%th>ree7 %n&*r%/t%on& %n S0 )ar%a Ant%Hua an. San Saba te&t%(' to the /atrona+e o( th%& *ommun%t'0

The %n(luen*e e2erte. on art b' the >ree7 /re&en*e %n the *%t' ma' be .%v%.e. %nto t6o*ate+or%e&: a*t%ve an. /a&&%ve0 =%th Con&tant%no/le /rov%.%n+ the lea. %n *ultural &tan.ar.& (orthe em/%re %t %& onl' natural that >ree7& %n Rome 6oul. loo7 to the ea&t (or art%&t& to /a%nt

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the%r *hur*he& an. mona&ter%e&0 It %& /o&&%ble that the 1ohn II /a%nt%n+& %n S0 )ar%a Ant%Hua 6ere/ro.u*e. %n th%& (a&h%on an. there %& le&& .oubt about the or%+%n o( the (re&*o /a%nter& o(Ca&tel&e/r%o %n northern Ital'0 ,atrona+e al&o .%*tate. the *ho%*e o( &ubJe*t matter0 Thu& %t %& no&ur/r%&e to (%n. the %ma+e& o( lar+e number& o( ea&tern &a%nt& /ortra'e. on the 6all& o( S0 )ar%a

Ant%Hua an. other *hur*he& almo&t to the e2*lu&%on o( %n.%+enou& Roman mart'r&0 The elaborateha+%o+ra/h%* *'*le o( &a%nt& C'r%*u& an. 1ul%tta %n the Theo.otu& *ha/el %& an e2*ellent *a&e %n/o%nt0 The /er%o. *%r*a A0D0 # 6%tne&&e. the %ntro.u*t%on to Rome o( a number o( %*ono+ra/h%*%nnovat%on& a//arentl' %m/orte. (rom the ea&t (or e2am/le the Ana&ta&%& 6h%*h a//ear& threet%me& %n the .e*orat%on& *omm%&&%one. b' 1ohn II0 Al&o %n th%& *ate+or' are the .%re*t attem/t&b' *entral%e. author%t' to *ontrol %*ono+ra/h' (or e2am/le the 6ell-7no6n *anon $< o( theu%n%&e2t Coun*%l A0D0 "<5 6h%*h %n&%&te. that Chr%&t &houl. onl' be re/re&ente. %n h%& human(orm0 In th%& %n&tan*e ho6ever the re&ult& (or Roman /a%nt%n+ 6ere e2a*tl' the o//o&%te o( 6hat

ha. been %nten.e.0Un.erl'%n+ the /re(eren*e (or th%n+& B'ant%ne 6a& a *ultural *onte2t a+a%n .om%nate. b' mo.el&*om%n+ (rom the ea&t0 The *o%n& %n .a%l' u&e %n the *%t' althou+h /ro.u*e. %n lo*al m%nt&/ortra'e. %ma+e& .e&%+ne. %n Con&tant%no/le0 Thu& the ne6 %*ono+ra/h%* t'/e o( Chr%&t%ntro.u*e. on the *o%n& (rom the &e*on. re%+n o( 1u&t%n%an II 6a& /ut to u&e almo&t at on*e on thetr%um/hal ar*h o( S0 )ar%a Ant%Hua0 In a &%m%lar manner the ta/e&tr%e& an. other te2t%le& %m/orte.(or the .e*orat%on o( maJor *hur*he& %n(luen*e. the .e&%+n& o( the %m%tat%on vela /a%nte. on the6all& o( le&& 6ealth' e&tabl%&hment&0 )u*h o( the %*ono+ra/h' u&e. %n Rome .e/en.e. ult%matel'on ea&tern mo.el& even %( th%& or%+%n 6a& b' no6 (or+otten0 There %& ev%.en*e that even &u*h

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*hara*ter%&t%*all' Roman mot%(& a& the %*ono+ra/h' o( the M)ar%a Re+%na or the u&e o( &Huare Mhaloe& on the /ortra%t& o( l%v%n+ /er&on& ha. entere. the Roman vo*abular' (rom the ea&tern)e.%terranean0

The ar+ument that %n the (%r&t hal( o( the e%+hth *entur' Rome 6a& an art%&t%* /rov%n*e o(B'ant%um ha& (ar-rea*h%n+ %m/l%*at%on&0 B'ant%ne art h%&tor%an& have lon+ been ham/ere. b'the almo&t total la*7 o( mater%al 6h%*h ma' be &e*urel' .ate. to th%& /er%o.0 Thu& the /a%nt%n+6h%*h &urv%ve& %n Rome ma' /rov%.e a valuable re(le*t%on ho6ever /ale o( *ontem/orar' art%&t%*/ro.u*t%on %n Con&tant%no/le0

Roman )o&a%*& o( the E%+hth an. Earl' N%nth Centur': A Surve'

Cae*%l%a Dav%&-=e'er Tulane Un%ver&%t'

The relat%vel' lar+e number o( e%+hth *entur' (re&*oe& %n Rome an. the%r a//arent &t'l%&t%*homo+ene%t' have en*oura+e. the bel%e( that there e2%&te. an unbro7en thou+h .e*l%n%n+tra.%t%on o( >ree7 /a%nt%n+ %n Rome throu+hout the *entur'0 That there e2%&te. a /arallel tra.%t%ono( mo&a%* manu(a*ture %& a &ome6hat more tenuou& h'/othe&%& &%n*e there are no e2tantmo&a%*& (rom the 'ear& bet6een ## an. #"8 an. l%terar' re(eren*e& to them are rare0

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(urthermore Roman mo&a%*& (rom the be+%nn%n+ o( the *entur' are Hu%te %n*om/at%ble 6%th tho&e(rom %t& en.0 Th%& %& true %n &/%te o( the (a*t that the lar+e (ra+ment (rom the Aula @eon%na %n theat%*an va+uel' re&emble& the mo&a%*& o( 1ohn II (rom the be+%nn%n+ o( the *entur'0 It %& &ore&tore. that %t mu&t be *on&%.ere. a rema7e o( the !#th an. !$th *entur%e& an. *annot &erve a&a l%n7 bet6een the t6o +rou/& o( mo&a%*&0 Amon+ the man' .%((eren*e& 6h%*h .%v%.e then one %&/art%*ularl' &%+n%(%*ant: the &h%(t (rom ne6 to reu&e. mater%al&0 It %n.%*ate& that the /ro.u*t%on o(+la&&*ube& (or mo&a%*& mu&t have *ome to a halt %n home at &ome /o%nt .ur%n+ the e%+hth*entur'0

To a&&ume &u*h a (un.amental brea7 %n the *ont%nu%t' o( Roman mo&a%* manu(a*ture .ur%n+ thee%+hth *entur' un(ortunatel' ra%&e& more /roblem& than %t &olve&0 The 6or7&ho/& 6h%*h /ro.u*e

mo&a%*& (or @eo III an. ,a&*hal%& I ma%nta%n a nearl' homo+eneou& &t'le over a /er%o. o( th%rt''ear&0 Th%& &eem& to %m/l' that the%r art .evelo/e. (rom a re*ent an. rather narro6 ba&e0 But6here &houl. one &ee7 th%& ba&e The &t'le o( our mo&a%*& .e(%e& *om/ar%&on 6%th that o( an'other *ontem/orar' or near *ontem/orar' 6or70 An.r >rabar an. other &*holar& have /o%nte.

to /o&&%ble l%n7& bet6een them an. the mo&a%* at >erm%+n'-.e&-,r &0 I .o not th%n7 that &u*h a

*onne*t%on e2%&t&0 The mo&a%*%&t& at >erm%+n'-.e&- ,r & rel%&h the %nter/la' o( l%+ht an. &ha.o6

on r%//l%n+ (ol.- /attern&0 =e (%n. a &%m%lar /reo**u/at%on %n the m&&0 o( the A.a S*hool an. theun.er.ra6%n+& o( the Aa*hen mo&a%*& /ubl%&he. b' Clemen0 The Roman mo&a%*%&t& on the otherhan. rel%e. on an e*onom%*al an. &%m/l%(%e. &'&tem o( .ouble an. &%n+le l%ne& %n or.er tore/re&ent the human (%+ure0 Th%& &'&tem /o%nt& to B'ant%ne &our*e&0 It ha& %t& /arallel& not onl' %n>ree7 m&&0 o( the n%nth *entur' but al&o %n the a/&e mo&a%* o( the *hur*h o( the uDorm%t%on %nN%*ea0 =hat .eter& one (rom /ur&u%n+ the N%*ea /arallel %& the *olour%n+ o( the Roman mo&a%*&6h%*h %& h%+h an. ru..' an. Hu%te unl%7e the &ub.ue. tonal%t' (oun. %n >ree7 mo&a%*&0 But th%&

&*ru/le %n a*tuall' &u/er(luou&0 It *an be .%&m%&&e. %( 6e real%e that the mo&a%*%&t& o( @eo III an.,a&*hal%& I 6or7e. 6%th reu&e. mater%al&0 The *ube& at the%r .%&/o&al *ame %n all l%7el%hoo. (romol.er 6e&tern an. /robabl' (rom late ant%Hue human mo&a%*&0 It %& the&e mater%al& 6%th the%r h%+h%n*%.en*e o( l%+ht re. oran+e an. /%n7 *ube& 6h%*h .eterm%ne the &tr%7%n+l' 6e&tern *om/le2%ono( our mo&a%*&0 I( one (or+et& about th%& *olour%n+ an. loo7& %n&tea. at the &ett%n+ /attern& the/arallel& bet6een the earl%e&t mo&a%*& o( our +rou/ an. N%*ea be*ome /er&ua&%ve0

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II0 BYZANTINE ?ISTORIO>RA,?Y AND @ITERATURE

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,re-I*ono*la&t%* )ona&ter%e& %n Three Re+%on& o( A&%a )%nor: A ,rel%m%nar' Com/ar%&on Doroth'.e F0 Abraham&e Cal%(orn%a State Un%ver&%t' @on+ Bea*h

Althou+h no (%+ure %& more *hara*ter%&t%* o( late an*%ent &o*%et' than the a&*et%* almo&t all our7no6le.+e o( mona&t%* %n&t%tut%on& %& .er%ve. (rom the maJor *enter& o( S'r%a E+'/t orCa//a.o*%a or (rom a han.(ul o( b%o+ra/h%e& o( &/e*ta*ular m%ra*le 6or7er&0 The mater%alev%.en*e o( art an. ar*heolo+' ha& /rov%.e. %n(ormat%on (or %&olate. monument& a& at Alahan5 or (or remote *enter& l%7e the *ave mona&ter%e& o( Ca//a.o*%a0 But the nature o( more or.%nar'(oun.at%on& %n the B'ant%ne /rov%n*e& alon+ 6%th the%r role %n lo*al &o*%et' %& &t%ll lar+el'une2/lore.0 In.ee. %t %& not 'et *lear to 6hat e2tent mona&t%*%&m ma' be *on&%.ere. a re+ular(eature o( /rov%n*%al B'ant%ne &o*%et' %n the ( %(th &%2th an. &eventh *entur%e&0 Ne%ther %t&.evelo/ment nor %t& ult%mate (ate at the han.& o( %nva.er& ha& been *are(ull' &tu.%e.K the%ntro.u*t%on o( a&*et%*%&m to mo&t re+%on& o( A&%a )%nor %& attr%bute. %n mo&t +eneral &tu.%e& to(ourth *entur' &a%nt& an. %t& *ont%nue. &urv%val .ur%n+ the a+e o( %nva&%on& %& all too o(tena&&ume. (rom late an. unrel%able re(eren*e& to /rov%n*%al *enter& o( mona&t%* o//o&%t%on toI*ono*la&m0 Althou+h a real un.er&tan.%n+ o( the %n&t%tut%on 6%ll ult%matel' .e/en. on re+%onal an.ar*heolo+%*al %nve&t%+at%on 6h%*h ha& 'et to be ma.e (or mu*h o( A&%a )%nor the e2%&t%n+ev%.en*e lar+el' l%terar' an. .o*umentar' *an /rov%.e an %n%t%al %n&%+ht %nto the var%et%e& o( lo*almona&t%*%&m an. the%r relat%on to maJor (oun.at%on&0 Th%& /a/er 6%ll e2am%ne ev%.en*e (or the

.evelo/ment o( a&*et%* (oun.at%on& %n three re+%on& o( A&%a )%nor 6h%*h re(le*t .%((er%n+ lo*al*on.%t%on&--B%th'n%a the area aroun. An*'ra an. Ama&e%a an. Eu*ha%ta %n the ,ontu&0

In all three area& a&*et%* (oun.at%on& 6ere e2ten&%ve an. /la'e. an %m/ortant role %n /rov%n*%all%(e b' the &%2th *entur'0 ?o6ever .%((eren*e& ba&e. on the +eo+ra/h%*al an. h%&tor%*al (eature& o( the re+%on are *learl' a//arent %n the%r .evelo/ment0 Althou+h no .eta%le. h%&tor' o( a B%th'n%an(oun.at%on e2%&t& %t& .evelo/ment 6a& *learl' .om%nate. b' /ro2%m%t' to Con&tant%no/le a& %&ev%.ent %n the re*or.& o( %m/er%al bene(a*t%on& ar%&to*rat%* (oun.at%on& on &uburban e&tate& an.the %nvolvement o( abbot& %n *hur*h /ol%t%*&0 The re+%on aroun. An*'ra %& *h%e(l' 7no6n throu+hthe b%o+ra/h' o( Theo.ore o( S'7eon but %t 6a& al&o *hara*ter%e. b' man' other (oun.at%on& %nthe *%t%e& an. v%lla+e& o( >alat%a an. ,a/hla+on%a0 In *ontra&t mona&t%*%&m %n the more &/ar&el'/o/ulate. ,ontu& &eem& to have been *on*entrate. %n the *%t' o( Ama&e%a %t&el(0

The ev%.en*e (rom the&e /rov%n*e& reveal& *hara*ter%&t%*& 6h%*h ma' be *om/are. to *ommon+eneral%at%on& about the a&*et%*%&m o( the /er%o.0 Attem/t& to /ortra' mon7& a& urban or rural(%+ure& .o not &eem u&e(ulK %t 6%ll be ar+ue. that out&%.e the &/here o( the *a/%tal the&emona&ter%e& ma' better be .e&*r%be. a& %t re+%onal %n a *ountr'&%.e 6here *on*ern& o( &mall*%t%e& an. v%lla+e& 6ere not e&&ent%all' .%((erent0 Foun.at%on& 6ere *on&%&tentl' a&&o*%ate. 6%th&e*ular *hur*h h%erar*h%e&K %n almo&t all %n&tan*e& lo*al b%&ho/& 6ere the 7e' (%+ure& %n the%re&tabl%&hment /romot%on an. /rote*t%on0 Althou+h le&& ev%.en*e %& ava%lable (or relat%on& 6%thla'men lo*al /atrona+e %& (reHuentl' ev%.entK the or%+%n& o( member& an. abbot& are onl'o**a&%onall' 7no6n but the%r re*ru%tment an. tra%n%n+ %n S'r%a or Con&tant%no/le are a *on&tanttheme0 F%nall' the or%+%n& an. (ate o(

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a&*et%* (oun.at%on& %n ea*h area 6%ll be *on&%.ere.0 Tra.%t%on& o( (ourth *entur' (oun.er& *anrarel' be &u&ta%ne.K ev%.en*e &u++e&t& that /rov%n*%al e2/an&%on be+an %n the (%(th *entur' an.*ont%nue. throu+h the &%2th an. earl' &eventh *entur%e&0 The .%&ru/t%on o( the ,er&%an an. Arab%nva&%on& 6a& o( maJor /ro/ort%on& %n all three /rov%n*e&0 =%th the e2*e/t%on o( a &%n+le B%th'n%an(oun.at%on none o( the&e mona&ter%e& %& 7no6n to have e2%&te. a(ter the &eventh *entur' an.the removal o( rel%*& to the *a/%tal &u++e&t& an %n*rea&e. *entral%at%on o( a&*et%* l%(e %n the late&eventh *entur' an. *all& %nto Hue&t%on on*e a+a%n the %ma+e o( the /rov%n*%al mon7 a& the tar+eto( earl' I*ono*la&t&0

B'ant%um: the Norman %e6

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Em%l' Albu ?ana6alt Bo&ton Un%ver&%t'

The 6orl. o( Du.o o( Sa%nt-uent%n the (%r&t Norman h%&tor%an 6r%t%n+ *0 !!8-<5 .oe& not rea*hB'ant%um0 F%(t' 'ear& later =%ll%am o( 1um%e+e&L *entral 6or7 the >e&ta Normannorum Du*um*0 !#-#!5 &t%ll .oe& not ment%on the Ea&tern Em/%reK h%& %nter/olator& the )on7 o( CaenOr.er%*u& %tal%& an. Robert o( Tor%+n% %n*lu.e onl' a (e6 re(eren*e& an. the&e are u&uall'&/are an. va+ue thou+h neutral or a.m%r%n+0 Do*ument& (o*u&%n+ on the Norman ConHue&t o(En+lan. Carmen .e ?a&t%n+ae ,roel%o an. the Ba'eu2 Ta/e&tr'5 %+nore the .e&t%nat%on o( man'En+l%&h (%+hter& (or*e. to (lee the%r homelan. 6h%le =%ll%am o( ,o%t%er&L more amb%t%ou& >e&ta>u%llelm% *onta%n& but &%2 re(eren*e& all /o&%t%ve0 Bau.r' o( Bour+ue%l& Carmen CCI *0 !""-!!<5 honor%n+ the ConHuerorL& .au+hter A.ela ne+le*t& not onl' her hu&ban.L& &*an.alou&e2/lo%t& %n the Ea&t but al&o >u%&*ar.L& hero%* one& thou+h the /oem boa&t& o( Norman&u**e&&e& el&e6here0

=e mu&t loo7 be'on. the h%&tor%an& o( Norman.' to (%n. a +enu%ne %ntere&t %n B'ant%ne a((a%r&0 Amon+ the Norman& o( the South the ho&t%l%t' o( Amatu& 6ho *an &*ar*el' bear to ment%on the>ree7& 6%thout a..%n+ the e/%thet Hu% e&to%ent autro&% *oment (ame&5 an. )alaterra 6ho *all&them &em/er +enu& /er(%.%&&%mum5 %& balan*e. b' a more &'m/athet%* v%e6 o( *lo&erob&erver& the ver' 6r%ter& a B'ant%n%&t m%+ht e2/e*t to be mo&t ho&t%le0 Rea.er& o( the

%n(luent%al Cru&a.%n+ *hron%*le the >e&ta Fran*orum have a&&ume. that %t& author thorou+hl'loathe. Ale2%u& Comnenu&0 In (a*t a& the anon'mou& Norman 7n%+ht be*ame more an. more.%&%llu&%one. 6%th h%& lor. Bohemon. he *ea&e. alto+ether (rom atta*7%n+ the Em/eror 6ho&eo**a&%onal +enero&%t' an. le+%t%mate *on*ern& %n the (a*e o( =e&tern br%+an.a+e he ha. al6a'&re*o+n%e.0 The >e&ta Fran*orum al&o /re&ent& a *om/le2 an. real%&t%* /%*ture o( the nat%ve/eo/le& o( the Ea&t0 Somet%me& the' are 6ar /ro(%teer& &/%e& an. &u//l%er& (or the enem' oreven trea*herou& heret%*& ea+er to Jo%n the Sara*en& %n battle a+a%n&t the Cru&a.er&K but&omet%me& too the' are &u//ort%ve (ello6-Chr%&t%an& 6ho &u**our Cru&a.er& %n .%&tre&&0

The Anon'mou&L e2a*t *ontem/orar' =%ll%am o( A/ul%a the h%&tor%an o( Bohemon.L& (atherRobert >u%&*ar. +oe& (urther %n .%&/la'%n+ /ro-B'ant%ne &'m/ath%e&0 ?e l%7e& to &ho6 o(( h%&*on&%.erable 7no6le.+e o( the Em/%reL& %nternal a((a%r&K an. 6hen >u%&*ar. %n%t%ate& h%&B'ant%ne *am/a%+n the >e&taL& tone &h%(t& .ramat%*all' an. /ermanentl' (rom o/t%m%&t%* to

(orebo.%n+0 Th%& ma' re(le*t the (eel%n+& o( >u%&*ar.L& men 6ho 6ante. to enJo' the /ro&/er%t'an. relat%ve tranHu%l%t' the' ha. 6on %n Southern Ital' an. o( ,o/e Urban II =%ll%amL& /atron 6hoha. lon+ .e&%re. ra//ro*hement 6%th B'ant%um0

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The %nter*onne*t%on& o( Norman h%&tor%e& a&&ure that the&e t6o e2am/le& are not %&olate. or%n&%+n%(%*ant0 For %t& a**ount o( the F%r&t Cru&a.e the +reate&t o( Norman h%&tor%e& Or.er%*u&%tal%&L E**le&%a&t%*al ?%&tor' *lo&el' (ollo6& the >e&ta Fran*orum throu+h an %nterme.%ate&our*e Bau.r'L& ?%&tor%a Iero&ol%m%tana0 Thou+h Or.er%*u& a..& &ome /o6er(ul *r%t%*%&m o( h%&o6n he *an al&o .ev%ate (rom the Cru&a.er&L /o&%t%on (or %n&tan*e b' re/eate.l' a*7no6le.+%n+the Em/erorL& r%+ht& to Ant%o*h .e&/%te the v%+orou& /ro/a+an.a o( her Norman /r%n*e&0

Ele+ant%&&%me: >ree7 Tran&lat%on St'le %n the @ate Fourth Centur'El%abeth A0 F%&her >eor+e =a&h%n+ton Un%ver&%t'

Amon+ late Roman tran&lat%on& (rom @at%n %nto >ree7 t6o %n /art%*ular &hare *ommon (eature&an. %nv%te *om/ar%&on0 The >ree7 ver&%on& o( Eutro/%u&L Brev%ar%um an. o( St0 1eromeL& %ta?%lar%on%& !5 both &urv%ve *om/lete <5 are both u&uall' attr%bute. to the late (ourth *entur' 356ere both tran&m%tte. &e/arate (rom the @at%n or%+%nal& a& %n.e/en.ent 6or7& o( >ree7 l%teraturean. 45 are both e2/an.e. (ree ren.%t%on& o( the or%+%nal @at%n te2t&0 Th%& (ree Hual%t' ha& le.&ome &*holar& o( the %ta ?%lar%on%& to .oubt that the &urv%v%n+ tran&lat%on %& the (ourth-*entur'

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one ma.e b' 1eromeL& (r%en. So/hron%o&! an. *ommen.e. b' 1erome h%m&el( a&ele+ant%&&%me0< Deta%le. anal'&%& o( ,a%an%o&L (ree tran&lat%on &t'le %n the Brev%ar%um an. a*om/ar%&on bet6een th%& &t'le an. that o( the %ta ?%lar%on%& tran&lator 6%ll %n.%*ate that the t6otran&lat%on& &hare a *ommon te*hn%Hue re/re&ent%n+ a**e/table (ourth-*entur' /ra*t%*e0

Com/ar%n+ the (%r&t &e*t%on o( the Brev%ar%um %n @at%n an. %n >ree7 reveal& that the >ree7 ver&%ona**uratel' *onve'& the &en&e o( the @at%n or%+%nal but 6%th learne. e2/lanator' +lo&&e& %nten.e.(or a >ree7 an. Ea&tern au.%en*e0 )oreover the >ree7 te2t /re&erve& &t'l%&t%* an. rhetor%*al(eature& o( the @at%n or%+%nal a& 6ell a& %ntro.u*%n+ embell%&hment& o( %t& o6n0

The (%r&t &e*t%on o( the II tran&lat%on reveal& a &%m%lar relat%on&h%/ to the or%+%nal te2t0 The >ree7ver&%on e2/an.& u/on the @at%n %n or.er to a**ommo.ate the l%terar' an. &t'l%&t%* /re(eren*e& o( a>ree7-&/ea7%n+ au.%en*e0 Dev%at%on& (rom the or%+%nal te2t are .el%berate alterat%on& an.a..%t%on& o( the &ort ob&erve. %n the >ree7 Brev%ar%umK the' are ne%ther a tran&latorL& %n*om/etent(umbl%n+& nor a &*r%beL& /%ou& embro%.er%e&0 Be*au&e ,a%an%o& u&e. th%& e2e+et%* te*hn%Hue %ntran&lat%n+ the Brev%ar%um %t re/re&ent& a**e/table /ra*t%*e %n the (ourth *entur'0 There(ore %t %&not %m/o&&%ble that the &urv%v%n+ e2e+et%* tran&lat%on o( 1eromeL& ? %& %n.ee. the tran&lat%onma.e b' h%& (r%en. an. *ontem/orar' So/hron%o&0

The >ree7 Brev%ar%um o( ,a%an%o& a//eare. ver' &oon a(ter the @at%n or%+%nal b' Eutro/%u& an.

b%o+ra/h%*al ev%.en*e althou+h &*ant' &u++e&t& that @at%n author an. >ree7 tran&lator ma'have been a*Hua%nte.K 1erome 7ne6 So/hron%o& an. *ommen.e. the tran&lat%on& o( h%& o6n6or7&0 Tran&lat%on %nto >ree7 o**urre. almo&t &%multaneou&l' %n the&e t6o *a&e& /erha/& 6%ththe authorL& a//roval an. the tran&lat%on& 6ere %n e((e*t >ree7 e.%t%on& .e&%+ne. to /lea&eEa&tern ta&te&0 The (a*t o( the%r e2%&ten*e an. the Hual%t' o( the%r &t'le a*7no6le.+e& !5 that>ree7& o( l%terar' &o/h%&t%*at%on +enerall' *oul. not or .%. not5 rea. @at%n l%terature %n the or%+%nallan+ua+e <5 that %n the

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>ree7 6orl. there 6a& ho6ever a .eman. (or *erta%n t'/e& o( @at%n l%terature e0+0 h%&tor' an.ha+%o+ra/h'5 an. 35 that then a& no6 tran&lator& an. author& re*o+n%e. that a *om/letel'l%teral tran&lat%on %& not ne*e&&ar%l' an a**urate an. e((e*t%ve one0

! >run.' Ste%ner %n Stu.%e& %n the Te2t Tra.%t%on o( St0 1eromeL& %tae ,atrum e.0 =%ll%am A0Ol.(ather Urbana Ill0 !"435 44-4#0 < De %r%& Illu&tr%bu& !340

The De Ae.%(%*%%& o( ,ro*o/%u& a& ,ane+'r%*

10A0S0 Evan& Un%ver&%t' o( Br%t%&h Columb%a

The a%m o( th%& /a/er %& to loo7 at the De Ae.%(%*%%& o( ,ro*o/%u& a& a /ane+'r%* 6h%*h 6a&.e&%+ne. to &ho6 1u&t%n%an a& an %.eal em/eror0 The em/ha&%& o( the (%r&t boo7 %& on the em/eror a& the re/re&entat%ve o( >o. on earth0 ?e bu%l.& to the +lor' o( >o. an. re*e%ve& &u/erhuman6%&.om %n*lu.%n+ te*hnolo+%*al 7no6le.+e5 (rom >o. %n return0 In the &u**ee.%n+ boo7& theem/ha&%& &h%(t& rather to &ho6 1u&t%n%an a& the /rote*tor o( the em/%re than7& to =hom %t 6a&

&e*ure an. &a(e (rom %t& enem%e&0The /%*ture o( the em/eror that %& +%ven %n the De Ae.%(%*%%& %& .%ametr%*all' o//o&e. to that +%ven%n the Ane7.ota an. at t%me& the o//o&%t%on %& /o%nte.0

A B'ant%ne Oa7 an. %t& Cla&&%*al A*orn: An E2am%nat%on o( >eometre& ,ro+'mna&mata !

A0R0 @%ttle6oo. Un%ver&%t' o( =e&tern Ontar%o

The B'ant%ne ea+erl' embra*e. the .o*tr%ne o( @on+%no& that %m%tat%on %& a /ath to &ubl%m%t'0

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)o.ern *r%t%*& are +enerall' Hu%*7 to bel%ttle l%terature that &ub&*r%be& to &o .e+enerate a .o*tr%nean. %n th%& the' are a%.e. b' the B'ant%neL& o6n mo.e&t bel%e( %n h%& *a/ab%l%t%e&: a& )anuel II,ala%olo+o& .e*lare& %( &omeone 6ere to le+%&late that the le&&er &houl. be &%lent be*au&e o( the+reater no mo.ern I bel%eve 6oul. .are to o/en h%& mouth on a**ount o( the &u/er%or%t' o( thean*%ent&0 Neverthele&& the B'ant%ne 6a& a man o( .ee/l' roote. %n.%v%.ual%&m--an%n.%v%.ual%&m that he &trove to e2/re&& 6%th%n the *ontour& o( the %m%tat%ve tra.%t%on0 In the be&t6or7& 000 th%& %& e2*ellentl' .one a& ,ro(e&&or ?un+er ob&erve& %n h%& &'m/athet%* but all toobr%e( .%&*u&&%on o( B'ant%ne %m%tat%on DO, <3 !#-3$50 A (%ne e2am/le %& a /ro&e en*om%um o(the oa7 b' the tenth-*entur' /oet Ioanne& >eometre& 6h%*h 6a& /erha/& %nten.e. a& a l%terar'+%(t (or a (r%en.0

The l%ttle 6or7 (ul(%l& all the reHu%rement& la%. .o6n b' ?ermo+ene& (or an en*om%um o( a /lantbut %t avo%.& the &u++e&t%on o( an ar%. *atalo+ue o( v%rtue& both b' natural tran&%t%on& o(ten 6%th%nterlo*7%n+ %ma+er' (rom &ubJe*t to &ubJe*t an. b' the (a*t that %t %& /erva.e. b' an atmo&/hereo( /er&onal enthu&%a&m mo&t not%*eable %n the &e*t%on on the /lea&ure& o( 6%l. boar hunt%n+6h%*h rhetor%*all' r%&e& above the re&t to the +ran. &t'le &'mbol%e. b' an a/t e/%* /arallel0 The*ombat%ve element %n >eometre&L enthu&%a&m not%*eable %n

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other o( h%& 6or7& ma' be (oun. %n h%& %ntro.u*t%on that attem/t& to /la*e the 6or7 %n the tra.%t%ono( a.o2o+ra/h' a +enre /erha/& not a& /o/ular amon+ the B'ant%ne& a& 6e ten. to a&&ume(rom the *elebrate. o/u&*ula %n 6h%*h )%*hael ,&ello& *ham/%on& the (lea the lou&e an. the bu+0In &ubJe*t-matter >eometre& 6ear& h%& learn%n+ l%+htl' but &ho6& an a.m%rable 7no6le.+e o( the*la&&%*al mater%al 6h%*h %n the *a&e o( the u&e o( the a*orn (ar e2*el& that o( a *erta%n mo.ern*la&&%*%&t to 6hom 6ere ava%lable all the e2hau&t%ve a%.& o( mo.ern &*holar&h%/0 The mo&tout&tan.%n+ (eature %& ho6ever the 6a' %n 6h%*h the *'*le o( the oa7L& l%(e %& 6or7e. %nto theover-all &*heme0 The oa7 %& born (rom the lo%n& o( mother earth l%7e a *h%l.K l%7e a m%&tre&& &he6el*ome& man 6ho *harme. b' her beaut' &lumber& beneath her &ha.eK be(ore the .%&*over'o( *ereal& &he nurture. man7%n. an. %& there(ore a un%ver&al motherK no6 &he &ave& man7%n. %nt%me o( &tarvat%on0 Thu& the oa7 %& born enJo'& the love o( man be*ome& a mother 6%th there&/on&%b%l%t' o( *h%l.ren an. (%nall' 6hen the' are +ro6n u/ *ome& to the re&*ue 6henevernee.e.0 A note6orth' (eature throu+hout the *'*le %& a *are(ul *ho%*e o( 6or.& both a& one

/a&&a+e loo7& (or6ar. to the ne2t an. %n the *omb%nat%on o( human an. non-human vo*abular'0,art%*ularl' (%ne %& the /a&&a+e on the tree a& m%&tre&& %n 6h%*h 6holl' arboreal beaut%e&+ra.uall' an. &ubtl' +%ve 6a' to a 6holl' human erot%* &%m%le0

III0 )ANUSCRI,TS )USIC AND )EDICINE

The B'ant%ne ?ol.%n+& o( the ?%ll )ona&t%* )anu&*r%/t @%brar'

=%ll%am F0 )a*omber St0 1ohnL& Un%ver&%t' )%nne&ota

The ?%ll )ona&t%* )anu&*r%/t @%brar' o( St0 1ohnL& Un%ver&%t' Colle+ev%lle )%nne&ota %& /r%mar%l'a m%*ro(%lm l%brar' .e.%*ate. to /re&erv%n+ manu&*r%/t& on m%*ro(%lm an. ma7%n+ them ava%lable to&*holar&0 )%*ro(%lm o/erat%on& unt%l no6 have been *on*entrate. %n Au&tr%a )alta S/a%n an.

Eth%o/%a0 )o&t o( the 8 manu&*r%/t& that 6e no6 have on m%*ro(%lm are %n @at%n an. other6e&tern lan+ua+e& or are %n Eth%o/%an lan+ua+e& but 6e have al&o m%*ro(%lme. &ome *olle*t%on&o( the (%r&t %m/ortan*e (or B'ant%ne &tu.%e& /lu& a (e6 other& o( mar+%nal %ntere&t0

The b%++e&t *olle*t%on& are tho&e o( the Au&tr%an Nat%onal @%brar' %n %enna 6here 6e havem%*ro(%lme. !! or ""P out o( a total o( !!#4 B'ant%ne manu&*r%/t& "! >ree7 !$ Slavon%*33 Armen%an 8 >eor+%an !8 Co/t%* an. !! S'r%a*50 Al&o o( /o&&%ble %ntere&t to B'ant%n%&t& 6%llbe &ome o( the <# I&lam%* manu&*r%/t& %n Arab%* Tur7%&h an. ,er&%an e&/e*%all' the <8"manu&*r%/t& o( Ottoman h%&tor'0 Even more %m/ortant to B'ant%n%&t& are the /a/'ru& (ra+ment&(rom E+'/t that %n*lu.e &ome 4 >ree7 (ra+ment& an. another < (ra+ment& %n Co/t%*

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Arab%* an. other lan+ua+e&0 Almo&t all o( the manu&*r%/t& have been *atalo+ue. an. are ea&%l'a**e&&%ble0 =e al&o have a /ubl%&he. *he*7l%&t that %n.%*ate& /re*%&el' 6h%*h manu&*r%/t& havebeen m%*ro(%lme.0 The &ame %& not true o( the /a/'ru& (ra+ment& but 6e .o have no6 the mean&o( lo*at%n+ /art%*ular numbere. (ra+ment& 6h%*h 6a& not the *a&e a 'ear a+o0

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The Armen%an *olle*t%on o( the )e7h%tar%&t mona&ter' %n %enna ha& al&o been m%*ro(%lme.--!!"3or "!P out o( a total o( !34 manu&*r%/t&0 Th%& *olle*t%on ha& al&o been *atalo+ue.--%n Armen%anho6ever but 6%th a &ummar' %n >erman0 Be&%.e& the&e there are a (e6 &*attere. >ree7manu&*r%/t& e&/e*%all' (rom the *athe.ral o( Tole.o an Armen%an manu&*r%/t (rom )ount An+el

Abbe' %n Ore+on a *ou/le o( S'r%a* manu&*r%/t& (rom @uther Sem%nar' %n Sa%nt ,aul )%nne&otaan. a *olle*t%on o( <3 S'r%a* an. <3 Chr%&t%an Arab%* manu&*r%/t& (rom )on&errat0

S*holar& are 6el*ome to v%&%t ?))@ an. *on&ult .%re*tl' an' m%*ro(%lm& the' 6%&h0 The &ub&%.%a(or B'ant%ne &tu.%e&--*atalo+ue& .%*t%onar%e& +rammar& +eneral 6or7& o( *on&ultat%on et*0--leave mu*h to be .e&%re. at /re&ent but 6%ll ho/e(ull' be %m/rove. %n the (uture0 S*holar& *anal&o .%re*t Hue&t%on& (or re&ear*h b' our &ta(( (or an a//ro/r%ate (ee0 F%nall' 6%th the *on&ent o(the o6n%n+ l%brar' the' *an obta%n e%ther *o/%e& o( *om/lete m%*ro(%lm& 9< /er reel5 or /r%ntout&o( %n.%v%.ual /a+e& or (rame& 90<8 ea*h50 Th%& *on&ent %& u&uall' (reel' +%ven b' the Au&tr%an

Nat%onal @%brar' but %n the *a&e o( the )e7h%tar%&t l%brar' there have been .%((%*ult%e&0

The A&mat%7o& Orthro&

D%ane Toul%ato&-Ban7er Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'

Th%& /a/er /re&ent& /rev%ou&l' un/ubl%&he. an. unre&ear*he. mater%al on the )orn%n+ O((%*e o(the ?a+%a So/h%a 6h%*h 6a& 7no6n %n the B'ant%ne r%te a& the A&nat%7o& or Chante. Orthro&0Th%& ar*ha%* mat%nal &erv%*e 6a& tran&(erre. to Con&tant%no/le %n the "th-!th *entur' (rom theChur*h o( the ?ol' Se/ul*her %n the ,ale&t%ne0

Th%& &erv%*e 6a& /urel' a *athe.ral r%te that ha. the un%Hue *hara*ter%&t%* o( be%n+ &un+throu+hout 6%th no 6or.& e2*e/t (or the /ra'er& an. &u//l%*at%on& o( the /r%e&t& an. .ea*on&0

Th%& 6a& %n .%re*t o//o&%t%on to the )ona&t%* Orthro& 6h%*h 6a& normall' /er(orme. 6%thout&%n+%n+ or at lea&t 6%th a m%n%mal amount an. 6a& o(ten re*%te. b' one mon70

The .urat%on o( th%& *athe.ral r%te %n B'ant%um 6a& l%m%te. an. b' !<4 %t& u&a+e be+an to 6ane0The rea&on (or th%& .%&%nte+rat%on ha& been blame. on the *a/ture o( Con&tant%no/le b' the @at%n*onHueror& o( the Fourth Cru&a.e0 =%th the arr%val o( the Cru&a.er& the lar+e bo.' o( /r%e&t& an.&%n+er& nee.e. to /er(orm th%& *hante. &erv%*e ha. le(t Con&tant%no/le an. ha. be*ome.%&/er&e. throu+hout the em/%re0 Even thou+h the *hante. r%te 6a& no lon+er %n re+ular u&e %nCon&tant%no/le a(ter !<4 the or.o rema%ne. %n /ra*t%*e (or more than t6o *entur%e& at the ?a+%aSo/h%a o( The&&alon%7%0 Onl' 6hen The&&alon%7% (ell to the Tur7& on )ar*h <" !43 6a& th%&*athe.ral r%te brou+ht to a &u..en an. (%nal term%nat%on0

The /r%mar' &our*e o( %n(ormat%on about th%& *hante. o((%*e %& (oun. %n the treat%&e On D%v%ne

,ra'er De &a*ra /re*at%one5 b' S'meon Ar*hb%&ho/ o( The&&alon%7% (rom !4! to !4<"0 It %&(rom th%& treat%&e that the l%tur+%*al &*heme o( the A&mat%7o& Orthro& 6%ll be re*on&tru*te. an.anal'e. to .emon&trate the *om/le2%t' o( th%& &erv%*e0

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)u&%* (or th%& o((%*e ha& been (oun. %n t6o manu&*r%/t&: Athen& )S0 << an. Athen& )S0 <!0The (ormer %& the earl%er manu&*r%/t .ate. not later than !3$85 an. ha& one ver&%on o( the

A&mat%7o& Orthro&K 6h%le the latter .ate. bet6een !3"!-!4<85 *onta%n& (our ver&%on&0 Be*au&eo( the *om/le2%t' an. Huant%t' o( mu&%* *hante. %n th%& &erv%*e onl' one &ele*t%on 6%ll be

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.%&*u&&e. %n th%& /a/er: ,&alm !!$ 6h%*h %& &un+ onl' %n the Sun.a' &erv%*e0

From a *om/ar%&on o( the &ett%n+& o( th%& /&alm %n the (%ve &our*e& *erta%n *on*lu&%on& *an berea*he.0 The mo&t %m/ortant .%&*over' %& that t6o ba&%* (am%l%e& o( melo.%e& e2%&t (or the

A&mat%7o& Orthro&0 The&e (am%l%e& are .%&t%n+u%&he. b' %.ent%*al or relate. mo.e& an. melo.%e&0The mu&%* (oun. %n Athen& )S0 << an. the (%r&t ver&%on %n Athen& )S0 <! *om/r%&e one(am%l' o( *hant that %& ba&%*all' &%m/le %n *hara*ter 6%thout mu*h melo.%* ornamentat%on0 Therema%n%n+ three ver&%on& %n Athen& )S0 <! are member& o( a &e*on. (am%l' that %& ver'mel%&mat%* %n nature an. %& *hara*ter%e. b' ornamental .ev%*e&0 A /o&&%ble %nter/retat%one2/la%n%n+ the t6o (am%l%e& o( *hant an. the%r mo.al .%*hotom' %& that the' 6ere t6o ver&%on&%llu&trat%n+ the .%((eren*e %n /ra*t%*e %n t6o lo*al%t%e& &u*h a& Con&tant%no/le an. The&&alon%7%0

=e&tern %e6& o( B'ant%ne )u&%* %n the E%+hteenth Centur'

De&/%na-Emvor(%a ava.a& Columb%a South Carol%na

The m%+rat%on o( >ree7 &*holar& to the =e&t (ollo6%n+ the (all o( Con&tant%no/le %n !483 +ave r%&eto a bo.' o( =e&tern 6r%t%n+& on B'ant%ne *hant0 Im/ortant (or the%r *ontem/orar' a**ount& o(a*tual /er(orman*e& o( *hant a& 6ell a& e2/lanat%on& o( B'ant%ne mu&%*al theor%e& %n =e&ternterm& the&e &our*e& have been v%rtuall' %+nore. b' mo.ern &*holar&0

It %& the /ur/o&e o( th%& /a/er to %ntro.u*e to mo.ern &*holar& the t'/e& o( %n(ormat%on onB'ant%ne *hant *onta%ne. %n =e&tern &our*e&0 A *lo&e e2am%nat%on o( the All+eme%ne >e&*h%*hte.er )u&%7 an. the All+eme%ne @%tteratur .er )u&%7 t6o 6or7& b' the e%+hteenth *entur' &*holar1ohann N%*olau& For7el 6%ll &erve to %llu&trate one o( the more *on*%&e an. metho.%*al/re&entat%on& o( th%& %n(ormat%on0

In the A%l+eme%ne @%tteratur .er )u&%7 For7el l%&t& =e&tern re(eren*e& to B'ant%ne *hant %n*hronolo+%*al or.er0 T6o o( the&e 6or7& >u'&L o'a+e l%ttera%re .e la >re*e an. SulerL&>e&*h%*hte .e& tran&al/%n%&*hen Da*%en& /rov%.e the /r%mar' &our*e mater%al (or For7elL&.%&*u&&%on o( B'ant%ne mu&%*al theor' the ma%n /o%nt& o( 6h%*h are .%&*u&&e. %n the bo.' o( th%&/a/er0 In a..%t%on to the theoret%*al .%&*u&&%on For7el %n*lu.e& %n the All+eme%ne >e&*h%*hte .er)u&%7 b%o+ra/h%*al an. le+en.ar' %n(ormat%on on the mo&t (amou& o( the B'ant%ne melo.%&t&0

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Some Sour*e& an. ,roblem& %n B'ant%ne )e.%*%ne

1ohn S*arborou+h Un%ver&%t' o( entu*7'

In +eneral treatment& o( me.%*al h%&tor' B'ant%ne me.%*%ne normall' re*e%ve& a (e6 hurr%e./ara+ra/h& a& the author /ro*ee.& to a *on&%.erat%on o( e%ther the me.%eval =e&t or I&lam0 =henone .oe& loo7 u/ B'ant%ne me.%*%ne %n a h%&tor' that +%ve& the &ubJe*t (ull &*o/e he (%n.& a r%*h*om/l%*ate. *olle*t%on o( &our*e& that %n*lu.e& the *om/lete ran+e o( me.%*%ne: +eneral /ra*t%*eho&/%tal& veter%nar' me.%*%ne /harma*olo+' me.%*al /h%lo&o/h' &ur+er' et*0 One maJor/roblem ho6ever %& the &tate o( the me.%*al te2t& that emer+e (rom the B'ant%ne /er%o.0 =e

are (or e2am/le 6ell %n(orme. on the te2tual h%&tor' o( D%o&*or%.e& (l0 *0 A0D0 5 an. are+rate(ul (or the marvellou& B'ant%ne %llu&trat%on& a**om/an'%n+ the )ater%a )e.%*a that have*ome .o6n throu+h the (amou& th *entur' An%*%a 1ul%ana 6h%*h al&o *onta%n& Eute*n%u&L/ara/hra&e& o( N%*an.erL& Ther%a*a an. Ale2%/harma*a l%7e6%&e 6%th %llu&trat%on&50 But mo&tother &our*e& rema%n %n a &tate o( *hao&0 Or%ba&%u& (l0 35 6a& 6ell e.%te. b' Rae.er5 a&re*entl' a& the !"3L& ,aul o( Ae+%na (l0 45 b' ?e%ber+ %n the !"<L& but &u*h maJor (%+ure& a&Theo/h%lu& ,roto&/athar%u& (l0 un.er ?era*l%u& !-4!5 Ste/hen o( Athen& (l0 *0 385 Aaron o(

Ale2an.r%a (l0 45 an. 1ohn o( Ale2an.r%a *0 <#-45 rema%n &ha.o6'0 Furthermore the&tate o( me.%*al *om/%lat%on *hara*ter%&t%* o( man' earl%er >alen%* treat%&e& a& 6ell a& o( the>eo/on%*a an. the Cor/u& h%//%atr%*orum >rae*orum both o( the "th or !th *entur%e&5 ma7e&

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un.er&tan.%n+ o( /art%*ular /er%o.& rather mur7' +%ven our /re&ent te2t&0 olle&*h ha& &ho6n (or e2am/le that &everal treat%&e& %n the Qhn e.%t%on o( >alen are B'ant%ne an. there ma' be.oen& more0

The /a/er ha& mo.e&t obJe*t%ve&: to e2am%ne br%e(l' the *ontent& o( Or%ba&%u&t &ummar' o(me.%*al %n(ormat%on ava%lable %n the 4th *entur'K to *om/are botan%*al a+r%*ultural an.veter%nar' matter %n the >eo/on%*a an. Cor/u& h%//%atr%*orum 6%th earl%er mater%al& %nTheo/hra&tu& N%*an.er an. e+et%u& a& 6ell a& the )ulome.%*%na Ch%ron%& an. ,ela+on%u&K tonote &ometh%n+ o( B'ant%ne me.%*al e.u*at%on v%a 1ohn o( Ale2an.r%aK an. to &u++e&t &ometh%n+o( the *han+%n+ a.a/t%ve nature o( B'ant%ne me.%*%ne0

>ree7 Fra+ment& o( 1ohn o( Ale2an.r%a

1ohn Du((' Dumbarton Oa7&

at%*anu& +r0 3 %& a *o.e2 o( Ju&t over three hun.re. (ol%a 6r%tten &omet%me %n the eleventh ort6el(th *entur' b' t6o &*r%be& %n &tr%7%n+l' neat han.6r%t%n+0 The ma%n te2t o( the manu&*r%/t %& ananon'mou& >ree7 tran&lat%on o( a 6ell-7no6n Arab%* me.%*al han.boo7 Z. al-)u&(%r,rov%&%on& (or the Traveller5 *om/o&e. b' Ab a M(ar %bn al-ar .0 !45K the >ree7 %&u&uall' 7no6n b' the t%tle E/ho.%a0! In the mar+%n& o( th%& 6or7 there %& 6r%tten b' the &ame t6o

&*r%be& an. 6%th eHual *are another te2t 6h%*h ha& no %n.%*at%on o( author&h%/K &t%ll the a*ute e'eo( Car.%nal >%ovann% )er*at% 6ho 6a& /re/ar%n+ the *atalo+ .e&*r%/t%on< 6a& able to re*o+n%e%t a& e2tra*t& (rom a *ommentar' on ?%//o*rate& an. (rom none other than the le*ture& onE/%.em%*& I b' 1ohn o( Ale2an.r%a 6h%*h unt%l then ha. been 7no6n onl' throu+h a me.%eval@at%n tran&-

- !4 -

lat%on0 )er*at% 6ent on to /ubl%&h a .eta%le. an. (%r&t-rate *o.%*olo+%*al a**ount o( the manu&*r%/t%n 6h%*h he %.ent%(%e. ea*h e2tra*t 6%th %t& eHu%valent %n the @at%n ver&%on Huot%n+ the o/en%n+ an.(%nal 6or.&K3 but the e.%t%on an. &tu.' o( the (ra+ment& he le(t a& he /ut %t /0 <5 a *h% nLabb%atem/o e vo+l%a0

?%& .%&*over' ho6ever a//ear& to have +one unnot%*e. an. 6hen the (%r&t *r%t%*al e.%t%on o( the@at%n 6a& /ubl%&he. %n !"#8 there 6a& no ment%on o( >ree7 (ra+ment&04 The /re&ent 6r%ter %&no6 /re/ar%n+ the e.%t%on o( the&e (%(t' e2*er/t& 6h%*h amount to about (ort' t'/e. /a+e& orrou+hl' ten /er*ent o( the 6hole0 ?al( o( the e2*er/t& are al&o tran&m%tte. b' the more thant6ent' other manu&*r%/t& o( the E/ho.%aK %n the&e the /%e*e& o( 1ohnL& 6or7 are no lon+er %n themar+%n& but have been %ntru.e. %nto the bo.' o( the ma%n te2t0

1ohn o( Ale2an.r%a %& one o( the (%ve or &%2 7no6n me.%*al tea*her& %atro&o/h%&t&5 6ho le*ture.on ?%//o*rate& an. >alen at Ale2an.r%a %n the &%2th an. &eventh *entur%e&0 ?e %& ment%one. b'&ome Arab 6r%ter& 6ho +enerall' *on(u&e h%m 6%th 1ohn ,h%lo/onu&0 ?%& other &urv%v%n+ 6or7&are the rema%n& o( le*ture& on ?%//o*rate&L De natura /uer% an. a *ommentar' on >alenL& De&e*t%& the latter e2tant onl' %n a @at%n ver&%on0 The *ommentar' on E/%.em%*& I a/art (rombe%n+ a +oo. %llu&trat%on o( Ale2an.r%an tea*h%n+ a*t%v%t' ha& a *erta%n %ntere&t (or the h%&tor' an.

%nter/retat%on o( the ?%//o*rat%* te2t e&/e*%all' &%n*e the la&t Huarter o( >alenL& *ommentar' ha&not &urv%ve. %n >ree7 an. the le*ture note& o( ,alla.%u& al&o are %n*om/lete0 In the matter o( the@at%n tran&lat%on the >ree7 rema%n& &houl. hel/ to .e*%.e 6h%*h o( the &everal 6%tne&&e& %& themore rel%able an. the' 6%ll /rov%.e a ba&%& (or te&t%n+ the theor' that %t 6a& /re/are. b'Bartholome6 o( )e&&%na0

! The %at%*um o( Con&tant%ne the A(r%*an %& a @at%n ver&%on o( Ab >a M(arL& boo70 < 10 )er*at%-,0Fran*h% DeL Caval%er% Co.%*e& at%*an% >rae*% I Rome !"<35 //0 43-3#0 3 In Stu.% e Te&t% 3!!"!#5 //0 "-330 4 C0 D0 ,r%t*het 1ohann%& Ale2an.r%n% Commentar%a %n Se2tum @%brum?%//o*rat%& E/%.em%arum @e%.en !"#850

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I0 ?I@ANDAR )ONASTERY ON )T0 AT?OS

The Ar*h%te*tural S%+n%(%*an*e o( the ?%lan.er athot%7on

Slobo.an urV%W Un%ver&%t' o( Ill%no%&

The /re&ent athol%7on o( the Serb%an mona&ter' ?%lan.ar on )ount Atho& 6a& bu%lt (or %n+)%lut%n aroun. !330 It ha& lon+ been re*o+n%e. a& re/re&ent%n+ the turn%n+ /o%nt %n the &t'l%&t%*.evelo/ment o( Serb%an )e.%eval ar*h%te*ture re(le*t%n+ the +eneral *ultural &h%(t to6ar.B'ant%um 6h%*h /reva%le. %n Serb%a a(ter !30 De&/%te %t& %m/ortan*e (or the .evelo/ment o(Serb%an ar*h%te*ture (ull un.er&tan.%n+ o( th%& monument *annot be &ou+ht /ro/erl' %n that*onte2t

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alone0 The ar*h%te*tural &%+n%(%*an*e o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on *an be a//re*%ate. onl' 6%th%n thebroa.er (rame6or7 o( B'ant%ne ar*h%te*ture0

A&%.e (rom %t& &/a*%ou& t6%n-.ome. narthe2 6h%*h belon+& to the ma%n&tream o( *ontem/orar'

,alaeolo+an ar*h%te*tural .evelo/ment& other a&/e*t& o( the ar*h%te*ture o( the ?%lan.arathol%7on are more *lo&el' relate. to the ol.er B'ant%ne bu%l.%n+ tra.%t%on0 The /lan a& ha&been &ho6n on numerou& o**a&%on& .e/en.& .%re*tl' on the ol.e&t Athon%te bu%l.%n+ tra.%t%on0Other a&/e*t& o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on *an be l%n7e. to the Con&tant%no/ol%tan tra.%t%on: the%nternall' &*allo/e. .ome& an. .rum& the (our (ree-&tan.%n+ *olumn& &u//ort%n+ the ma%n .omethe (loor the +eneral art%*ulat%on o( (a*a.e& the bu%l.%n+ te*hn%Hue an. the u&e o( (r%ee&*on&%&t%n+ o( /en.ant tr%an+le&0 The *lo&e&t /arallel& ho6ever are not (oun. amon+ the*ontem/orar' bu%l.%n+& but amon+ the eleventh an. t6el(th *entur' *hur*he& o( Con&tant%no/le0

The mo&t *hara*ter%&t%* *on&ervat%ve a&/e*t& o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on %& the manner o(art%*ulat%on o( %t& 6all&0 E&/e*%all' %n&tru*t%ve are the lateral 6all& o( the ea&tern /art o( the nao&an. tho&e o( the narthe20 E2ternall' the&e reveal tall ar*a.e& (rame. b' .ouble re*e&&e. /%la&ter&tr%/& an. *orre&/on.%n+ ar*h%volt&0 Su*h a r%+orou& &'&tem o( (a*a.e art%*ulat%on 6a& be%n+

.%&/la*e. b' .e*orat%ve o(ten &tru*turall' %rrat%onal &'&tem& %n Con&tant%no/ol%tan ar*h%te*ture o(the earl' (ourteenth *entur' ,are77le&%on o( the Chora Te7(ur Sara'50 EHuall' *on&ervat%ve atthe ?%lan.ar athol%7on %& the /re&en*e o( %nter%or /%la&ter&-re&/on.&--6h%*h relate %n /la*ementto the e2ter%or /%la&ter &tr%/&0 Remnant& o( the *la&&%*al bu%l.%n+ tra.%t%on &u*h re&/on.& 6ere&tan.ar. *om/onent& o( eleventh an. t6el(th-*entur' ar*h%te*ture %n Con&tant%no/le but be*amev%rtuall' e2*e/t%onal at the out&et o( the (ourteenth *entur'0

De&/%te %t& a//arent +eneral &%m%lar%t' 6%th the ar*h%te*ture o( Con&tant%no/le the athol%7on o(?%lan.ar 6a& not .%re*tl' relate. to the *ontem/orar' ar*h%te*tural .evelo/ment& %n the B'ant%ne*a/%tal0 The *on&ervat%ve *hara*ter o( %t& ar*h%te*ture %n&tea. (%n.& %t& *lo&e&t /arallel& amon+the *hur*he& o( )%&tra0 Relevant are *om/ar%&on& 6%th the )etro/ol%& an. the A/hen.%*o0S%m%lar%t%e& 6%th the ar*h%te*ture o( )%&tra &houl. b' no mean& be %nter/rete. a& hav%n+ re&ulte.(rom the &ame 6or7&ho/0 In&tea. the' lea. u& to *on*lu.e that the /re-!<4 *on&tant%no/ol%tan

bu%l.%n+ tra.%t%on 6a& /re&erve. %n *enter& &u*h a& )ount Atho& an. )%&tra0 Su*h *enter& *oul.have 6el*ome. .%&/la*e. *on&tant%no/ol%tan bu%l.er& an. art%&an& .ur%n+ the th%rteenth *entur'6here the%r le+a*' 6oul. have l%ve. un%nterru/te. %nto the (ourteenth *entur'0

In *on*lu&%on I /ro/o&e that the %m/l%*%t revolut%onar' role o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on mu&t beun.er&too. &olel' %n the *onte2t o( ar*h%te*ture bu%lt un.er the /atrona+e o( %n+ )%lut%n0 Thear*h%te*ture o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on %n a broa.er &en&e 6a& ba&%*all' a *on&ervat%vea*h%evement .e/en.ent not on the *ontem/orar' ,alaeolo+an ar*h%te*ture o( Con&tant%no/le buton the &u/er&e.e. Comnen%an bu%l.%n+ tra.%t%on0

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The Tra/ea o( Ch%lan.er%

>eor+e Str%Vev%W Un%ver&%t' o( C%n*%nnat%

The tra/ea o( Ch%lan.ar% %& Hu%te t'/%*al o( the B'ant%ne mona&t%* re(e*tor'0 It ha& the (orm o( anelon+ate. a/&e. hall or%ente. north-&outh &%tuate. o//o&%te an. a &hort .%&tan*e a6a' (rom the6e&tern (a a.e o( the 7athol%7on0 The %nter%or o(

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the Ch%lan.ar' tra/ea ha& been altere.: a /art o( the (re&*o .e*orat%on 6a& .e&tro'e. %n theearl' 'ear& o( the !" *0 an. mo&t o( %t& or%+%nal (urn%&h%n+& re/la*e. b' mo.ern /%e*e& at an evenlater .ate0 The me.%eval a//earan*e o( the tra/ea *an ho6ever be re*on&tru*te.0 Beh%n. the!# *0 *e%l%n+ &ome rema%n& o( an earl%er (re&*o .e*orat%on .at%n+ a//arentl' to the t%me *a0!3 have been re*entl' .%&*overe.0 The' &eem to &u//ort the h'/othe&%& that o+ra( >eor+%e)%tro(anov%W 6ho %n !<! /a%nte. the (re&*oe& %n the tra/ea .e/en.e. %n the &ele*t%on o(&ubJe*t matter an. %n %*ono+ra/h' on an earl%er me.%eval .e*orat%on0 O( the or%+%nal (urn%&h%n+&there %& le(t %n %t& or%+%nal /o&%t%on--%n the *enter o( the a/&e--onl' the table o( the Abbot: a *%r*ularlobe. &tone men&a 6%th a mol.e. ra%&e. (rame re&t%n+ on a he2a+onal ma&onr' ba&e0 Several o( &ome (ourteen other &tone table& 6h%*h 6ere &t%ll %n&%.e the tra/ea Ju&t over a *entur' a+o are

to be (oun. l'%n+ aroun. %n the *ourt'ar. o( the )ona&ter'0 Some o( them are o( the &o-*alle.&%+ma t'/e 6h%*h %& Hu%te 6ell 7no6n (rom other Atho& re(e*tor%e&0

The maJor %ntere&t o( the Ch%lan.ar% tra/ea l%e& %n the (a*t that %t& ar*h%te*ture an. (urn%&h%n+& a&6ell a& %t& %nter%or .e*orat%on enable u& to re*o+n%e the or%+%n o( the B'ant%ne mona&t%*re(e*tor' %n the tr%*l%n%um 6h%*h &omet%me&--*erta%nl' more o(ten than %t ha& been thou+ht &o (ar--a**om/an%e. an Earl' Chr%&t%an *hur*h bu%l.%n+0 The&e tr%*l%n%a 6ere (urn%&he. 6%th a number o(&%+ma-&ha/e. marble table& (rom 6h%*h the t'/%*al athon%te tra/ea table .er%ve. %t& /e*ul%ar&ha/e0 The AbbotL& table %n the tra/ea o( the >reat @avra bu%lt a//arentl' b' St0 Athana&%u&h%m&el( A0D0 "35 %& %n (a*t a re-u&e. Earl' Chr%&t%an &%+ma table0 The +reat man' o( &u*htable& have been (oun. %n Earl' Chr%&t%an mona&ter%e& %n E+'/t0 The re(e*tor%e& %n the&emona&ter%e& &tr%7%n+l' re&emble the later Athon%te tra/ea both %n ar*h%te*tural t'/e an. /h'&%*alrelat%on&h%/ to the ma%n *hur*h o( the mona&ter' a& 6ell a& %n the%r l%tur+%*al (un*t%on&0 The&e

Earl' Chr%&t%an /re.e*e&&or& o( the B'ant%ne mona&t%* re(e*tor%e& &ho6 Hu%te *learl' that thetra/ea &houl. be &een a& an e2ten&%on o( the *hur*h an. that %t& ma%n l%tur+%*al (un*t%on 6a& to&erve a& the /la*e %n 6h%*h 6ere hel. *ommemorat%ve re/a&t& %n honor o( the /atron an. the(oun.er o( the mona&ter' the /ra*t%*e 6h%*h %& 6ell .o*umente. %n the Earl' Chr%&t%an an.)e.%eval &our*e&0 The&e *ommemorat%ve a+a/e (ea&t& &eem to have been or%+%nall' a .%re*t*ont%nuat%on o( the l%tur+%*al *elebrat%on an. &ome6hat later-- but &t%ll %n Earl' Chr%&t%an t%me&--.%vor*e. (rom the eu*har%&t%* &erv%*e an. tran&(erre. to the a.Jo%n%n+ tr%*l%n%um 6h%*h to th%&&e/arat%on /robabl' o6e& %t& ver' a//earan*e0 The (a*t that %n /o&t-me.%eval t%me& %0e0 6henCh%lan.ar% re/la*e. %t& or%+%nal *oenob%t%* rule b' %.%orrh'thm%* %t& tra/ea ha& been u&e. onl'(e6 t%me& a 'ear (or the *ommemorat%ve (ea&t& %n honor o( the %r+%n-- 6ho al&o ha//en& to bethe /atron o( the )ona&ter' an. on the ann%ver&ar' o( the .eath o( %t& (oun.er& St& Sava an.S'meon5 br%n+& %nto (o*u& the *onne*t%on bet6een the B'ant%ne tra/ea an. the Earl' Chr%&t%an*hur*h tr%*l%n%um0 The %*ono+ra/h%* /ro+ram o( the (re&*o .e*orat%on o( the Ch%lan.ar% tra/ea

a//ear& to be the mo&t a//ro/r%ate ba*7+roun. (or the&e *ommemorat%ve re/a&t&: e2*e/t (or the&*ene o( the @a&t Su//er a *ommon an. mo&t natural theme %n the .e*orat%on o( a .%n%n+ hallever'th%n+ el&e %n the mural& /a%nte. there re/eat%n+ an ol.er &*heme 5 b' >eor+%e)%tro(anov%W %& *onne*te. e%ther 6%th the hol' (oun.er& o( the )ona&ter' an e2ten&%ve *'*le%llu&trate& the l%(e o( St Sava 6ho %& then to+ether 6%th other (oun.er& o( the )ona&ter're/re&ente. %n the (%r&t one o( the (re&*oe& %n the *om/an' o( the mo&t .%&t%n+u%&he. B'ant%nehol' herm%t&5 or 6%th the %r+%n the A77ath'&to& h'mn the &t%*heron o( Chr%&tma& the Taberna*lean. the 1a*obL& v%&%on o( the la..er both o( them re/re&ente. here a& /re(%+urat%on& o( the%r+%n50

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The *ommemorat%ve re/a&t& %n honor o( the %r+%n *ulm%nate %n the r%te 6h%*h %&

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*alle. the Elevat%on o( the ,ana+h%a an. 7no6n to have been--a& %t &t%ll %& *elebrate. %nCh%lan.ar% a& 6ell a& %n other Atho& mona&ter%e&0 The l%tur+%*al te2t& o( the r%te 6h%*h are/re&erve. %n Ch%lan.ar% .o not &eem to be o( an' +reat ant%Hu%t' but the ol.e&t o( &everal/ana+h%ar%a the /aten& 6h%*h are u&e. (or tran&(err%n+ (rom the *hur*h to the tra/ea o( thebrea. 6h%*h %& u&e. %n the r%te o( the Elevat%on5 6h%*h are 7e/t %n the trea&ur' o( the )ona&ter'ha& been .ate. to the !-!! *0 The %n&*r%/t%on 6h%*h on th%& /ana+h%ar%on a**om/an%e& there/re&entat%on o( the %r+%n %& the &ame 6h%*h a**or.%n+ to the earl%e&t /re&erve. te2t o( the r%teCo.0 Cr'/to(err0 >0b0II !th *05 6a& re*%te. .ur%n+ the Elevat%on0 Another valuable &our*e (orthe &tu.' o( the earl' h%&tor' o( the B'ant%ne mona&t%* tra/ea %& the AbbotL& table %n Ch%lan.ar%6h%*h (%n.& %t& *lo&e /arallel %n a lar+e lobe. terra*otta .%&h 6h%*h 6a& .%&*overe. %n the ! *0Co/t%* mona&ter' at >haal% an. throu+h 6h%*h the or%+%n o( the lobe. (rame 6h%*h a//ear& onman' Earl' Chr%&t%an an. me.%eval re(e*tor' an. altar table& &%+ma-&ha/e. re*tan+ular an.*%r*ular5 a& 6ell a& on &ome me.%eval /aten& *oul. be l%n7e. 6%th the @ate Ant%Hue /latter& o(the &o-*alle. +ra.ale t'/e 6h%*h 6ere a//arentl' al&o u&e. a& /ortable table-to/&0

The ?%lan.ar Cameo&: The ,roblem& o( St'le an. Dat%n+ o( @ate B'ant%ne >l'/t%* =or7& @Jub%*a

D0 ,o/ov%W an.erb%lt Un%ver&%t'

The ?%lan.ar *ameo& *om/are. to tho&e %n the +reat *ameo *olle*t%on& a//ear mo.e&t %nvar%et' an. ae&thet%* a//eal0! Seen a& a +rou/ %n the%r o6n r%+ht ho6ever the' +a%n %n&%+n%(%*an*e0 The &%2 +l'/t%* /%e*e& e2am%ne. here a//arentl' ran+e (rom the earl' t6el(th throu+hthe (%r&t .e*a.e& o( the (ourteenth *entur'0

,o&&%bl' the ol.e&t *ameo o( the %r+%n Blan*hern%t%&&a 6%th Ch%l. ma' belon+ to the earl't6el(th *entur'0 Even %n %t& .ama+e. &tate %t /re&erve& tra*e& o( the ele+an*e (oun. %n the +l'/t%*art o( the )%..le B'ant%ne /er%o.0 The 'oun+e&t e2am/le 6h%*h I %.ent%(%e. a& the *ameore/re&ent%n+ Sa%nt 1ohn the Theolo+%an ma' te&t%(' &t'l%&t%*all' to the a& 'et l%ttle 7no6n rev%val o( *arv%n+ %n &em%-/re*%ou& &tone& .ur%n+ the earl' (ourteenth *entur'0

?o6ever the mo&t %ntere&t%n+ +rou/ o( ?%lan.ar *ameo& are tho&e (our 6h%*h I a&*r%be on theba&%& o( the%r &t'le to the late t6el(th an. the th%rteenth *entur%e& thu& /o&t.at%n+ the *la&&%*al/er%o. o( B'ant%ne *arv%n+ %n &em%- /re*%ou& &tone&0 The &tan.%n+ Chr%&t %n la/%&-laul% *oul. bethe la&t 7no6n %ma+e o( the Chal7%te& t'/e %n the +l'/t%* te*hn%Hue0 I &u++e&t ba&e. on*om/ar%&on 6%th mater%al other than *ameo& that %t 6a& /robabl' *arve. .ur%n+ the late th%rteenth*entur'0 The be&t /o&&%b%l%t' o( .at%n+ the ?%lan.ar +reen Ja&/er *ameo o( Chr%&t %n hal( (%+ure %&on the &tren+th o( v%&ual ev%.en*e the .ate. *ameo (rom the C%n% *olle*t%on %n en%*e !<450<There %& al&o an %n.%re*t %n.%*at%on that th%& *ameo o( Chr%&t 6a& %n ?%lan.ar at lea&t b' the m%.-th%rteenth *entur'0 St'l%&t%* anal'&%& &u++e&t& that th%& *ameo 6a& a /rotot'/e (or &everal other*ameo& 6%th the &ame &ubJe*t: re. Ja&/er Chr%&t at ?%lan.ar +reen Ja&/er Chr%&t at the )ueJ a,r%menJenu Umetno&t3 Bel+ra.e an. another e2am/le no6 %n Nov+oro.0 Furthermore the?%lan.ar *ameo 6%th the %r+%n Oran& %n +reen Ja&/er &ho6& &t'l%&t%* a((%n%t%e& 6%th the Bel+ra.e*ameo o( Chr%&t an. ma' be relate. to other *ameo& re/re&ent%n+ the %r+%n %n *olle*t%on& o(

@on.on ,ar%& Ro&tov an. ,&7ov0 A& to the or%+%n o( the ?%lan.ar *ameo& 6%thout 6r%tten .o*umentat%on one *an onl' o((er anh'/othe&%&: &ome o( the +l'/t%* /%e*e& 6ere %m/orte. /o&&%bl' (rom Con&tant%no/le the/re&ume. *enter o( B'ant%ne /ro.u*t%on o( &u*h 6or7&0 In

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a..%t%on to the *ameo 6%th the %r+%n Bla*hern%t%&&a the /%e*e& mo&t l%7el' o( metro/ol%tan or%+%nare the Chr%&t ,anto*rator %n +reen Ja&/er the *arv%n+ o( Sa%nt 1ohn the Theolo+%an an. the

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&tan.%n+ Chr%&t %n la/%& laul%0 T6o other /%e*e& .%&*u&&e. the *ameo 6%th Chr%&t ,anto*rator %nre. an. the %r+%n Oran& %n +reen Ja&/er be*au&e o( the%r &t'l%&t%* /ro/ert%e& %n.%*ate or%+%n %n are+%onal 6or7&ho/0 Althou+h the lo*al%t' *annot be e&tabl%&he. 6%th *erta%nt' the /o&&%b%l%t' that %t6a& %n ?%lan.ar %& &tron+0

=hen *om/rehen&%ve &tu.%e& o( B'ant%ne +l'/t%* art are *om/lete. the ?%lan.ar *ameo& 6%llhol. an %m/ortant /la*e %n the *lo&%n+ *ha/ter o( the h%&tor' o( th%& me.%um0 S/e*%(%*all' the' *anhel/ elu*%.ate the /roblem o( re+%onal an. lo*al /ro.u*t%on %n *ontra&t to that 6h%*h 6a&*entral%e. metro/ol%tan an. %m/er%al0

! Svetoar Ra.oJV%W Umetn%V7% S/omen%*% )ana&t%ra ?%lan.ara Zborn%7 Ra.ova %antoloX7o+In&t%tuta Beo+ra. !"885 !$<-!$3K (%+& 43-480 < ?an& =entel Dat%erte un. .at%erbareb'ant%n%&*he ameen Fe&t&*hr%(t Fr%e.r%*h =%n7ler Berl%n !"8"5 !-!!0 3 BoJana Ra.oJ7ov%WameJa &a ?r%&tom ,anto7ratorom Zborn%7 Ra.ova %antoloX7o+ In&t%tuta Beo+ra. !""5<$3-<$ (%+0!0

The ?%lan.ar ,roJe*t to Date

Dav%. F0 Rob%n&on Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'

The Oh%o State Un%ver&%t' ha& e&tabl%&he. a m%*ro(%lm ar*h%ve o( all the Slav%* manu&*r%/t& an.&everal rare /r%nte. boo7& hel. b' the ?%lan.ar )ona&ter' )ount Atho&0 The *olle*t%on *on&%&t&o( &ome one thou&an. *o.%*e& an. hun.re.& o( Bul+ar%an B'ant%ne Ru&&%an Serb%an Tur7%&han. =alla*h%an e.%*t& an. *hara*ter& .at%n+ (rom !" throu+h the n%neteenth *entur'0 The&ehave been &u//lemente. b' Slav%* an. >ree7 *o.%*e& (rom other Athon%te mona&ter%e& R%la)ona&ter' %n Bul+ar%a an. maJor l%brar%e& %n >ree*e an. Bul+ar%a0

The m%*ro(%lm%n+ /roJe*t 6a& %n%t%ate. an. *arr%e. out b' ,ro(0 )ateJ%* o( Oh%o State lar+el' b' h%&/er&onal e((ort& %n the mona&ter%e& *on*erne. %n the 'ear& !"# !"#! an. !"#80 Cumulat%ve*he*7 l%&t& have been /ubl%&he. %n !"#! !"#< an. !"#0 ,re&ent /lan& %n*lu.e *om/let%n+ the(urn%&h%n+ o( the ?%lan.ar Room )a%n @%brar' an. a .eta%le. &urve' o( the *ontent& o( thea//ro2%matel' $ *o.%*e& *onta%n%n+ m%&*ellaneou& mater%al no6 &%m/l' labele. Colle*t%on& %nthe *he*7l%&t&K a &urve' o( the @%tur+%e& %n the Colle*t%onK an. a &urve' o( or%+%nal l%terar' 6or7& %n

the *o.%*e&0

To .ate &everal North Amer%*an an. Euro/ean &*holar& an. &tu.ent& have ma.e u&e o( theColle*t%on0 In !"## a *on(eren*e o( t6ent' Amer%*an an. Cana.%an &*holar& 6a& hel. at theUn%ver&%t' to .%&*u&& the a*h%evement& an. /ro&/e*t& o( the ?%lan.ar ,roJe*t0 F%nan*%al a%. to the,roJe*t ha& been /rov%.e. b' the Serb Nat%onal Fe.erat%on the Nat%onal En.o6ment (or the?uman%t%e& the Amer%*an Coun*%l o( @earne. So*%et%e& an. the Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'0

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?%lan.ar Co.e2 <"<: An Unu&ual )art'rolo+%on

)ateJa )ateJ%W Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'

The author /re&ent& a (a*tual an. l%terar' anal'&%& o( the ?%lan.er Co.e2 <"< 35 .ate. !$!0B' %t& t%tle an. the *ontent o( the (%r&t three (ol%a %t %& %n.ee. a mart'rolo+%on0 ?o6ever the lar+er/art o( the I!I (ol%a !"th *entur' /a/er manu&*r%/t *onta%n& b%o+ra/h%*al or /robabl'autob%o+ra/h%*al .ata on Dan%%l the author o( th%& 6or7 an. /o&&%bl' al&o the &*r%be o( th%&manu&*r%/t0 Further there %& a& an %nte+ral /art o( h%& b%o+ra/h' an e/%&o.e ent%tle. Dan%%lL&%&%on 6h%*h %& a /ubl%*%&t%* an. ant%-Tur7%&h &tatement /re&ente. %n the (orm o( a v%&%on o( Chr%&tthe Theoto7o& an. &*ore& o( &a%nt&0 The obv%ou& ten.en*' or %.eolo+' o( th%& rel%+%ou& %n*ontent 'et /ubl%*%&t%* %n &/%r%t l%terar' 6or7 %& to re%n(or*e the ho/e o( Chr%&t%an& %n the%r %mm%nentl%berat%on& (rom the Tur7&0

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Unu&ual *hara*ter%&t%*& o( th%& mart'rolo+%on l%e %n the authorL& .ev%at%on (rom the norm& an. rule&o( the +enre o( mart'rol+o%a a& 6ell a& %n h%& u&e o( the +enre o( rel%+%ou& l%terature to /ro/a+atethe %.ea o( an %mm%nent l%berat%on o( Chr%&t%an&0 A& &u*h th%& 6or7 .e&erve& a *lo&er anal'&%& an.that %& the obJe*t o( th%& /a/er0

Dan%elL& %&%on %& o( /art%*ular %ntere&t to the /re&ent author a& a l%terar' .o*ument re(le*t%n+ the&/%r%t amon+ Chr%&t%an& en&lave. b' the Tur7& an. the%r %n*rea&e. ho/e& %n the l%berat%on at thebe+%nn%n+ o( the !"th *entur'0 The&e ho/e& 6ere &tren+thene. b' &ome more or le&& &u**e&&(ulu/r%&%n+& a+a%n&t the Tur7& 6h%*h too7 /la*e at the be+%nn%n+ o( that *entur'0 Thu& %n !$4ara.Jor.Je le. the F%r&t Serb%an u/r%&%n+ a+a%n&t the Tur7&0 The ho/e& o( the Chr%&t%an& themon7& o( the ?ol' )ount amon+ them 6ere +reatl' &tren+thene. b' the tem/orar' &u**e&& o(th%& u/r%&%n+ althou+h %t *olla/&e. alrea.' %n !$!30 ?o6ever &hortl' therea(ter %n !$!8 theSe*on. Serb%an u/r%&%n+ a+a%n&t the Tur7& too7 /la*e un.er the lea.er&h%/ o( )%loX Obrenov%W0The ne6& about %t& &u**e&& *oul. have rea*he. the mon7& o( the ?ol' )ount0 One ma' 6on.er6hether th%& &u**e&&(ul u/r%&%n+ o( the Chr%&t%an Serb& *oul. have %n&/%re. Dan%%l to 6r%te .o6nthe re*or. o( h%& o6n v%&%on %n 6h%*h the l%berat%on o( Chr%&t%an& 6a& /rom%&e. b' Chr%&t ?%m&el(0It *erta%nl' e*hoe& the o/t%m%&m o( Chr%&t%an& o( that /er%o. an. the%r ho/e o( l%berat%on0 It %&there(ore *onten.e. here that Dan%%lL& %&%on no matter 6hether %t 6a& an a*tual e2/er%en*e orthe art%&t%* %ma+%nat%on o( Dan%%l %& the mo&t %m/ortant /art o( the ?%lan.ar Co.e2 <"< 35

be*au&e %t %& not onl' a .e/%*t%on o( the v%&%on o( an %n.%v%.ual but a re(le*t%on o( the *her%&he..ream o( all Chr%&t%an& en&lave. b' Tur7&0 It& value a& a rel%+%ou& .o*ument ma' be m%n%malK %t&value a& a l%terar' an. h%&tor%*al .o*ument %& out&tan.%n+0

1ourne' o( Our Father A+a/%u& to ,ara.%&e

R%*har. ,o/e Yor7 Un%ver&%t'

A manu&*r%/t %n the ?%lan.ar *olle*t%on *onta%n& a Slavon%* tran&lat%on o( the 1ourne' o( ourFather A+a/%u& to ,ara.%&e other6%&e 7no6n onl' (rom a &%n+le >ree7 manu&*r%/t0 The Slavon%*te2t ho6ever *onta%n& &%+n%(%*ant .eta%l& m%&&%n+ (rom the >ree7 ver&%on0 Th%& /a/er .e&*r%be&the Slavon%* te2t .%&*u&&e&

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%t& l%n+u%&t%* an. ha+%o+ra/h%*al &%+n%(%*an*e an. /la*e& %t %n %t& 6%.er h%&tor%*al *onte2t0

0 ?ISTORY OF ART

An O/en6or7 >ol. Cu/

Chr%&t%ne on.oleon ?arvar. Un%ver&%t'

Th%& /a/er %& *on*erne. 6%th e&tabl%&h%n+ the authent%*%t' o( an un/ubl%&he. o/en6or7 +ol. *u/ %na /r%vate Euro/ean *olle*t%on0 I( /roven authent%* th%& un%Huel' .e*orate. *u/ %& an %m/ortant*ontr%but%on to our l%m%te. 7no6le.+e o( +ol. 6or7& (rom @ate Ant%Hu%t'0

The &ubJe*t o( the *u/L& .e*orat%on %& a D%on'&%a* th%a&o& an. /utt% harve&t%n+ the v%ne0 Both the%*ono+ra/h' an. ornamental mot%(& have am/le /arallel& %n @ate Ant%Hue art0 The /re&entat%on o(&everal 7e' analo+%e& .emon&trate& a (am%l%ar%t' 6%th un*ommon mot%(& 6h%*h &u++e&t& an art%&t(luent %n @ate Cla&&%*al art0 =hen one *on&%.er& the +reat number o( mot%(& /re&ente. 6%th an%nternal *on&%&ten*' an. a h%&tor%*al a**ura*' %t %& .%((%*ult to %ma+%ne a (or+erL& han.0

The more *ontrover&%al a&/e*t o( the *u/ %& %t& te*hn%Hue0 The o/en6or7 *u/ 6a& .%&*overe.alon+ 6%th a /la%n +ol. *u/ but the relat%on&h%/ bet6een the&e t6o *u/& %& un*lear0 There %& noev%.en*e to %n.%*ate that the t6o *u/& 6ere ever /h'&%*all' *onne*te.0 Yet &%n*e the' have

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travele. to+ether the Hue&t%on o( the%r relat%on- &h%/ mu&t be a..re&&e.0 An e2am%nat%on o( the*om/arable o/en6or7 ve&&el& that %& the .%atreta or +la&& *a+e-*u/& e0+0 Ca+nola Cu/ an.@'*ur+u& Cu/5 the metal o/en6or7 6%th +la&& bo6l e0+0 the ar/elev Cu/ (rom Co/enha+en5an. the metal-on-metal ve&&el& e0+0 the Ant%o*h Chal%*e5 %llu&trate the /o/ular%t' o( th%&te*hn%Hue %n the @ate Ant%Hue /er%o.0 In all the above ve&&el& the t6o-un%t en&emble *reate& at6o-*olor e((e*t0 For %n&tan*e the Ant%o*h Chal%*e ha& a +%l.e. outer bo6l 6%th a &%lver %nner bo6l0O/en6or7 &eem& b' nature to reHu%re a (o%l to o((&et the .e&%+n0 Thu& the .e&%+n *an be rea.ea&%l' an. %& ae&thet%*all' attra*t%ve0 The /er&%&ten*e o( the t6o-*olor e((e*t throu+hout th%&o/en6or7 +rou/ m%l%tate& a+a%n&t a**e/t%n+ the /la%n *u/ a& the %nner bo6l be*au&e the +ol.o/en6or7 .e&%+n 6oul. not &tan. out 6ell a+a%n&t a +ol. +roun.0 It %& /o&&%ble ho6ever that the/la%n *u/ *ame (rom the &ame 6or7&ho/ or hoar. &%n*e %t& +ol. *om/o&%t%on %& &%m%lar to the.e*orate. *u/0 One 6oul. then a&&ume that the or%+%nal %nner bo6l 6a& lo&t an. 6oul. e%therhave been ma.e o( metal other than +ol. or o( +la&&0 I( the *u/& are a&&ume. to have been%nten.e. a& a un%t then the authent%*%t' o( the o/en6or7 *u/ &houl. be Hue&t%one.0

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The t'/olo+%*al relat%on&h%/ o( the .e*orate. *u/ to the Ant%o*h Chal%*e %mme.%atel' re*all& the*ontrover&%al h%&tor' atta*he. to the latter0 Th%& *om/ar%&on ra%&e& the Hue&t%on Shoul. thear+ument o( Lun%Huene&&L be u&e. (or or a+a%n&t authent%*%t'

?unt%n+ Ivor%e& an. ?unt%n+ )o&a%*&: Note& on Relat%ve Chronolo+'

Anthon' Cutler ,enn&'lvan%a State Un%ver&%t'

Amon+ the .%((%*ult%e& that atten. the &tu.' o( @ate Ant%Hue %vor%e& are the ab&en*e o( .ate.e2am/le& other than *on&ular .%/t'*h&5 an. the la*7 o( *erta%nt' re+ar.%n+ the%r /la*e o( or%+%n0On the rare o**a&%on& 6hen (%n.- &/ot& are 7no6n the&e ma' ob&*ure the /o&&%b%l%t' o(movement throu+h tra.e an. boot'0 On the other han. 6h%le &*ar*el' more than hal( a .oen*ontem/orar' (loor mo&a%*& are /re*%&el' .ate. the re&ear*h o( the la&t (ort' 'ear& ha& /ro.u*e.a &ort o( *on&en&u& re+ar.%n+ the relat%ve *hronolo+' o( hun.re.& o( /avement&0 Even (or tho&ethat have been move. the%r /la*e o( or%+%n %& u&uall' 6ell-7no6n0

Con&%.er%n+ onl' hunt%n+ &ubJe*t& an. &u*h analo+ou& &*ene& a& the *%r*u& an. theam/h%theater &tr%7%n+ re&emblan*e& *an be ob&erve. bet6een %vor%e& an. mo&a%*&0 In a..%t%on toobv%ou&l' *ommon mot%(& the&e %n*lu.e overall *om/o&%t%on &%m%lar relat%on&h%/& bet6een menan%mal& an. lan.&*a/e an. the (ormal ra//ort o( one &*ene to another %n *om/oun. 6or7& %nboth me.%a0 Out&tan.%n+ e2am/le& are the late (ourth-*entur' DJem%la an. Cher*hel ?unt& %n6h%*h &*ene& evolve alternatel' to r%+ht an. le(t a& %n the @%ver/ool enat%o /anel 08"50 The&ame %vor'L& el%m%nat%on o( *%r*um&tant%al .eta%l %n *ontra&t to the .en&e *on&ular .%/t'*h& o( theearl' &%2th *entur'5 re*all& the au&ter%t' o( the +la.%ator%al mo&a%* (rom Torre Nuova earl' (ourth*entur'50 The art%(%*%al brea7%n+ o( the lon+-e&tabl%&he. re+%&ter &*heme b' mean& o( obl%Hue a2e&%n the /avement at han+uet el-?aJaJ .at%n+ a(ter the an.al *onHue&t5 %& *lo&el' /arallele. %nthe @en%n+ra. @%on ?unt 050 In almo&t ever' *a&e the &t'l%&t%* (eature& 6h%*h *hara*ter%e&u*h mo&a%*& *an be (oun. %n more e2a++erate. (a&h%on on the hunt%n+ %vor%e& a& 6ell a& %nmetal6or7 te2t%le& et*05 6here the' a//ear a& &olut%on& to (ormal /roblem& (%r&t 6or7e. out %n

monumental /a%nt%n+ an. no6 a//ro/r%ate. (or u&e %n &/at%all' more *on&tra%ne. me.%a0The %vor' 6or7er& then (ollo6e. the lea. o( mo&a%*%&t&0 Th%& relat%on&h%/ %& &u//orte. b' the%nve&t%+at%on& o( C0 Dau/h%n !"#5 6ho ha& &ho6n that the &ett%n+ o( a lar+e (loor mo&a%* 6a& amu*h more /%e*emeal o/erat%on than ha. /rev%ou&l' been &u//o&e.0 The te*hn%*al .%v%&%on o( a/avement %nto *om/o&%t%onal un%t& rehear&e& or rather a& I &ho6 ant%*%/ate& the ba&%* element&that %n *omb%nat%on *on&t%tute the hunt%n+ %vor%e&0 D%/t'*h& an. /anel& on the one han. an.mo&a%* (%+ure *ar/et& on the other .e/en. u/on /ara.e%+mata that 6ere em/lo'e. %n a var%et'o( me.%a a.a/te. to .%((erent *on.%t%on& an.--mo&t %m/ortant o( all--travele.0 Com/o&%t%onal&*heme& an. tr%*7& &eem to have Journe'e. alon+ 6%th /attern boo7& an. te*hn%*al 7no6le.+e

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over (a%rl' *learl' .e(%ne. route&0 Thu& our %vor%e& have a bear%n+ on the +eo+ra/h%*al *ontrover&'that &urroun.& the /ro+re&&%ve &ub&t%tut%on o( the (%+ure *ar/et (or the emblema0

The h%+h .e+ree o( /robab%l%t' o( a =e&tern an. mo&t l%7el' Roman5 or%+%n (or

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the @%ver/ool enat%o e&tabl%&he. b' Salomon&on an. van .er =er(( !"#35 an. %t& &%m%lar%t' toNorth A(r%*an /avement& o( the late (ourth *entur' &ho6 that &*heme& 6or7e. out (or mo&a%*&a((e*te. other me.%a %n the =e&t be(ore the' &ha/e. the Ea&tern )e.%terranean hunt& %n the&e*on. hal( o( the (%(th *entur'0

A Ne6 I.ent%(%*at%on o( the Orant F%+ure& %n the Rotun.a )o&a%*& at The&&alon%7%

=0 Eu+ene le%nbauer In.%ana Un%ver&%t'

Ever &%n*e the' 6ere (%r&t /ubl%&he. b' Te2%er an. ,ullan %n !$4 the &tan.%n+ male (%+ure& %n themo&a%* (r%ee %n the .ome o( the Rotun.a at The&&alon%7% have been %.ent%(%e. a& mart'r &a%nt&0The orant +e&ture o( the&e (%+ure& an. the %n&*r%/t%on& /la*e. near the%r hea.& have le. &*holar&to a**e/t th%& %.ent%(%*at%on 6%thout Hue&t%on0 E.mun. =e%+an. !"3"5 even 6ent &o (ar a& to

(or6ar. the h'/othe&%& that the&e (%+ure& %llu&trate a un%ver&al *hur*h *alen.ar o( mart'r &a%nt&0 A(ter re-e2am%n%n+ th%& a&/e*t o( the %*ono+ra/h' o( the mo&a%*& I 6ant to &u++e&t that the&e(%+ure& are not &a%nt& but %ma+e& o( e%ther the (oun.er& o( the monument 6hen %t 6a& *onverte.(rom /a+an to Chr%&t%an u&e %n the m%..le o( the (%(th *entur' or the .onor& 6ho *ontr%bute. to the.e*orat%on o( th%& ne6 *ult bu%l.%n+0

The mo&t &tr%7%n+ *hara*ter%&t%* o( the &tan.%n+ (%+ure& 6hen v%e6e. a& a +rou/ %& the var%et' o(the%r hea. t'/e&0 Th%& /antheon o( t'/e& ra%&e& the /o&&%b%l%t' that the&e are /ortra%t l%7ene&&e& o(l%v%n+ %n.%v%.ual& a &u++e&t%on 6h%*h %& (urther &tren+thene. b' the la*7 o( an' earl%er or*ontem/orar' /arallel (or &u*h a matr%2 o( hea. t'/e& %n Chr%&t%an rel%+%ou& art0

The &urv%v%n+ th%rteen %n&*r%/t%on& a**om/an'%n+ the (%+ure& /rov%.e the name o( ea*h (%+ure thename o( a month a**or.%n+ to the 1ul%an *alen.ar an. 6%th one e2*e/t%on an o**u/at%on0 A+%o&

or &an*tu& %& no6here /re&ent0

=h%le man' o( the /re&erve. name& are tho&e o( &a%nt& re*or.e. %n /re-I*ono*la&t%* &our*e&&ome l%7e Ther%no& or Eu7ar/%o& or even a &ol.%er &a%nt name. One&%/horo& +o unment%one. %nan' e2tant >ree7 *alen.ar o( &a%nt&0 But the&e are al&o the name& o( a*tual l%v%n+ /er&on& %n the(%(th *entur'0 For e2am/le the m%nute& o( the &e&&%on& o( the Coun*%l o( Chal*e.on re*or.b%&ho/& name. Romano& One&%/horo& @eont%o& ,h%l%//o& Dam%ano& an. 'r%llo&0 ,or/hr%o&6a& the name not onl' o( the (amou& b%&ho/ o( >aa *a0 3"8-4<5 6ho 6a& born atThe&&alon%7% *a0 38< but al&o o( a &ub.ea*on an. mon7 6ho atten.e. the &'no. o( mon7& 6h%*h*onvene. at E/he&o& %n 44"0 Or 6e *an *%te ,r%&7o& a name ment%one. %n an %n&*r%/t%on %nmo&a%* belon+%n+ to a &tru*ture un.erl'%n+ the lar+e o*ta+onal bu%l.%n+ at ,h%ll%//%0 @et %t bere*alle. that %n the (%(th *entur' ever' Chr%&t%an ha. a /atron &a%nt a(ter 6hom he 6a& name.e%ther at b%rth or at ba/t%&m a /ra*t%*e &temm%n+ (rom the th%r. *entur'0

The o**u/at%on& l%&te. %n the Rotun.a %n&*r%/t%on& are l%7e6%&e tho&e o( a*tual /er&on& a& 6ell a&o( &a%nt&0 The&e %n*lu.e e/%&7o/o% /re&b'tero% &trat%ota% an %atro& an. a *horaulo&0 S%n*e a&man' a& &even %n&*r%/t%on& are no6 lo&t a..%t%onal o**u/at%on& ma' have been re*or.e.0 Thu&Dam%ano& %atrou %.ent%(%e. %n the mo&a%*& ma' re/re&ent e%ther the (ame. anar+'ro& o( the th%r.

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*entur' or an a*tual /h'&%*%an /ra*t%*%n+ me.%*%ne at a later /er%o.0

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The /re&en*e o( the name o( a month 6%thout an a**om/an'%n+ .a' %n ea*h mo&a%* %n&*r%/t%on %&more .%((%*ult to a**ount (or0 =e%+an. (a*e. the &ame .%((%*ult' 6hen he attem/te. to %nter/ret themo&a%* (r%ee a& an %llu&trate. *hur*h *alen.ar be*au&e all *hur*h *alen.ar& l%&t the .a' o( themonth on 6h%*h the (ea&t o( a &a%nt %& to be *elebrate.0 Nor %& )r&0 Soter%ouL& e2/lanat%on !"#<5&at%&(a*tor': the&e (%+ure& re/re&ent not &a%nt& 6ho&e (ea&t& 6ere *ommemorate. on &/e*%(%*.a'& but the mart'r& o( all month& o( the Chr%&t%an 'ear -- %n other 6or.& the (%+ure& &tan. (or all*la&&e& o( mart'r &a%nt&0 Ne%ther %nter/retat%on e2/la%n& 6h' the name& o( the month& are notarran+e. %n *hronolo+%*al or.erK the name& o( &ome month& re*ur tho&e o( other& are ab&ent0?en*e 6e *annot &a(el' a&&ume that the name& o( all t6elve month& 6ere or%+%nall' re*or.e.0 @etme /ro/o&e that the /re&en*e o( the&e name& re(er& to an eHual &hare o( the total bene(a*t%on6h%*h ea*h .onor *ontr%bute. to the bu%l.%n+0 Su*h an e2/lanat%on %& &u++e&te. b' .e.%*ator'%n&*r%/t%on& %n the (loor mo&a%*& o( other *hur*he& 6h%*h %.ent%(' the name& o( numerou& .onor&the%r o**u/at%on& an. the e2a*t number o( &Huare (eet o( /avement mo&a%* /a%. (or b' ea*h.onor0

The&e (loor mo&a%*& al&o /rov%.e /arallel& (or lar+e number& o( .onor& +%v%n+ bene(a*t%on& to a&%n+le *hur*h0 =e al&o /o&&e&& a**ount& o( &ol.%er& both bu%l.%n+ *hur*he& an. +%v%n+bene(a*t%on& to them0

The (a*t that none o( the orant& %& n%mbe. 6h%*h %n %t&el( %& %n*on*lu&%ve about %.ent%(%*at%on

leave& o/en the /o&&%b%l%t' that the' .o not re/re&ent &a%nt&0 The' all are +arbe. %n belte. tun%*&6%th t%+ht-(%tt%n+ &leeve& over 6h%*h the' 6ear e%ther the *hlam'& or the /aenula or /helon%on50

Althou+h the outer +arment& belon+ to one o( onl' t6o t'/e& the' are .%&t%n+u%&he. b' .%((erent*olor& an. b' tabl%a0 Se6n on the r%+ht &houl.er o( the *hlam'.at% are tabl%a 6h%*h en*lo&e/ortra'al& o( an unn%mbe. &tan.%n+ (%+ure %n a +e&ture o( a..re&& 6h%*h ma' re/re&ent anem/eror rather than Chr%&t or a &a%nt0 In th%& *a&e the %.ent%t' o( the orant 6ear%n+ the tabl%on a& a&a%nt &eem& unl%7el'0

An a&&o*%at%on o( .onor 6%th *han*el &*reen (urn%&he. an e2/lanat%on (or the ar*h%te*tural(a*a.e& &ho6n beh%n. the (%+ure& %n the mo&a%* (r%ee0 The t6o /anel& re/re&ent%n+ One&%/horo&an. ,or/h'r%o& an. Ba&%l%&7o& an. ,r%&7o& &ho6 ea*h /a%r o( (%+ure& (lan7%n+ a he2a+onal*%bor%um 6h%*h &helter& a lar+e beJe6ele. *ro&& an. %& en*lo&e. b' *han*el &lab& 6h%le the/anel re/re&ent%n+ Dam%ano& an. h%& *om/an%on &ho6& the (%+ure& &tan.%n+ on e%ther &%.e o( a

*%r*ular *%bor%um &helter%n+ an altar0 In the 6e&tern /anel 6%th three (%+ure& Romano& &tan.&%n&%.e or out&%.e a lo6 *han*el barr%er0 I( the /anel& /erm%t a l%teral rea.%n+ then the (a*a.e& 6%ththe%r *han*el en*lo&ure& an. other l%tur+%*al (urn%&h%n+& re/re&ent the a*tual bene(a*t%on& o( the.onor& them&elve&0

Furthermore th%& /ro/o&e. %.ent%(%*at%on o( the orant& %& &u//orte. b' other v%&ual ev%.en*e/rov%.e. b' the mo&a%*& them&elve&0 The (r%ee %& *learl' .%&t%n+u%&he. (rom the u//er an. lo6erone& b' a &%mulate. entablature above a &%mulate. *on&ole (r%ee belo6 an. e&/e*%all' b' %t&ar*h%te*tural *hara*ter ren.ere. %n &h%mmer%n+ +ol. an. hen*e *on*e%ve. a& a 7%n. o( .a.o0 Ina..%t%on the .%a+onal a2e& *reate. b' the (our 6%n+e. an+el& &u//ort%n+ the Chr%&t me.all%on

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%n the a/e2 o( the .ome .o not *o%n*%.e 6%th the /la*ement o( the e%+ht orant /anel& belo60 The&urv%v%n+ /re*%ou& (ra+ment& o( the (%+ure& %n the &e*on. one o( the .ome re/re&ente. (%+ure&/o&&%bl' an+el& *la. %n 6h%te +arment& %n a var%et' o( /o&e& an. l%vel' a*t%on on +reen +roun. %n*ontra&t to the mot%onle&& orant& belo6 an. the&e (%+ure& are relate. %*ono+ra/h%*all' to theChr%&t (%+ure %n the a/e2: to+ether the' re/re&ent the Se*on. Com%n+ o( Chr%&t0 That th%& &/e*%(%*%*ono+ra/h' al&o %n*lu.e& the (r%ee o( orant& ha& never been .emon&trate. be(ore0

The Tr%er Ivor' A.ventu& I*ono+ra/h' an. the Rel%*& o( St0 Ste/hen

enneth >0 ?olum Un%ver&%t' o( )ar'lan. an. >ar' %7an Dumbarton Oa7&

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At the !"## B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e Suanne S/a%n /re&ente. a /a/er 6h%*h +enerate.ne6 %ntere&t %n the &o-*alle. tran&lat%on o( the rel%*& %vor' %n the Tr%er Cathe.ral trea&ur'0 Th%&'ear 6e 6oul. l%7e to o((er a *om/letel' ne6 %nter/retat%on o( that mu*h-.%&*u&&e. /%e*e ba&e.on the (ollo6%n+ metho.olo+%*al /re*e/t&: !0 That the event /ortra'e. on the /laHue %& at on*eh%&tor%*al an. *eremon%al-l%tur+%*al an. there(ore nee. not be t%e. to the .at%n+ o( the obJe*t *(0the )enolo+%on o( Ba&%l II5K an. <0 That a /ro/er anal'&%& o( %t& %*ono+ra/h' an. there(ore *orre*t%.ent%(%*at%on o( %t& &/e*%(%* h%&tor%*al &ett%n+5 *an onl' /ro*ee. (rom an a**urate un.er&tan.%n+ o(the broa.er rel%* a.ventu& *eremon%al to 6h%*h %t bear& 6%tne&&0 )oreover &%n*e *ontem/orar'v%&ual .o*ument& o( th%& *eremon%al are (e6 that anal'&%& mu&t be ba&e. /r%mar%l' on the man'5&urv%v%n+ te2tual a**ount& o( &u*h event&0

A '&temat%* e2am%nat%on o( tho&e a**ount& reveal& a three-/art *eremon%al rh'thm aroun. 6h%*hthe re*e/t%on o( hol' rel%*& 6a& *u&tomar%l' or+an%e.0 It *on&%&te. o( a (e&t%ve e2tra-mural&'nante&%& o( rel%*& an. /ol%& a more &olemn an. or+an%e. /ro/om/[ throu+h the *%t'L& &treet&an. (%nall' a Hua&%-l%tur+%*al a/othe&%& beneath the altar %n a *hur*h0 A//l'%n+ th%& t'/olo+' to theTr%er %vor' 6e (%n. that the moment /ortra'e. %& one near the en. o( the /ro*e&&%on Ju&t be(orethe a/othe&%& or .e/o&%t%on0 )ore &%+n%(%*antl' ho6ever 6e (%n. that the %*ono+ra/h' o( the/laHue %n*lu.e& &everal unu&ual (eature& 6h%*h .%&t%n+u%&h %t (rom an or.%nar' rel%* a.ventu& an.thereb' /rov%.e %m/ortant *lue& to %t& &/e*%(%* h%&tor%*al %.ent%(%*at%on0 The' are: !0 The *entral role

a((or.e. an em/re&& 6ho alone a*t& a& re*%/%ent o( the rel%*&K <0 The em/ha&%& on a *hur*h6h%*h %& be%n+ *om/lete. (or the%r .e/o&%t%onK 30 The /erva&%ve *ourt atmo&/here evo7e. b' thema7eu/ an. behav%or o( the *ro6.K an. 40 The .%&t%n*tl' %m/er%al &ett%n+ %n.%*ate. b' thetetra/'lon Chal7e5 +ate at the le(t an. the three-&tor' ar*a.e %n the ba*7+roun.0

On*e %&olate. the&e .%&t%n*t%ve (eature& %nv%te %.ent%(%*at%on o( the event /ortra'e. 6%th a ver'%m/ortant but l%ttle-7no6n5 rel%* a.ventu& o( 4<! 6hen ,ul*her%a Au+u&ta brou+ht the r%+ht han.o( St0 Ste/hen (rom 1eru&alem to the %m/er%al /ala*e o( Con&tant%no/le an. .e/o&%te. the rel%* %na *ha/el 6h%*h &he (oun.e. (or the o**a&%on0 To our 7no6le.+e th%& %&

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the onl' tran&lat%on 6h%*h meet& the reHu%rement& o( the %vor'L& %*ono+ra/h%* %.%o&'n*ra&%e& 6h%le

the a.ventu& o( 4<! 6a& &o unu&ual %n *hara*ter that the /o&&%b%l%t' o( an unre*or.e. event %&&mall %n.ee.0 =e there(ore *on*lu.e that 6e have at la&t +%ven the Tr%er %vor' %t& *orre*t%nter/retat%on0

The /%e*e then be*ome& a v%&ual .o*ument o( (%r&t %m/ortan*e (or re&ear*h %nto earl' B'ant%ne%m/er%al %.eolo+' e&/e*%all' %nto the %.eolo+%*al (oun.at%on& o( the /o6er o( the em/re&&e&0 Itma' be &ho6n that ,u*her%a tran&late. the rel%*& o( St0 Ste/hen a& /art o( a *oherent %.eolo+%*al/ro+ram 6h%*h %n*lu.e. %ntro.u*t%on to a Cro&& o( Con&tant%ne %nto the %m/er%al /ala*e an.%n%t%at%on o( a ne6 *o%n t'/e the @on+-Cro&& Sol%.%0 The /ro+ram a& a 6hole mu&t be a&&o*%ate.6%th the ,er&%an =ar o( 4<!- << an. 6%th /ol%t%*al %ntr%+ue %n the *ourt o( Theo.o&%u& II0

The E7/hra&%& o( S/r%n+ %n B'ant%ne Art

?enr' )a+u%re Dumbarton Oa7& A& ?ermo+ene& e2/la%n& %n h%& &e*on. *entur' han.boo7 on the rhetor%*al e2er*%&e& ane7/hra&%& *oul. .e&*r%be a /er&on an a*t%on a t%me a /la*e a &ea&on or a th%n+ &u*h a& abu%l.%n+ or a 6or7 o( art0 Be*au&e o( the%r value a& ev%.en*e (or the re*on&tru*t%on o( lo&tB'ant%ne monument& .e&*r%/t%on& o( bu%l.%n+& an. 6or7& o( art are to.a' the be&t 7no6n*ate+or' o( e7/hra&%&0 But %n a .%((erent 6a' other t'/e& o( e7/hra&%& are no le&& relevant to anun.er&tan.%n+ o( B'ant%ne art both 6%th re&/e*t to %*ono+ra/h' an. to &t'le0 Th%& /a/er &ho6&ho6 .e&*r%/t%on& o( the &ea&on o( &/r%n+ /rov%.e. B'ant%ne art%&t& 6%th a trea&ur' o( %ma+e&6h%*h *oul. be a//l%e. to /ortra'al& o( the Annun*%at%on0

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The mo&t (amou& mo.el o( an e7/hra&%& o( &/r%n+ 6a& 6r%tten b' the (ourth *entur' &o/h%&t@%ban%u&0 In the /a+an oratorL& .e&*r%/t%on 6e *an re*o+n%e nearl' all o( the mot%(& 6h%*h 6erelater to a.orn the Chr%&t%an hom%l%e&0 It 6a& a 6ell 7no6n &ermon on the Ne6 Sun.a' b' >re+or'o( Na%anu& 6h%*h +ave the e7/hra&%& o( &/r%n+ a /la*e o( re&/e*tab%l%t' %n Chr%&t%an l%terature0@%7e @%ban%u& >re+or' ob&erve. that: no6 the &tream& (lo6 more tran&/arentl' the r%ver& moreabun.antl' relea&e. (rom the bon.& o( 6%nter0 The hom%l%&t al&o 6a& move. b' the lu2ur%ant+ro6th o( the /lant& an. he note. that: the b%r. %& Ju&t no6 bu%l.%n+ %t&el( a ne&t an. one b%r.return& 6h%le the other rema%n&K another (lutter& aroun. (%ll& the +rove 6%th &on+ an. *hatter& toman0 S%m%lar .e&*r%/t%on& o( &/r%n+ are &*attere. throu+h the &ermon& an. letter& o( laterB'ant%ne 6r%ter&0

Illum%nator& 6ere *alle. u/on to %llu&trate >re+or'L& e7/hra&%& %n e.%t%on& o( h%& l%tur+%*al hom%l%e&0B'ant%ne art%&t& al&o /ortra'e. the *l%*h & o( l%terar' &/r%n+t%me %n the *onte2t o( the (ea&t o( the

Annun*%at%on0 The /r%mar' a&&o*%at%on o( the (ea&t 6%th the &ea&on aro&e (rom the .ate o( %t&*elebrat%on on the <8th0 o( )ar*h0 For B'ant%ne 6r%ter& there 6a& a .%v%ne lo+%* l'%n+ beh%n. the*o%n*%.en*e o( the Annun*%at%on 6%th the rene6al o( natureK &/r%n+ an. rene6al be*ame *on&tanttheme& %n the >ree7 l%terature on th%& (ea&t0 In &everal &ermon& an ent%re e7/hra&%& o( &/r%n+be*ame an elaborate meta/hor (or the Annun*%at%on0 In the tenth *entur' (or e2am/le 1ohn'r%ote& .e&*r%be. the

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(lo6er%n+ lan. the &%n+%n+ b%r.& the lea(%n+ tree& the +entle &tream& an. the b%r.& the (%&he&an. the an%mal& br%n+%n+ (orth the%r 'oun+0

Amon+ &urv%v%n+ B'ant%ne /a%nt%n+& o( the Annun*%at%on the mo&t &tr%7%n+ /ortra'al o( &/r%n+ %& tobe (oun. %n an %*on o( the late t6el(th *entur' at )ount S%na%0 The %*ono+ra/h' o( th%&

Annun*%at%on &*ene %& e2tremel' unu&ual0 In (ront o( the %r+%n an. the An+el run& a &tream 6%than %rre+ular %n.ente. ban70 An e2traor.%nar' var%et' o( &ea *reature& *an be ob&erve. %n the6ater0 There are heron& an. .u*7& %n the r%ver 6h%le on lan. other b%r.& (la/ the%r 6%n+& or ben.the%r ne*7& to /reen them&elve&0 Beh%n. the %r+%n r%&e& a tall ethereal bu%l.%n+ 6h%*h &u//ort& al%ttle roo( +ar.en 6%th tree&0 One o( the tree& a((or.& a /er*h to t6o b%r.& %n %t& u//er bran*he&0

Above th%& +ar.en at the to/ o( the bu%l.%n+ t6o more b%r.& &%t %n a ne&t 6h%*h %& balan*e. on ther%.+e o( the +able. roo(0

The 6ealth o( %ma+e& %n th%& Annun*%at%on &*ene %& un%Hue %n B'ant%ne art an. ha& not h%thertobeen e2/la%ne.0 Althou+h there 6a& a re*o+n%e. %*ono+ra/h' o( the %r+%n at the 6ell or(ounta%n %t %& un/re*e.ente. (or her to &%t enthrone. %n a lan.&*a/e traver&e. b' a r%ver--a r%vermoreover 6h%*h %& teem%n+ 6%th all 7%n.& o( *reature&0 In /ortra'%n+ )ar' %n &u*h a &ett%n+ theart%&t a//ear& to have rev%ve. a .ev%*e o( an*%ent %llu&%on%&m 6h%*h ha. been e2/lo%te. b' Earl'Chr%&t%an art%&t&0 Amon+ the *lo&e&t /arallel& to the B'ant%ne %*on are the m%.-(ourth *entur'.ome mo&a%*& o( Santa Co&tana %n Rome 6h%*h are no6 onl' 7no6n throu+h 6ater *olor *o/%e&0?ere the Ol. Te&tament &*ene& 6ere arran+e. on a re*e.%n+ &ta+e 6ho&e (ront e.+e 6a&*reate. b' the Ja++e. ban7 o( a r%ver %n the (ore- +roun. %n 6h%*h var%ou& &ea *reature& an. r%verb%r.& .%&/orte. them&elve& Ju&t a& an the %*on0

Both the %*ono+ra/h%* /e*ul%ar%t%e& an. the &t'l%&t%* re(eren*e& o( the S%na% %*on *an be e2/la%ne.b' the l%terar' tra.%t%on0 For the art%&t ha& ev%.entl' attem/te. l%7e 1ohn 'r%ote& to embell%&h h%&/ortra'al o( the Annun*%at%on 6%th an e7/hra&%& o( &/r%n+0 It %& /o&&%ble that the art%&t o( the %*on6a& /art%all' +u%.e. %n h%& /ortra'al o( the e7/hra&%& b' the earl%er m%n%ature& o( St0 >re+or'L&Ne6 Sun.a' &ermon0 But %t %& .%((%*ult to %ma+%ne that the S%na% %*on *oul. have been *reate.6%thout a..%t%onal re*our&e to a more an*%ent mo.el &%m%lar to the Santa Co&tana mo&a%*0 Inor.er to %llu&trate the *la&&%*al *onvent%on& o( the e7/hra&%& the B'ant%ne art%&t ma.e u&e o( an%llu&%on%&t%* r%ver &ett%n+ *hara*ter%&t%* o( @ate Ant%Hue an. Earl' Chr%&t%an /a%nt%n+0 The re&ult 6a&a *ur%ou& .%v%&%on %n h%& &t'le 6h%*h *omb%ne. element& o( %l lu&%on%&t%* lan.&*a/e (rom Ant%Hu%t'

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6%th the ab&tra*t +ol. ba*7+roun. o( a m%..le B'ant%ne Annun*%at%on &*ene0 The %*on %& ane2am/le o( &ele*t%ve natural%&m %n&/%re. b' a rhetor%*al te2t a /henomenon 6h%*h *an be (oun.%n other 6or7& o( B'ant%ne art0

A Ne6 Ba&%l%*a 6%th Tre(o%l San*tuar'

A0?0S0 )e+a6 Br%t%&h S*hool o( Ar*haeolo+' Athen&;Dumbarton Oa7&

A ba&%l%*a .%&*overe. th%& 'ear at no&&o& &houl. be ta7en %nto a**ount %n .%&*u&&%n+ the&%+n%(%*an*e o( tr%-*on*h /lan& %n Earl' B'ant%ne ar*h%te*ture0 It& /lan 6a& re*overe. 6hen the&%te *ho&en

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(or the )e.%*al Fa*ult' o( the Un%ver&%t' o( Crete 6a& te&te. (or ar*haeolo+%*al rema%n&Kun(ortunatel' onl' &mall area& o( &tone /av%n+ an. a (e6 &tret*he& o( (oun.at%on 6all 6ere (oun.%n &%tu0

The &an*tuar' /rolon+%n+ the nave o( a normal three-a%&le nao& 6a& o( the &%m/le&t tre(o%l /lanan arran+ement e2*e/t%onal %n >ree*e but *lo&el' mat*he. %n the (%(th *entur' at Cher&onK %t %&

al&o a7%n to that o( ,aul%nu&L ba&%l%*a at C%m%t%le-Nola be(ore 4<50 Unl%7e the mart'r%um/rev%ou&l' (oun. at no&&o& the ne6 ba&%l%*a *onta%ne. no bur%al&0 In&tea. %t& %&olate. /o&%t%onthe atta*hment o( an*%llar' bu%l.%n+& to %t& &mall atr%um an. the /re&en*e o( an en*lo&ure 6all areall &u++e&t%ve o( a mona&ter'0

I( &u*h %t be the /revalen*e o( the tr%-*on*h &an*tuar' %n (%(th-*entur' E+'/t%an mona&ter%e& ma'not be %rrelevant %n the l%+ht o( the earl' .%&/er&al o( E+'/t%an mon7&0

The ne6 no&&o& ba&%l%*a *oul. &u//ort the v%e6 that the &an*tuar' o( an Earl' Chr%&t%an *hur*h6a& *on*e%ve. a& an ar*h%te*tural evo*at%on o( the tomb an. re&urre*t%on o( Chr%&tK but a l%tur+%*al(un*t%on (or the lateral a/&e& &houl. not be rule. out0 In an' *a&e 6e no6 have a notable %(embr'on%* (orerunner on Cretan &o%l (or the *ru*%al &eventh-*entur' *hur*h o( St0 T%tu& at >ort'na6here %n *onJun*t%on 6%th lateral n%*he& %n the &an*tuar' maJor a/&e& *lo&e the North an. South

arm& o( the %n&*r%be.-*ro&& nao&0 It ma' be &%+n%(%*ant that 6here &u*h maJor lateral a/&e&rea//ear %n )%..le B'ant%ne mona&t%* *hur*he& the%r (un*t%on a& ar*h%te*tural re*e/ta*le& (orant%/honal *ho%r& %& not %n .oubt0

I0 )IDD@E BYZANTINE ?ISTORY

The ?%atu& %n the Creat%on o( the Bal7an Theme&

Fran7 E0 =on%a7 Un%ver&%t' o( Ne6 )e2%*o

O( the &everal Hue&t%on& 6h%*h *oul. be ra%&e. 6%th re+ar. to the .evelo/ment o( the theme&'&tem %n the &eventh e%+hth an. n%nth *entur%e& the /roblem o( the *hronolo+%*al +a/ %n thee&tabl%&hment o( ne6 theme& %n the Bal7an& %& one 6h%*h .oe& not &eem to have been

&at%&(a*tor%l' e2am%ne.0 A *on&%.erat%on o( th%& Hue&t%on %& .%re*tl' relate. to t6o other area&6here there ha& been *on&%.erable .%&*u&&%on an. %n (a*t &ub&tant%al a+reement& (%r&t the/ro2%mate .ate& (or the (oun.at%on o( the &everal Bal7an theme&K &e*on. the +enerall' a**e/te.the&%& o( O&tro+or&7' ,ertu&% Ferlu+a @emerle an. other& that the &eventh *entur' theme& 6erethe re&ult o( a &evere m%l%tar' threat (rom the Bul+ar& an. Slav& an. that the late e%+hth an. n%nth*entur' (oun.at%on& re(le*t the *on&ol%.at%on an. re&ur+en*e o( the B'ant%ne &tate

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%n the Bal7an& an. /o&&%bl' re(le*t the /ro*e&& o( rehellen%at%on %n /art& o( the &outhern Bal7an&0

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An e2am%nat%on o( the h%&tor%*al 6or7& o( Theo/hane& an. N%7e/horo& the relevantha+%o+ra/h%*al an. e**le&%a&t%*al &our*e& an. the .%&*u&&%on o( e2tant an. re/orte. ar*h%te*tural&tru*ture& %n the Bal7an& &eem to %n.%*ate that a re%nter/retat%on o( the *%r*um&tan*e& an.*on.%t%on& *ontr%but%n+ to the .evelo/ment o( the &everal Bal7an theme& %& reHu%re.0 In lar+e /artthe (a%lure to re*o+n%e the /otent%al %m/ortan*e o( the *hronolo+%*al +a/ %n themat%* (oun.at%on&a//ear& to have /la'e. an %m/ortant /art %n the le&& than &at%&(a*tor' a&/e*t& o( /rev%ou&e2/lanat%on& o( the or%+%n& o( the Bal7an theme&0

In /art%*ular th%& /a/er 6%ll &u++e&t that the *au&e& (or the e&tabl%&hment o( theme& .ur%n+ thet6o &e/arate /er%o.& o( (oun.at%on 6ere lar+el' &%m%lar %n *hara*terK the Bal7an theme& 6ereemer+en*' (oun.at%on& %nten.e. to &tave o(( (urther en*roa*hment& on the tenuou& B'ant%ne/o&%t%on %n the Bal7an&0 Se*on.l' the re&ur+en*e o( B'ant%ne m%l%tar' /o6er %n the Bal7an&.ur%n+ the re%+n& o( @eo III an. Con&tant%ne /ro.u*e. the h%atu& %n the *reat%on o( theme&0 The'.%. not *reate an' Bal7an theme& be*au&e the%r& 6a& a /er%o. o( m%l%tar' &tren+th0 On the otherhan. m%l%tar' 6ea7ne&& an. a.m%n%&trat%ve .%&arra' are *on&%&tentl' *hara*ter%&t%* o( the /er%o.&o( themat%* (oun.at%on&0 F%nall' rehellen%at%on ne*e&&ar%l' (ollo6e. the *reat%on o( the theme&an. .%. not /re*e.e %t0

Some Re*on&%.erat%on& on the Eunu*h& .ur%n+ the )%..le B'ant%ne ,er%o.

S/'ro& Stavra7a& Un%ver&%t' o( Ch%*a+o

The eunu*h& o( the n%nth an. tenth *entur%e& 6ere a .%ver&e +rou/K man' o( them 6ere nat%veborn B'ant%ne&0 Th%& latter *%r*um&tan*e 6a& a *ru*%al *han+e (rom the (ourth an. (%(th *entur%e&6hen mo&t eunu*h& 6ere (ore%+ner&0 Nat%ve B'ant%ne eunu*h& 6ere %n a better /o&%t%on v%&- a-v%& the re&t o( &o*%et'0 The' ma%nta%ne. t%e& 6%th the%r (am%l%e& an. 6ere no lon+er &o*%al out*a&t&0The &our*e& 6ere +enerou& to them0 Eunu*h& a//ear a& +oo. 6arr%or& *hur*hmen an. %m/er%alo((%*%al&0 The' o(ten /er(orm notable .ee.& an. &ho6 7%n.ne&& an. love (or the%r (ello6B'ant%ne&0 So*%et' &lo6l' *han+e. %t& att%tu.e to6ar.& them0 It no lon+er loo7e. at all eunu*h&6%th &*orn %n&tea. 6h%le .e/lor%n+ the%r /h'&%*al %n(%rm%t' an. /%t'%n+ the%r (ate %t a**e/te. man'eunu*h& a& valuable %n.%v%.ual&0 So*%et' be+an to Ju.+e ea*h eunu*h a**or.%n+ to h%& o6nHual%t%e&0

The relat%on&h%/ bet6een man' eunu*h& an. member& o( the /rov%n*%al el%te %llu&trate the&e*han+%n+ &o*%al att%tu.e&0 El%te member& bou+ht an. re*ru%te. eunu*h& (or the%r o6n /er&onal*oter%e&0 The&e men 6ere arme. an. tra%ne. an. /robabl' &erve. the%r lea.er& Ju&t a& the%r non-eunu*h *omra.e&0 Enou+h e2am/le& e2%&t to /rove that man' o( the&e eunu*h& rema%ne./h'&%*all' v%+orou& a(ter the%r *a&trat%on&0 Some o( the&e eunu*h& rema%ne. 6%th the%r /atron&an. eventuall' rea*he. h%+h ran7 %n the +overnment an. arm'0 The el%te al&o ma.e e((ort& toenl%&t eunu*h& &erv%n+ the &tate an. e&/e*%all' %n the /ala*e to the%r *au&e&0 It 6a& not

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*on&%.ere. .emean%n+ (or an el%te member to .eal 6%th eunu*h&0 In %t& o6n 6a' there(ore therelat%on&h%/ o( the /rov%n*%al el%te 6%th the var%ou& eunu*h& %n &o*%et' o(ten enhan*e. the el%teL&

/o6er an. e2ten.e. the%r %n(luen*e0@e+en.& o( N%*e/horu& IL& Bul+ar%an E2/e.%t%on o( $!!

1ohn =ortle' Un%ver&%t' o( )an%toba

@e+en.& ten. to o**ur %n *lu&ter& %n B'ant%ne l%terature u&uall' aroun. &ome .%&t%n+u%&he. eventor /er&on nearl' al6a'& one o( /ro/%t%ou& &%+n%(%*an*e0 There %& one &mall +rou/ o( le+en.&ho6ever 6h%*h %& remar7able %n that %t relate& to a h%+hl' un/ro/%t%ou& event: the .e(eat an. .eatho( the Em/eror N%*e/horu& I %n $!!0 The&e le+en.& al&o have the rare .%&t%n*t%on that %n three %(

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not all (our *a&e& *erta%n *lue& are to be (oun. a& to ho6 the le+en. *ame %nto e2%&ten*e0 Th%&/a/er %& about one o( tho&e le+en.&0

The (%r&t o( the (our %& the @e+en. o( the )art'r& o( $!!0 It alle+e& that not a%l o( the Roman&/er%&he. %n or a(ter the battle a& Theo/hane& *la%m&5 (or rum too7 *erta%n l%ve /r%&oner& ba*7 %nto the h%nterlan. an. that the&e &ub&eHuentl' .%e. terr%ble .eath& at h%& han.& rather than &avethe%r l%ve& b' .en'%n+ the%r (a%th0 In &/%te o( %t& %nherent *re.%b%l%t' an. l%7el%ne&& there are &everalrea&on& (or &u&/e*t%n+ the vera*%t' o( th%& @e+en. o( the )art'r& o( $!! not the lea&t o( 6h%*h %&that there %& no ment%on o( %t b' Theo/hane& nor 6a& there %n the e2tant (ra+ment o( the S*r%/torIn*ertu& .e @eone Armen%o unt%l an %nter/olator 6or7%n+ /o&t $4 %n&erte. one0

Re&ear*h amon+&t the S'na2ar%a reveal& *erta%n .%&/ar%t%e& bet6een the var%ou& entr%e&*on*ern%n+ the mart'r& o( $!! 6h%l&t the earl%e&t manu&*r%/t& o( the ol.er T'/%*on o( the >reatChur*h *onta%n a ver' .%((erent an. unt'/%*al0 7%n. o( entr' at one o( the relevant .ate& < 1ul'5an entr' 6h%*h %& l%ttle more than a blunt *on.emnat%on o( the %n*om/eten*e o( N%*e/horu& thatbrou+ht about the *ata&tro/he o( $!!0 In &ub&eHuent S'na2ar%a th%& ma' have been +ra.uall'&o(tene. %nto a blan. *ommemorat%on o( our Chr%&t%an brethren 6ho (ell %n Bul- +ar%a an. th%& %nturn /erha/& %n the t%me o( N%*e/horu& ,ho*a& 6hen the matter be*ame *ru*%al ma' have ra%&e.the Hue&t%on o( 6hether all or merel' &ome o( the (allen o( $!! 6ere to be un.er&too. a& herebe%n+ *ommemorate.0 It %& &u++e&te. that the @e+en. o( the )art'r& o( $!! ma' have been the

re&/on&e to th%& Hue&t%on o( the ,atr%ar*h ,ol'eu*tu& an. o( a Chur*h an2%ou& to re/el the %.eathat all 6ho (ell %n battle 6ere to be numbere. amon+&t the mart'r&0

The Chronolo+%*al A**ura*' o( S'meon the @o+othete (or the Year& A0D0 $!3-$48

=arren T0 Trea.+ol. Seattle =a&h%n+ton

It ha& lon+ been the *on&en&u& o( B'ant%n%&t& that no rel%able narrat%ve &our*e e2%&t& (or the&e*on. /er%o. o( %*ono*la&m $!8-$4350 The h%&tor' o( th%& /er%o. ha& there(ore been 6r%tten b'*hoo&%n+ amon+ the .%((erent a**ount& o( (our *hron%*ler& o( the m%.-tenth *entur' none o( 6hom%& *on&%.ere. 6holl' rel%able: S'meon the @o+othete 1o&e/h >ene&%u& Theo/hane&Cont%nuatu& an. the ,&eu.o-S'meon0 )' the&%& on the *ontrar' %& that (or the 'ear& $!3-$48S'meon the @o+o-

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thete ba&e. h%& Chron%*le e2*lu&%vel' on t6o h%+hl' rel%able &our*e& 6h%*h 6ere *om/o&e. %n them%.-n%nth *entur' one *over%n+ the 'ear& $!3-$<" Sour*e A5 an. the other *over%n+ $<"-$48Sour*e B50 Be*au&e the&e &our*e& 6ere *hronolo+%*all' arran+e. the%r a**ura*' *an be.emon&trate. b' *he*7%n+ the .ate& o( the%r entr%e&0

)' *a&e %& mo.ele. on that ma.e b' the late Rom%ll' 1en7%n& DO, !" !"8G "!-!!<5 to &ho6that S'meonL& a**ount o( the 'ear& $#-"!3 6a& e2*lu&%vel' ba&e. on *ontem/orar' annal&01en7%n& .emon&trate. that (or the&e 'ear& the @o+othete re*or.& event& %n /er(e*tl' a**urate*hronolo+%*al or.er0 S'meonL& *hronolo+' .e- mon&trabl' brea7& .o6n bet6een $48 an. $#0But (rom $!3 to $48 %t &eem& to be a**urate a+a%n a& a//ear& 6hen %t& ma%n entr%e& are

&ummar%e. an. .ate. %n the (ollo6%n+ table0Entr%e& (rom Sour*e A: Re%+n o( @eo 0

!0 @eo %& *ro6ne. 1ul' !! $!3

<0 Bul+ar%an& be&%e+e Con&tant%no/le 1ul' ! $!3

30 Bul+ar%an& &a*7 ?a.r%ano/le earl' (all $!3

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40 @eo e2%le& ,atr%ar*h N%*e/horu& A/r%l ! $!8

80 @eo /er&e*ute& %*ono/h%le& $!8-$<

0 @eo %& a&&a&&%nate. De*ember <8 $< Re%+n o( )%*hael II0

#0 )%*hael rela2e& /er&e*ut%on o( %*ono/h%le& earl' $<!

$0 )%*hael *on(%rm& e**le&%a&t%*al le+%&lat%on o( @eo earl' $<!

"0 )%*hael *ro6n& &on Theo/h%lu& )a' !<5 $<!\

!0 Thoma& the Slav mar*he& on Con&tant%no/le O*t0;Nov0 $<!

!!0 Thoma& be&%e+e& Con&tant%no/le (or one 'ear De*0 $<!-Nov0 $<<

!<0 Thoma& aban.on& &%e+e an. /lun.er& Thra*e November $<<

!30 )%*hael .e(eat& an. 7%ll& Thoma& m%.-O*tober $<3

!40 Arab& ma7e *onHue&t& %n Crete S%*%l' an. C'*la.e& $<-$<$

!80 )%*hael .%e& an. Theo/h%lu& an. Eu/hro&'ne &u**ee.O*tober < $<" Entr%e& (rom Sour*e B:Re%+n o( Theo/h%lu&0

!0 Theo/h%lu& marr%e& Theo.ora 1une 8 $3

!#0 Eu/hro&'ne ret%re& to *onvent 1une $3

!$0 Theo/h%lu& e2e*ute& a&&a&&%n& o( @eo &ummer $3

!"0 Theo/h%lu& be+%n& /er&e*ut%on o( %*ono/h%le& late $3<;earl' $33

<0 Theo/hobu& .e&ert& (rom Arab& to B'ant%ne&be+%nn%n+ o( $34

<!0 Theo/h%lu& re.e*orate& ,ala*e $34;$3\ <<0 Theo/h%lu& /un%&he& ,etrona& $34;$3\

<30 Theo/h%lu& betroth& .au+hter )ar%a to Ale2%u& )u&ele$3

<40 Theo/h%lu& an. )anuel ta7e Za/etra an. Samo&ata)ar*h-A/r%l $3#

<80 Theo/h%lu& or.er& *on&tru*t%on o( Br'a& ,ala*elate &/r%n+ $3#

<0 Theo/h%lu& *elebrate& tr%um/h late &/r%n+ $3#

<#0 Theo/h%lu& ma7e& 1ohn the >rammar%an ,atr%ar*h A/r%l <! $3$\\

<$0 Arab& .e(eat Theo/h%lu& an. 7%ll )anuel at AnenG 1ul' << $3$

<"0 Theo/h%lu& /a'& *om/en&at%on (or m%&a//ro/r%ate. hor&elate 1ul';earl' Au+0 $3$\

30 Cal%/h &a*7& Amor%um Au+u&t !< $3$

3!0 Cal%/h return& to S'r%a 6%th *a/t%ve& (rom Amor%um late Au+0;Se/t0 $3$

3<0 Theo/h%lu& (oun.& &*hool un.er @eo the )athemat%*%an late $3$\\

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330 Theo/h%lu& bu%l.& Tr%*on*h ,h%ale an. )'&ter%um late $3$;earl' $3"\

340 Theo/h%lu& bran.& St&0 Theo/hane& an. Theo.ore >ra/t% 1ul' !$ $3"\\

380 ?elmet o( &tatue o( 1u&t%n%an (all& an. %& re/la*e. late $3";earl' $4\

30 Theo/h%lu& *ro6n& &on )%*hael )a' !5 $4

3#0 Theo/h%lu& (oun.& ho&/%*e late $4;$4!\

3$0 Theo/h%lu& e2e*ute& Theo/hobu& an. .%e& 1anuar' < $4< Re%+n o( )%*hael III0

3"0 Theo.ora .e/o&e& ,atr%ar*h 1ohn )ar*h 4 $43

40 Theo.ora re&tore& %*on& )ar*h !! $43

4!0 Theo*t%&tu& ma7e& e2/e.%t%on a+a%n&t Crete )ar*h !$-later $43

4<0 Arab& .e(eat Theo*t%&tu& at )auro/otamum m%.-$43;$44

430 Theo*t%&tu& (or*e& Bar.a& %nto e2%le m%.-$43;$44

440 Theo*t%&tu& bu%l.& h%m&el( A/&%& ,ala*e *a0 $44 \Other6%&e un*erta%n .ate \\Controver&%al.ate to be .%&*u&&e. 6hen /a/er %& /re&ente.5

on the te2t o( S'meonL& Chron%*le &ee >'ula )orav*&%7 %n DO, !8 !"!G !!-!<<05

Sour*e A %& ev%.entl' the &ame a& the &o-*alle. E/%tome /o&tulate. b' &everal &*holar& *(0)orav*&%7 B'ant%notur*%*a< ! 8!8-8!$ thou+h he bel%eve& that the E/%tome en.e. %n $4<not $<"50 It /ara/hra&e. %nter/olate. an. *ont%nue. the Chrono+ra/h%a o( Theo/hane& en.e.$!35 an. 6a& al&o a &our*e o( >eor+e the )on7 6ho 6rote .ur%n+ the re%+n o( )%*hael III $4<-$#50 Sour*e A mu&t have been *om/o&e. &oon a(ter the .eath o( the (ormer Em/eror )%*hael I

%n $48 6h%*h %t ment%one.0 It 6a& Hu%te *on*%&e an. lar+el' %ntere&te. %n e**le&%a&t%*al a((a%r&(rom an %*ono/h%le /o%nt o( v%e60

Sour*e B 6a& /robabl' a *ont%nuat%on o( Sour*e A0 It &eem& to have been *om/o&e. a(ter the.o6n(all %n $88 o( Theo*t%&tu& 6hom %t *r%t%*%e. &har/l'0 Be*au&e %t note. that the Trullu& ,ala*eo( 1ohn the >rammar%an rema%ne. un%nhab%te. Sour*e B mu&t have been *om/o&e. be(ore$8;$ 6hen the /ala*e 6a& *onverte. %nto the )ona&ter' o( St0 ,ho*a&0 Sour*e B %& there(oreto be .ate. to about $0 It 6a& *on&%.erabl' more .eta%le. than Sour*e A an. a//ear& to havebeen 6r%tten b' a man (am%l%ar 6%th *ourt *%r*le&0

There(ore the Chron%*le o( S'meon ha& /ra*t%*all' the value o( a *ontem/orar' &our*e (or $!3-$48 an. &houl. be a.o/te. a& our /r%n*%/al +u%.e %n 6r%t%n+ the h%&tor' o( the &e*on. %*ono*la&t%*/er%o.0

II0 ?ISTORY OF ART

The notte. Column

Iol% alavreou-)a2e%ner Un%ver&%t' o( Cal%(orn%a @o& An+ele&

An' &*holar 6ho &tu.%e& B'ant%ne art--an. manu&*r%/t %llum%nat%on %n /art%*ular--%& (am%l%ar 6%ththe /a%r& o( 7notte. *olumn& that (rame *anon table& an. &u//ort ar*h%te*tural &tru*ture&0 Theearl%e&t .atable e2am/le& o( &u*h *olumn& o**ur on &teat%te /laHue& o( the m%. to late tenth

7/21/2019 1978


*entur' an. %n the )enolo+%on

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o( Ba&%l II *a0 !50 Therea(ter re/re&entat%on& o( 7notte. *olumn& o**ur (reHuentl' a& .o the*olumn& them&elve& a& an ar*h%te*tural mot%( o( *hur*h .e*orat%on0 Yet .e&/%te the 6%.e-&/rea..%&tr%but%on o( the&e *olumn& the%r or%+%n an. mean%n+ have never been e2/la%ne.0

The &ha/e o( the 7not %t %& true ha& lon+ been re*o+n%e. a& that o( the &o-*alle. ?er*ulean7not0 In the late ant%Hue /er%o. th%& 7not %& a mot%( (oun. re+ularl' %n mo&a%*& an. Je6elr' but %t.%&a//ear& therea(ter unt%l %t& une2/e*te. a//earan*e on m%.-B'ant%ne *olumn& 6here the 7not.oubtle&& ha& ma%nta%ne. &ome o( %t& a/otro/a%* Hual%t%e&0

It ha& been &u++e&te. that the 7not& on the *olumn& 6ere .er%ve. (rom ant%Hue re/re&entat%on&o( .ra/er' t%e. aroun. *olumn& but th%& *annot a**ount (or the (ormat%on o( the 7not out o( the&ha(t& o( the *olumn: the *olumn %& (orme. b' mult%/le& o( t6o or more *lu&tere. &ha(t&K the 7not%& *arve. or .e/%*te. to +%ve the %m/re&&%on that %t 6a& t%e. out o( malleable *olumn &ha(t&0 It %&*ur%ou& to ob&erve that the 7not& .o not a//ear %n re/re&entat%on& o( mater%al that *an be t%e.naturall' &u*h a& ro/e& or *or.& but onl' a& /art o( ar*h%te*tural (rame6or7& 6here the'*ontra.%*t the a*tual (un*t%on o( a &u//ort0

notte. *olumn& o**ur %n onl' a (e6 /la*e&: (or e2am/le 6%th%n the *hur*h the' a//ear on the%*ono&ta&%& an. a& /art o( altar& an. bal.a*h%n&K %n manu&*r%/t& the' a//ear %n re/re&entat%on& o( tho&e &tru*ture& an. a& the *olumn& o( ar*he& o( *anon table&0 That %& 7notte. *olumn& are*onne*te. 6%th the &an*tuar' an. +enerall' o/en the 6a' to or (rame a hol' /la*e0 )ore thanthat the' allu.e to the hol%e&t &an*tuar' o( an*%ent I&rael: the 7notte. *olumn& .er%ve throu+h theva+ar%e& o( /h%lolo+' (rom 1a*h%n an. Boa the (amou& *olumn& that (lan7e. the entran*e to theSolomon%* tem/le0 =h%le %t %& unl%7el' that the a*tual Solomon%* *olumn& 6ere 7notte. the' 6ere(reHuentl' *on&%.ere. &o %n B'ant%ne tra.%t%on0 In man' te2t& the&e *olumn& are .e&*r%be. a&hav%n+ /ome+ranate& .o6n the%r &ha(t& but the 6or. u&e. *an al&o be %nter/rete. a& 7notte.or %ntert6%ne.0 It %& %n the %nter/retat%on o( the te2t& re(err%n+ to the Solomon%* tem/le that theor%+%n o( the 7notte. *olumn &houl. be lo*ate.0 Romane&Hue art /rov%.e& &u//lementar'ev%.en*e0

A Re-evaluat%on o( the Sour*e& o( the Ar*ha%* >rou/ o( =all ,a%nt%n+& %n Ca//a.o*%a

1u.%th A0 Cave ,enn&'lvan%a State Un%ver&%t'

The &o-*alle. ar*ha%* +rou/ o( 6all /a%nt%n+& %n Ca//a.o*%a ha& been attr%bute. to the /er%o.bet6een the late n%nth an. the m%..le o( the tenth *entur'0 A/art (rom the&e monument& th%&/er%o. %& /oorl' re/re&ente. %n term& o( the amount o( mater%al 6h%*h ha& &urv%ve. e%ther %n the*a/%tal or %n /rov%n*%al area&0 The' thu& /rov%.e ne*e&&ar' mater%al (or an un.er&tan.%n+ o( the*ru*%al /er%o. o( B'ant%ne art %mme.%atel' (ollo6%n+ I*ono*la&m an. /re*e.%n+ the )a*e.on%anRena%&&an*e0 It ha& been re*o+n%e. that not all o( the /a%nt%n+& %n Ca//a.o*%a are /urel'/rov%n*%al 6or7& e2e*ute. b' lo*al art%&t& but %n *erta%n *a&e& are relate. to *ontem/orar'Con&tant%no/ol%tan art0 Thu& (or e2am/le %l%*lar %l%&e %n the >oreme alle' ha& been relate.

both %n term& o( &t'le an. o( %*ono+ra/h' to metro/ol%tan /ro.u*t& &u*h a& the *o/' o( the?om%l%e& o( >re+or' o( Na%anu& %n ,ar%& *o.0 +r0 8!0 Su*h relat%on& bet6een Ca//a.o*%an6all /a%nt%n+& an. *ontem/orar' art o( the *a/%tal /rov%.e ev%.en*e (or a

- 33-

more a.eHuate evaluat%on o( /o&t-I*ono*la&t%* B'ant%ne art but *an onl' be /re*%&el' .eterm%ne.on the ba&%& o( a more *om/lete un.er&tan.%n+ o( the *hronolo+%*al an. art%&t%* relat%on&h%/&bet6een the var%ou& ar*ha%* +rou/ /ro+ram&0

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There are onl' t6o %n&*r%/t%on& a&&o*%ate. 6%th the&e .e*orat%ve /ro+ram& 6h%*h /rov%.eev%.en*e (or .at%n+0 One o( the&e belon+& to the /ro+ram o( Tav&anl% %l%&e0 On the ba&%& o( th%&%n&*r%/t%on there are t6o /o&&%ble /er%o.& .ur%n+ 6h%*h the /a%nt%n+& *oul. have been e2e*ute.K"!3 to "< or "48 to "4$0 The &e*on. %n&*r%/t%on a**om/an%e& the /a%nt%n+& %n Cha/el 4 %n the>ullu Dere alle' no6 re(erre. to a& A'val% %l%&e0 It /erm%t& the &ame alternat%ve& (or .at%n+ a&the (%r&t %n&*r%/t%on an. %n both *a&e& the earl%er t%me /er%o. ha& mo&t o(ten been a**e/te.0

St'l%&t%* .%((eren*e& bet6een the&e t6o Ca//a.o*%an /ro+ram& have le. &*holar& to attr%butethem to t6o .%((erent tren.& or &t'l%&t%* mo.e& o/erat%n+ &%multaneou&l' %n the re+%on0 TheTav&anl% mo.e %& .e(%ne. a& a lo*al ver&%on o( the Con&tant%no/ol%tan-%n&/%re. &t'le o( A'val%0Other member& o( the ar*ha%* +rou/ have been a&&o*%ate. 6%th ea*h o( the&e &t'le& &u*h a&%l%*lar %l%&e 6%th A'val% an. St0 Eu&ta*e 6%th Tav&anl%0 The%r .at%n+ %& .e/en.ent on .e+ree& o(&t'l%&t%* &%m%lar%t' 6%th the t6o .ate. monument&0 Thu& +reater .e+ree& o( &t'l%at%on orab&tra*t%on are eHuate. 6%th *hronolo+%*al /o&ter%or%t'0

Th%& %nter/retat%on %& ho6ever %na.eHuate a& %t %+nore& *erta%n %*ono+ra/h%* an. &t'l%&t%*.%((eren*e& 6h%*h &u++e&t the u&e o( .%((erent mo.el& b' the%r art%&t&0 Certa%n element& are be&tun.er&too. a& .er%v%n+ (rom a &our*e 6h%*h e2%&te. %n.e/en.entl' o( the *a/%tal0 Th%& &our*e/rov%n*%al %n or%+%n 6a& %ntro.u*e. %nto Ca//a.o*%a 6%th the late n%nth *entur' /ro+ram o( %%lCu7ur an. *ont%nue. to be %n(luent%al throu+hout the earl' tenth *entur' althou+h %t& /o/ular%t'

6a& &e*on.ar' to that o( the /re.om%natel' Con&tant%no/ol%tan-%n&/%re. mo.e o( %l%*lar an. A'val%0 A *om/lete .e(%n%t%on o( %t& *hara*ter%&t%*& %& ob&*ure. b' the (a*t that both &our*e& 6ereo(ten *omb%ne. %n a &%n+le /ro+ram an. the t6o be*ame t%+htl' %nter6oven0 It *an be /art%all're*on&tru*te. ho6ever on the ba&%& o( 6e&tern /a%nt%n+ 6h%*h %& bel%eve. to *onta%n re(le*t%on&o( Ital%an art o( the e%+hth an. n%nth *entur%e&0 Both &our*e& mu&t be ta7en %nto a**ount (or ana**urate un.er&tan.%n+ o( the relat%on& bet6een var%ou& /ro+ram& o( the ar*ha%* +rou/ an. o(the relat%on bet6een metro/ol%tan an. /rov%n*%al tra.%t%on& o( th%& /er%o.0

,a%nte. ,%*ture& o( ,%*ture&: The Im%tat%on& o( I*on& %n Fre&*o

Ellen C0 S*h6art Ea&tern )%*h%+an Un%ver&%t'

Th%& /a/er 6%ll treat the %m%tat%on o( %*on& %n (re&*o /a%nt%n+ 6h%*h a//ear %n Comnen%an an.

,aleolo+an art (rom Con&tant%no/le to the Slav%* lan.& but 6h%*h have unt%l no6 attra*te. &*antnot%*e %n the &*holarl' l%terature0 The&e (re&*oe. .e/%*t%on& o( %*on& are &ur/r%&%n+l' true to l%(e%n*lu.%n+ %n&*r%/t%on& (rame& an. han+%n+ r%n+&0 O**a&%onall' even the na%l& or hoo7& atta*h%n+the&e %*on& to the 6all are *are(ull' %n.%*ate. a& 6ell0 A(ter /re&ent%n+ a *om/en.%um o( the&ee2am/le& the /a/er 6%ll treat the a//earan*e o( the (orm %t& e2tent %n t%me an. lo*at%on an. %t&&%+n%(%*an*e 6%th%n (re&*o /ro+ram& o( the

- 34 ]

later B'ant%ne era0

The earl%e&t .e/%*t%on& o( the&e (re&*oe. %*on& o**ur %n the eleventh *entur' at the *hur*h o(?a+%a So(%a %n Ohr%. /a%nte. aroun. the 'ear !80 Several e2am/le& o**ur %n the t6el(th

*entur' at A&%nou on C'/ru& !!35 DJur.Jev% Stu/ov% %n Serb%a !!$5 the .ouble *hur*h atBaV7ovo %n B'ant%ne- *ontrolle. Bul+ar%a m%. t6el(th *entur' la'er5 an. Samar% %n )e&&%na la&t'ear& o( the t6el(th *entur'50 A number o( (re&*oe. %*on& a//ear %n the *hur*he& %n the Serb%an&tate o( RaX7a .ur%n+ the th%rteenth *entur': the %r+%nL& *hur*h at Stu.en%*a !<"5 ^%Va !<!"-!<345 an. the ?ol' A/o&tle& *hur*h at ,eW *a0 !<4-50 One (rame. %*on al&o a//ear& %n the)etro/ol%tan *hur*h o( St0 Demetr%u& %n )%&tra (rom the 'ear !<"!0 The (orm *ont%nue& %nto (re&*o/ro+ram& o( the (ourteenth *entur'K A+%o& N%7olao& %n )an% (rom the &e*on. Huarter o( the*entur' Ta2%ar*ho& %n a&tor%a !38"-5 ,&aVa %n )a*e.on%a !38-#!5 an. the *hur*h atRamaVa (rom the en. o( the *entur' all %n*lu.e (re&*oe. .e/%*t%on& o( %*on& %n the%r .e*orat%ve/ro+ram&0 One e2am/le o( the (re&*oe. %*on (orm ha& *ome to l%+ht %n Con&tant%no/le a& /art o(

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an un.ate. la'er %n the alen.erhane Cam%% an. &%m%lar %m%tat%on %*on& are (oun. %n mo&a%*& %nItal' (rom var%ou& *entur%e& .one un.er &tron+ art%&t%* %n(luen*e (rom B'ant%um0

De&/%te the%r 6%.e e2ten&%on %n t%me an. lo*at%on *erta%n (eature& o( the (re&*oe. %*on& rema%n(a%rl' un%(orm0 The %*on& .e/%*t /r%mar%l' bu&t& or hal(len+th /ortra%t& o( men .re&&e. a& b%&ho/&%n /ol'&tavr%on an. omo/hor%on thou+h the' ran+e %n ran7 (rom the +reat *hur*h (ather& to lo*all'venerate. *hur*hmen0 The %*on (orm& &eem to be (avore. (or *erta%n lo*at%on& 6%th%n the *hur*h.e*or /r%mar%l' the lo6er one& o( the a/&e0 The e2am/le& *%te. above 6%ll be e2am%ne. toa&*erta%n rea&on& (or the&e un%(orm%t%e&0 The men .e/%*te. 6%ll be +rou/e. to &ee 6hether or nota *erta%n &et 6ere (avore. (or th%& t'/e o( re/re&entat%on0 The lo*at%on o( the&e .e/%*t%on& %n the*hur*h 6%ll be .%&*u&&e. an. an or%+%n %n l%tur+%*al /ra*t%*e &u++e&te.0 F%nall' /rov%n*%al /overt'6%ll be o((ere. a& another rea&on (or the a//earan*e o( the (re&*o %*on (orm a &ub&t%tut%on o( ane*onom%*al /a%nte. %m%tat%on (or a *o&tl' /a%nte. an. +%l.e. or%+%nal0

The ,ala*e o( the @a&*ar%.& at N'm/haeum

1ob' ,atter&on @a >ran.e Ore+on

A& *ontem/orar' h%&tor%an& &ort throu+h the &our*e& the &%+n%(%*an*e o( the &%te o( N'm/haeum(or the Em/eror& o( N%*aea %& be%n+ %n*rea&%n+l' real%e.0

The /ala*e 6a& a//arentl' bu%lt b' 1ohn atate& about !<<<0 The (a*t that %t %& one o( onl' (ourrema%n%n+ B'ant%ne %m/er%al /ala*e& bu%lt a(ter !<4 %& enou+h to ma7e %t %m/ortant0 It 6a&/robabl' the (%r&t .%&/la'%n+ =e&tern %n(luen*e& not hereto(ore &een %n %m/er%al B'ant%neau.%en*e-hall&0 S%n*e at lea&t t6o &ub&eHuent %m/er%al au.%en*e-hall& 6ere bu%lt on ba&%*all' the&ame /lan an. .e&%+n a& that (oun. at N'm/haeum the N'm/haeum /ala*e e%ther &et a/re*e.ent or all the au.%en*e-hall& (ollo6%n+ the .e&%+n an. /lan o( N'm/haeum (orm a *la&&6ho&e /re.e*e&&or& are no6 +one0 In an' *a&e the &%+n%(%*an*e o( the /ala*e at N'm/haeumha& been un.ere&t%mate.0

The rema%n& *on&%&t o( an %m/o&%n+ re*tan+ular hollo6 &hell &tan.%n+ %n %&olat%on on a /la%n0 Ana&hlar ma&onr' +roun. level 6a& to//e. b' t6o level&

- 38 ]

o( mortare. rubble &e/arate. b' ban.& o( (lat br%*7 &tr%n+*our&e&0 Centere. %n ea*h o( the lon+6all& o( the +roun. level an. (lan7e. b' /a%r& o( loo/hole& 6ere o/en%n+& allo6%n+ (or /a&&a+ethrou+h the bu%l.%n+0 A *ro&&vault /robabl' &/anne. the *enter area l%n7%n+ the o/en%n+& an./robabl' ha. barrel vault& on e%ther &%.e0 At the m%..le level the lon+ (a*a.e& 6ere %.ent%*al*onta%n%n+ &%2 6%n.o6& ea*h0 Th%& &tor' 6a& *overe. b' a lon+%tu.%nal barrel vault %nter&e*te. %nthe *enter b' a *ro&&vault0 The to/ level o( the lon+ 6e&t (a*a.e *onta%ne. /a%r& o( 6%n.o6&(lan7%n+ a *entral%e. element 6h%*h 6a& *onta%ne. 6%th%n an ar*h the &ame &%e a& the*ro&&vault lo*ate. .%re*tl' belo60 The ea&t (a*a.e 6a& almo&t *erta%nl' %.ent%*al e2*e/t that the*enter element /robabl' .%((ere.0 @%7e the au.%en*e-hall at )%&tra an. /robabl' the Te7(ur Sara'the N'm/haeum au.%en*e-hall mu&t have ha. a &em%-.ome. throne a/&e %n one o( %t& lon+(a*a.e&0 The o//o&%n+ vo%. mu&t have been (%lle. b' a (ull-len+th o/en element--&u*h a& a

lo++%a--ver' /o&&%bl' %n*or/orat%n+ an ar*a.e an. &erv%n+ a& a /la*e o( a//earan*e&0 Sta%r6a'&6ere *onta%ne. %n the north 6all0 Internal ev%.en*e an. the &tru*tureL& &em%-(ort%(%e. nature&u++e&t a (lat *renelate. roo(0

There are a//arentl' no &/e*%(%* e2tant /rotot'/e& (or the /ala*e 6%th%n B'ant%ne or 6e&ternEuro/ean ar*h%te*ture0 The /ala*e %& an %ntere&t%n+ (u&%on o( mot%(& (rom both tra.%t%on&0 It/robabl' *omb%ne. both the ar*h%te*tural *on&tru*t& an. mot%(& ne*e&&ar' (or B'ant%ne*eremon' an. e&&ent%al (or &'mbol%%n+ .%v%ne ro'alt' 6%th the =e&tern re*tan+ular au.%en*e- hall/lan elevate. over vaulte. (oun.at%on&0 It mu&t al&o be *onne*te. to the au.%en*e-hall+atehou&e (orm 7no6n not onl' %n B'ant%um but 6ell-7no6n %n the =e&t0 The or%+%n& o( %t&

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&ober mult%-t%ere. monumental%t' an. vault%n+ &'&tem t%+htl' %nte+rate. 6%th the (a*a.e .e&%+nmu&t be &ou+ht %n Romano- Ital%an tra.%t%on an. ma' be &/e*%(%*all' .er%ve. (rom me.%aevalItal%an (ortre&&e& an. to6er& or /ala% throu+h *olon%al hou&e& o( >alata0

F%nall' %n(ormat%on (rom N'm/haeum ha& %m/l%*at%on& %n the Hue&t%on o( the .ate o( the Te7(urSara': %t 6a& bu%lt un.er )%*hael III0 Al&o the n%*he at the Te7(ur Sara' 6a& /robabl' %nten.e.(or a throne0

Amal(%L& B'ant%ne Conne*t%on: Art %n Conte2t

Robert ,0 Ber+man ?arvar. Un%ver&%t'

From the m%..le o( the n%nth throu+h the eleventh *entur' the %n.e/en.ent mar%t%me .u*h' o( Amal(% (lour%&he. a& the mo&t %nternat%onal an. *o&mo/ol%tan o( the Ital%an tra.%n+ *ommun%t%e&0B' !! en%*e an. >enoa more than r%vale. her &tatu& a& a /%votal l%n7 bet6een the B'ant%nean. I&lam%* Ea&t on the one han. an. 6e&tern Euro/e on the other but even &o Amal(%*ont%nue. to /ro&/er--no6 a& /art o( +ran.er em/%re& rather than %n.e/en.entl'--6ell %nto the(ourteenth *entur'0 Althou+h the not%on that Amal(%L& /ro&/er%t' 6a& &olel' the re&ult o( a &/e*%alan. (avore. /o&%t%on +rante. to her mer*hant& b' the B'ant%ne em/eror& ha& ha. to be rev%&e.6%th re*o+n%t%on o( her %m/ortant I&lam%* *onne*t%on& %t neverthele&& rema%n& true that

a&&o*%at%on 6%th the B'ant%ne Em/%re 6a& a *ru*%al (a*tor %n ma%nta%n%n+ Amal(%L& *ommer*%alv%tal%t' an. %n .e(%n%n+ her *ultural;art%&t%* *hara*ter0

Amal(% (%r&t a//ear& %n 6r%tten re*or.& %n the la&t .e*a.e o( the &%2th *entur'K at th%& t%me a& /arto( the Du*h' o( Na/le& the *%t' 6a& (ormall'

- 3 -

a .e/en.en*' o( the Em/%re0 Even a(ter her .e*larat%on o( %n.e/en.en*e %n $3" Amal(%*ont%nue. to re*o+n%e at lea&t nom%nal B'ant%ne &uera%n%t'0 Amal(%tan /ol%t%*al lea.er& an.member& o( the nob%l%t' (rom the n%nth throu+h the eleventh *entur%e& o(ten 6ere the re*%/%ent& o(t%tle& or .%+n%t%e& be&to6e. b' the B'ant%ne em/eror amon+ 6h%*h that o( ,atr%*%u& a//ear& tohave ran7e. h%+he&t0

In the tenth an. eleventh *entur%e& the Amal(%tan& mu&t have ma%nta%ne. Hu%te an e&tabl%&hment%n the B'ant%ne *a/%tal0 ,antaleone &on o( )auru& o( Amal(% ha. a ver' lar+e hou&e there 6hereho&/%tal%t' 6a& o((ere. to >%&ul( o( Salerno an. h%& /art' .ur%n+ the%r v%&%t %n !<0 There 6ere t6omona&t%* (oun.at%on& %n Con&tant%no/le belon+%n+ to the Amal(%tan&: Sta0 )ar%a .e @at%na an. St0Sav%our lo*ate. %n the m%.&t o( the tra.er&L Huarter near the >ol.en ?orn m%n%&tere. to the&/%r%tual nee.& o( a &%eable mer*hant *ommun%t'0 It 6a& onl' a(ter the *onHue&t o( Amal(% b' theNorman& hate. enem' o( the Ea&tern Em/%re that the Amal(%tan& be+an to lo&e the%r /r%v%le+e./o&%t%on %n B'ant%um0 Th%& %& born out b' the (amou& bull o( Em/eror Ale2%& I Comnenu& !$<5that .eman.e. /a'ment o( an annual (ee to the *hur*h o( San )ar*o %n en%*e b' the Amal(%tan&re&%.ent %n the Em/%re0 Yet 6ell a(ter th%& .ate &%+n%(%*ant *onta*t& bet6een Amal(% an. theB'ant%ne& *ont%nue. to e2%&t0

=%th th%& +eneral h%&tor%*al ba*7+roun. %n m%n. I %nten. to e2am%ne a &er%e& o( bu%l.%n+& an.6or7& o( art -- both Amal(%tan /ro.u*t& an. B'ant%ne %m/ort& ran+%n+ %n .ate (rom *0 ! to *0!< -- that ma7e tan+%ble the relat%on&h%/ bet6een the t6o &/here&0 Several /ert%nent te2t& 6%llal&o be .%&*u&&e.0

III0 @ATE ANTIUITY: ?ISTORY AND T?EO@O>Y

Eu&eb%u& an. Con&tant%ne

T0D0 Barne& Un%ver&%t' o( Toronto

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Eu&eb%u& o( Cae&area ha& tra.%t%onall' been /re&ente. a& a *lo&e a.v%&er o( the em/erorCon&tant%ne a& a *ourt%er-b%&ho/ able e((e*t%vel' to %n(luen*e %m/er%al /ol%*' %n e**le&%a&t%*almatter&0 Th%& v%e6 o( the relat%on&h%/ bet6een the b%&ho/ an. the em/eror ho6ever %& /r%n*%/all'.e.u*e. (rom Eu&eb%u&L @%(e o( Con&tant%ne 6ho&e e2/l%*%t /%*ture o( Con&tant%ne ha& o(ten been.%&*u&&e. but 6ho&e %m/l%*%t /%*ture o( Eu&eb%u& ha& u&uall' been ta7en on tru&t0 A rev%e6 o( the7no6n (a*t& about the *onta*t& bet6een the t6o men %n (a*t &u++e&t& a ver' .%((erent e&t%mate o(Eu&eb%u&L &tan.%n+ amon+ h%& *ontem/orar%e&0

Eu&eb%u& born *0 << 6a& more than &%2t' 6hen he be*ame a &ubJe*t o( Con&tant%ne 6honever a& em/eror v%&%te.

- 3# -

,ale&t%ne0 A(ter 3<4 a& be(ore Eu&eb%u& .evote. h%m&el( to &*holar&h%/ an. to h%& .ut%e& a&b%&ho/ o( Cae&area0 ?e l%ve. (ar (rom the %m/er%al *ourt an. 6a& there(ore normall' unable to/art%*%/ate %n /ol%t%*al .e*%&%on&0 Eu&eb%u& met Con&tant%ne onl' rarel' /robabl' on no more than(our &e/arate o**a&%on& a(ter 3<45 &o that he 6a& no more than an o**a&%onal v%&%tor at *ourt6%th no +reater &tan.%n+ than man' other b%&ho/&0 =hen the @%(e o( Con&tant%ne le(t un(%n%&he.on %t& authorL& .eath %n 33"5 *on&%&tentl' .e/%*t& Eu&eb%u& a& a *lo&e *on(%.ant o( Con&tant%ne a

.%&tort%on o( the truth 6hether .el%berate or un*on&*%ou& mu&t be &u&/e*te.0 ?en*e Eu&eb%u&L%nter/retat%on o( Con&tant%ne %n the @%(e &houl. be a&&e&&e. a& the /ro.u*t o( a /rov%n*%ala*a.em%* 6ho *oul. not re&%&t the tem/tat%on to +lor%(' h%m&el( not a& the /ro.u*t o( a /ol%t%*%an6ho 7ne6 the em/eror %nt%matel'0

>ermanu& at Ant%o*h

=%ll%am N0 Ba'le&& Rut+er& Un%ver&%t'

>ermanu& ha. an %m/ortant a&&%+nment %n *onne*t%on 6%th the Se*on. ,er&%an =ar 84-84850Cho&roe&L %nva&%on o( S'r%a threatene. Ant%o*h0 1u&t%n%an &ent >ermanu& to the *%t' 6%th 3&ol.%er& a& an e&*ort to or+an%e the .e(en&e o( the *%t'0! 1u&t%n%an /rom%&e. that a lar+e arm'6oul. (ollo60

>ermanu&L (%r&t a*t 6a& an %n&/e*t%on o( the 6all& o( Ant%o*h0< Althou+h %n mo&t area& the' 6ere%n &at%&(a*tor' *on.%t%on >ermanu& not%*e. (rom )t0 Oro*a&%a& that a lar+e broa. ro*7 o((ere. anea&' vanta+e /o%nt to a&&a%lant&0 To reme.' th%& /roblem he /ro/o&e. e%ther that a tren*h &houl.be .u+ bet6een the 6all& an. the ro*7 or that a to6er be *on&tru*te. on the ro*7 *onne*te. 6%ththe *%t' 6all&0 The en+%neer& %n Ant%o*h re/l%e. that there 6a& %n&u((%*%ent t%me (or e%ther o( the&e/roJe*t& an. that to be+%n e%ther 6%thout *om/let%n+ %t 6oul. onl' /o%nt out to the enem' a(avorable &/ot (or an a&&ault0

Do6ne' ha& *r%t%*%e. ,ro*o/%u&L a**ount0 ?e bel%eve& that >ermanu& a*te. .%&*re.%tabl' at Ant%o*h an. that ,ro*o/%u& ha& tr%e. to *on*eal th%& (a*t03 Do6ne' *all& attent%on to a tran&a*t%on.%&*u&&e. b' )alala& but not ment%one. b' ,ro*o/%u&04 )alala& &tate& that 6h%le at Ant%o*h>ermanu& /ur*ha&e. &%lver (rom (lee%n+ re&%.ent& at one-(ourth to one-&%2th %t& value0 Do6ne'

%nter/ret& th%& to mean that >ermanu& too7 a.vanta+e o( the m%&(ortune o( the Ant%o*hene& toenr%*h h%m&el(0

Yet there %& another mu*h more /lau&%ble rea&on (or th%& %n*%.ent 6h%*h Do6ne' ha& *om/letel'overloo7e.0 The arm' 6h%*h 1u&t%n%an ha. /rom%&e. (a%le. to arr%ve08 Th%& (a*t to+ether 6%th the6ea7ne&& o( the 6all& meant that %( the *%t' 6a& to be &ave. %t ha. to be .one b' .%/lomat%*mean&0 >ermanu& an. the

- 3$ -

7/21/2019 1978


lea.er& o( Ant%o*h %mme.%atel' /er*e%ve. th%&0 A**or.%n+l' the' .%&/at*he. )e+a& the b%&ho/ o(Beroea to Cho&roe& %n the ho/e o( bu'%n+ h%m o((0 There 6a& &ome rea&on (or bel%ev%n+ th%&m%+ht be &u**e&&(ul0 Cho&roe& ha. aban.one. h%& &%e+e o( ?%era/ol%& (or a /a'ment o( </oun.& o( &%lver %t &houl. be not%*e.0 Cho&roe& 6a& al&o 6%ll%n+ to leave Beroea alone %n return(or 4 /oun.& o( &%lver0# But the *%t' 6a& &a*7e. 6hen the %nhab%tant& *oul. /ro.u*e onl'< /oun.&0

I( Ant%o*h 6a& to be &/are. there 6a& obv%ou&l' a nee. (or an even lar+er &un0 Th%& %& the/robable e2/lanat%on (or the tran&a*t%on re*or.e. b' )alala&0 It o((ere. a.vanta+e& to ea*h &%.e0The 6ealth' 6ho 6ere (lee%n+ 6oul. be able to &ave &ome o( the%r mone' &%n*e %t 6oul. be %n amu*h l%+hter ea&%er to *arr' (orm0 >ermanu& 6oul. have the lar+er &um that 6a& ba.l' nee.e. %()e+a&L emba&&' 6a& &u**e&&(ul0 )alala& .oe& not &a' that th%& 6a& a /r%vate tran&a*t%on b'>ermanu&0 I( 6e a&&ume that %t 6a& a /ubl%* tran&a*t%on %t (%t& /er(e*tl' %nto ,ro*o/%u&L a**ount o( the .e*%&%on ma.e b' >ermanu& an. the lea.er& o( Ant%o*h0

! ,ro*o/%u& B, <00"0

< ,ro*o/%u& B, <00!-!30 I am *onv%n*e. that >lanv%lle Do6ne' The ,er&%an Cam/a%+n %nS'r%a %n A0D0 84 S/e*ulum III !"835 34# %& m%&ta7en %n &a'%n+ that th%& ro*7 .%. not e2%&t0

A/art (rom the (a*t that ,ro*o/%u& *oul. har.l' l%e about the to/o+ra/h' o( one o( the lar+e&t

*%t%e& %n the Em/%re th%& (eature %& al&o ment%one. %n an ent%rel' .%((erent *onte2t 6here there %&no ment%on o( >ermanu& De Ae.0 <0!0"50

3 >lanv%lle Do6ne' o/0 *%t0 /0 340

4 )alala& 4$0!-80

8 ,ro*o/%u& B, <00!80

,ro*o/%u& B, <00<<-<40

# ,ro*o/%u& B, <0#08-!30

Av%tu& )ar*%an an. D%/loma*' %n A0D0 488-48

Ral/h =0 )ath%&en Un%ver&%t' o( =%&*on&%n

In 1une 488 the an.al >e%&er%* &a*7e. Rome an. *arr%e. o(( to Cartha+e Eu.o2%a the 6%(e o(a!ent%n%an III an. .au+hter o( Theo.o&%u& II an. her .au+hter& ,la*%.%a an. Eu.o*%a0 =%th the6e&tern throne va*ant the >all%* ar%&to*rat E/ar- *h%u& Av%tu& 6a& .e*lare. Au+u&tu& at Arle& %n1ul' an. %n earl' O*tober he arr%ve.

- 3" -

at Rome0 There he 6a& (a*e. 6%th &everal /otent%al &our*e& o( o//o&%t%on: !5 the an.al& <5)ar*%an the le+%t%mate em/eror %n Con&tant%no/le 35 )aJor%an an. R%*%mer the *omman.er& o(

the Ital%an arm' an. 45 the Ital%an &enator& 6ho 6ere a**u&tome. to *ontrol the h%+h o((%*e& o(&tate %n Rome0

Av%tu& %mme.%atel' too7 &te/& to .eal 6%th the&e /o&&%ble enem%e&: he obta%ne. re*o+n%t%on (romthe Roman &enate ?'.0!3!5K he u&e. h%& >oth%* all%e& to hol. R%*%mer an. )aJor%an %n *he*71oh0Ant0(r0<<5K an. he &ent emba&&%e& to )ar*%an reHue&t%n+ re*o+n%t%on ?'.0!5 an. to>e%&er%* .eman.%n+ that he a.here to the ol. (oe.u& an. threaten%n+ h%m 6%th 6ar %( he .%. not,r%&*u& (r0<450

The out*ome& o( the .%/lomat%* e((ort& o( Av%tu& at Cartha+e an. Con&tant%no/le &eem to have

7/21/2019 1978


been *ont%n+ent to a +reat .eal u/on the /ol%*' o( )ar*%an to6ar.& the an.al&0 I( at all /o&&%ble)ar*%an 6%&he. to ma%nta%n /ea*e 6%th >e%&er%* e0+0 ,ro*o/0an.0!045 an. th%& *oul. .eter h%m(rom treat%n+ 6%th Av%tu& 6ho ha. an a++re&&%ve an.al /ol%*'0 )ar*%an attem/t%n+ to a*h%eve a/ea*e(ul &ettlement &ent t6o emba&&%e& to Cartha+e but h%& %n%t%all' *on*%l%ator' +e&ture& 6ererebu((e. b' >e%&er%* 6ho &ent a (leet to atta*7 S%*%l' an. Ital' an. 6ho re(u&e. to return the*a/t%ve 6omen ,r%&*u& (r0<45 the one /o%nt u/on 6h%*h )ar*%an *oul. not *om/rom%&e0 For)ar*%an 6ho&e han. ha. been (or*e. *oo/erat%on 6%th Av%tu& no6 be*ame attra*t%ve0

Av%tu& ho6ever althou+h he 6a& &u**e&&(ul %n (ore&tall%n+ an.al ra%.%n+ %n 48 ha. (a%le. to*on*%l%ate the Ital%an &enator& an. b' the earl' &ummer o( 48 6hen )ar*%an 6a& /robabl'/re/are. to *ome to term& 6%th h%m he ha. been e2/elle. (rom Rome b' the &enator& am%.&t*%v%l .%&or.er 1oh0Ant0(r0<< >re+0Tur0?0F0<0!!50

The ant%/ath' o( the Ital%an &enator& 6oul. have been lar+el' ba&e. u/on Av%tu&L /re(eren*e (or>aul& %n the h%+h o((%*e& o( &tate a /ra*t%*e 6h%*h /robabl' a//l%e. to h%& emba&&' toCon&tant%no/le &%n*e %t %& l%7el' that h%& amba&&a.or 6a& h%& *ura /alat%% the Narbone&ear%&to*rat Con&ent%u& 6ho a& tr%bunu& et notar%u& un.er alent%n%an III ha. &erve. on &everalle+at%on& to the Ea&t S%.0Carm0 <30<<$-<44<$-43<50

The /otent%al o( an Av%tu&-)ar*%an *omb%nat%on eventuall' ma' have %n(luen*e. the /ol%*' o(

>e%&er%*0 The /er&%&tent tra.%t%on that the %m/er%al *a/t%ve& 6ere returne. at the en. o( the re%+no( )ar*%an ma' re(le*t a re- o/en%n+ o( ne+ot%at%on& on the /art o( >e%&er%*0 But Av%tu&L %nab%l%t' toma%nta%n h%m&el( %n the =e&t an. the re&ult%n+ a&*en.en*' o( R%*%mer .e&tro'e. the /o&&%b%l%t' o(a *oal%t%on an. one o( the be&t o//ortun%t%e& ever (or Jo%nt a*t%on a+a%n&t the an.al& ha. beenlo&t0

)ar*%an an. Att%la: A Rea&&e&&ment o( Im/er%al ,ol%*'

Robert @0 ?ohl(el.er Un%ver&%t' o( Colora.o

On <8 Au+u&t A0D0 48 )ar*%an a ret%re. m%l%tar' o((%*er an. *an.%.ate (or the %m/er%al o((%*e o(,ul*her%a Au+u&ta an. A&/ar the Alan a&&ume. the B'ant%ne throne (ollo6%n+ an a**%.ent an.the &ub&eHuent .eath o( Theo.o&%u& Il .ur%n+ the /rev%ou& month0 =h%le all tran&%t%on& o( /o6er

6%th%n the B'ant%ne &tate m%+ht be Ju.+e. momentou& event& /art%*ularl' 6hen the &u**e&&%on6a& not obv%ou& a& %n th%& *a&e (e6 *oronat%on& ha. ta7en /la*e or 6oul. o**ur a+a%n&t &u*h anom%nou& ba*7.ro/0 Be'on. the (ront%er& o( em/%re but ver' mu*h a (a*tor %n a((a%r& o( &tate 6a&

Att%la &ole 7%n+ o( the ?un& an. re*ent *onHueror o( the %m/er%al

- 4 -

arm%e&0 At the t%me o( )ar*%anL& elevat%on ho6ever bell%+eren*' bet6een the Ea&t Roman& an.the ?un& ha. nom%nall' en.e.0

Althou+h the threat o( Att%la 6oul. &eem to have a((or.e. a mo&t %nau&/%*%ou& *%r*um&tan*e (orne6 %n%t%at%ve& )ar*%an *ho&e to %m/lement a .ramat%* *han+e o( (ore%+n /ol%*' ver' earl' %n h%&re%+n0 The ne6 em/eror un%laterall' re/u.%ate. the treat' ne+ot%ate. .ur%n+ the la&t 'ear& o( the

re%+n o( Theo.o&%u& b' h%& m%n%&ter& Nomu& an. Anatol%u& 6h%*h ha. en.e. the ho&t%l%t%e& thatha. *ommen*e. %n A0D0 44#0 =%th m%l%tant re&olve )ar*%an .e*lare. that the tr%bute (%2e. b' th%&&ettlement 6oul. no lon+er be /a%.0 ?%& .e*%&%on to en. %m/er%al a*Hu%e&*en*e to Att%laL& e2tort%on/rov%.e. another o**a&%on (or 6ar %( e%ther &%.e ha. 6%&he. to rene6 the *on(l%*t0 In A0D0 48ne%ther /art' move.0 )ar*%an ha. *al*ulate. *orre*tl'0 Att%laL& attent%on& an. ener+%e& ha. been*omm%tte. to h%& (orth*om%n+ m%l%tar' *am/a%+n a+a%n&t =e&t Rome0

=h%le )ar*%anL& &u..en rever&al o( h%& /re.e*e&&orL& ?unn%* /ol%*' o( ne+ot%at%on& (or &urv%valha& been var%ou&l' %nter/rete. the &tan.ar. mono+ra/h%* treatment o( th%& /er%o. *on.emn&)ar*%anL& a*t%on& a& unt%mel' an. *hara*ter%e. b' (oll'0! It %& /o&&%ble ho6ever to /re&ent a (ar

7/21/2019 1978


more (avorable a&&e&&ment o( )ar*%anL& /ol%*' (rom the (a*t& a& the' are 7no6n0

)ar*%anL& abro+at%on o( Theo.o&%u&L treat' 6%th Att%la *an be &een a& the o/en%n+ &alvo o( a.ar%n+ mult% .%men&%onal &trate+' *on*e%ve. an. ena*te. 6%th the h%+he&t &ta7e& %n m%n.0Im/er%al a*t%on& an. .%/lomat%* en*ounter& a%me. to en. or &%+n%(%*antl' re.u*e the ?unn%*.an+er to &e*ure re*o+n%t%on (rom alent%n%an III em/eror o( =e&t Rome to &tren+then the ne6em/erorL& %nternal /o&%t%on an. to /rov%.e a&&%&tan*e to the =e&t at a t%me o( ult%mate *r%&%&0)oreover %t &eem& that &u*h %n%t%at%ve& *oul. have been un.erta7en 6%th the a&&um/t%on thateven total (a%lure 6oul. not have 6ea7ene. B'ant%um more than the *ont%nuan*e o( Theo.o&%u&L/ol%*' o( a//ea&ement0 Att%laL& une2/e*te. but (ortu%tou& .eath *lou.& an' (%nal evaluat%on o( theout*ome o( )ar*%anL& a*t%on&0 But %n &*o/e an. e2e*ut%on )ar*%anL& .%/lomat%* an. m%l%tar'maneuver& at a moment o( utmo&t /er%l &houl. be re*o+n%e. a& an out&tan.%n+ e2am/le o(B'ant%ne &tate*ra(t0

! E0 A0 Thom/&on A ?%&tor' o( Att%la an. the ?un& O2(or. !"4$5 !38 an. !""0

4# Be(ore 4#

Fran7 Clover Un%ver&%t' o( =%&*on&%n

S/e*ulat%on& about the .e*l%ne an. (all o( the Roman Em/%re are almo&t a& ol. a& the Em/%re%t&el(0 ,ol'b%u& *hron%*le. the r%&e o( RomeL& over&ea& em/%re an. 6on.ere. about %t& eventual.em%&e0 One o( the Sene*a& terme. the a+on' o( the late Re/ubl%* the /r%ma &ene*tu& o( theRoman &tate0 Some *ontem/orar%e& o( the *r%&%& o( the th%r. *entur' A0D0 &a6 the Em/%reL& en. athan.0 Alar%*L& &a*7 o( Rome an. relate. event& o( the earl' (%(th *entur' &/ar7e. a heate. .ebatebet6een Chr%&t%an& an. /a+an& over the *olla/&e o( *%v%l%at%on0

=%th the bene(%t o( h%n.&%+ht &ome h%&tor%an& have &een later event& - tho&e o**urr%n+ aroun. A0D0 4# -- a& *ru*%al to the (uture o( the Roman Em/%re0 O( late the' have &ou+ht &u//ort (orthe%r %nter/retat%on %n the

- 4! -

&our*e& onl' to +ather a mea+er harve&t0 In h%& Chron%*le Count )ar*ell%nu& relate. the.e/o&%t%on o( Romulu& Au+u&tulu& %n 4# an. then /ro*la%me. the ?e&/er%um re+num at anen.0 @ater 1or.ane& a.o/te. )ar*ell%nu&L %nter/retat%on Huot%n+ %t verbat%m %n h%& >et%*a an.Romana0 Re*ent *r%t%*& have &een not S'mma*hu&L ?%&tor%a Romana but ea&tern 6r%t%n+& --/erha/& Eu&tath%u& o( E/%/hane%aL& E/%tome or the (a&t% o( Con&tant%no/le -- a& )ar*ell%nu&L&our*e0

De&/%te re*ent %m/rovement& %n the un.er&tan.%n+ o( the &our*e& (or the event& aroun. 4#there rema%n& a (la6 to the /re&ent a//roa*h to event& o( the late (%(th *entur'0 ?%&tor%an& havenot /a%. enou+h attent%on to the (%(than. &%2th-*entur' &our*e&L un.er&tan.%n+& o( the event& o(the /er%o.0 %e6e. on %t& o6n term& Count )ar*ell%nu&L /ro*lamat%on o( the en. o( the ?e&/er%umre+num %n 4# %& one o( &everal %nter/retat%on& o( Roman .oom .evelo/e. %n l%+ht o( event&o**urr%n+ a(ter Alar%*L& &a*7 o( Rome0 Intere&t%n+l' enou+h &everal (%(than. &%2th- *entur'

author& &a6 event& o**urr%n+ a(ter 4! an. be(ore 4# a& harm(ul to the 6ell-be%n+ o( the RomanEm/%re0 In the %ntere&t o( brev%t' I /ro/o&e to .%&*u&& the %nter/retat%on& o( t6o o( the (ollo6%n+author& one (rom ea*h *ate+or'5:

!5 Author& 6r%t%n+ be(ore 4# an. hen*e v%e6%n+ /re*e.%n+ event& a& *ru*%al: a5 the Donat%&t*om/%ler o( the (ourth an. (%(th e.%t%on& o( the @%ber +enealo+u& A0D0 488 an. 435 b5 S%.on%u&

A/oll%nar%& ,ane+'r%* to Av%tu&5 *5 a ,er&%an %nter/olator o( Ne&tor%u&L Baaar o( ?era*le%.e& .5,r%&*u& o( ,an%um e5 ?'.at%u&

<5 Author& 6r%t%n+ a(ter 4# but &ee%n+ /re*e.%n+ event& a& *ru*%al:

7/21/2019 1978


a5 Count )ar*ell%nu& 6ho&e /ro*lamat%on o( the en. o( the =e&tern Em/%re %n 4# %& are&tatement o( an entr' un.er the 'ear 484_5 b5 Dama&*%u& o( Dama&*u& %ta I&%.or%5 *5,ro*o/%u& o( Cae&area0

I0 T?E)ES IN @ATE BYZANTINE ?ISTORY AND T?OU>?T

The ,o&thumou& Cult o( the ,atr%ar*h Ana&tha&%u& I o( Con&tant%no/le

Al%*e-)ar' Talbot Dumbarton Oa7&

Athana&%u& I o( Con&tant%no/le 6a& a *ontrover&%al (%+ure .ur%n+ h%& t6o /atr%ar*hate& !<$"-!<"3K !33-!3"50 T6%*e a//o%nte. b' the /%ou& An.ron%*u& II an. t6%*e (or*e. to re&%+n b'ho&t%le element& 6%th%n the Chur*h he ha. both .etra*tor& an. &u//orter& %n the B'ant%ne*a/%tal0 ?e 6a& hate. b' b%&ho/& Ar&en%te& Un%ate& &ome mon7& an. the *ler+' o( ?a+h%aSo/h%a but /o/ular 6%th the *ommon /eo/le (or

- 4< -

6ho&e 6el(are he ha. a v%tal *on*ern0 ?e 6a& al&o venerate. b' the mon7& an. nun& o( the

.ouble mona&ter' o( erolo/ho& 6h%*h he ha. (oun.e. %n Con&tant%no/le an. 6here he ret%re.a(ter both h%& ab.%*at%on& (rom the /atr%ar*hal throne0

U&%n+ a& a /r%mar' &our*e the un/ubl%&he. orat%on o( Theo*t%&tu& the Stu.%te on The Tran&lat%ono( the Rel%*& o( the ,atr%ar*h Athana&%u&! th%& /a/er 6%ll .e&*r%be the /o/ular *ult o( Athana&%u&6h%*h .evelo/e. %n Con&tant%no/le a(ter h%& .eath &omet%me bet6een !3! an. !3<350 =hen thebelove. (oun.er o( the%r mona&ter' /a&&e. a6a' the mon7& o( erolo/ho& bur%e. h%m %n ver'.am/ earth 6%th%n the /re*%n*t& o( the mona&ter'0 Three 'ear& later h%& .%&*%/le& .e*%.e. to bu%l.a *ha/el on the +rave &%te an. %n the *our&e o( the%r e2*avat%on& .%&*overe. the (ormer/atr%ar*hL& bo.' m%ra*ulou&l' /re&erve.0 1o'(ull' the' too7 h%& rema%n& an. /la*e. them %n a&ar*o/ha+u& %n the mona&t%* *hur*h .e.%*ate. to Chr%&t the Sav%or0 The marvelou& heal%n+/o6er o( the /atr%ar*hL& rel%*& &oon be*ame ev%.ent an. /eo/le (lo*7e. to the *hur*h to berel%eve. o( /&'*h%atr%* an. /h'&%*al .%&or.er&0

The Orat%on on the Rel%*& .e&*r%be& the m%ra*ulou& *ure& o( 3< %n.%v%.ual& 6ho 6ere heale. b'v%&%t%n+ the rel%*&K &ome /at%ent& 6ere *ure. merel' b' tou*h%n+ the hol' &ar*o/ha+u& other&.ran7 6ater 6h%*h ha. been ble&&e. b' *onta*t 6%th the rel- %*& 'et other& .ran7 or ano%nte.them&elve& 6%th o%l (rom the v%+%l lam/ 6h%*h hun+ above the &ar*o/ha+u&0 A (e6 /eo/le 6ererel%eve. o( the%r &'m/tom& b' %n*ubat%on or b' %nhal%n+ the (ume& (rom burn%n+ /%e*e& o(

Athana&%u&L +arment&0 The a((l%*- t%on& o( the v%&%tor& 6ere var%e. %n*lu.%n+ *an*er bl%n.ne&&.ea(ne&& %n*ont%n- en*' /o&&e&&%on b' ev%l &/%r%t& /aral'&%& ab&*e&&e& an. hemorrha+e0

Ne6 ev%.en*e< 6%ll be /re&ente. (or the a*tual *anon%at%on o( Athana&%u& b' the &'no. %nCon&tant%no/le a& a re&ult o( the numerou& m%ra*le& at h%& tomb atte&te. b' e'e6%tne&&e&0 B'the !33L& he 6a& *ommemorate. %n hol' %*on& an. h%& (ea&t .a' 6a& *elebrate. %n the*athe.ral o( ?a+h%a So/h%a0

Athana&%u&L *ult *erta%nl' *ont%nue. unt%l the en. o( the !4th *0 6hen the Ru&&%an /%l+r%m I+nat%u&o( Smolen&7 v%&%te. h%& tomb an. h%& rel%*& 6ere &t%ll /re&erve. at erolo/ho& at the (all o(Con&tant%no/le %n !4830 Soon a(ter .ue to the erroneou& bel%e( that h%& rema%n& 6ere tho&e o( the4th *0 ,atr%ar*h o( Ale2an.r%a the' 6ere tran&/orte. to en%*e 6here the' &ta'e. (or hal( am%llenn%um0 )o&t re*entl' the rel%*& 6ere tran&(er-e. to Ale2an.r%a a& a +%(t to the Co/t%*Ortho.o2 Chur*h_

! @o+o& e%& t[n ana7om%.[n tou le%/&anou tou en ha+%o%& /atro& h[m`n Athana&%ou /atr%ar*hou`n&tant%nou/ole`& %n *o.0 Con&t0 Chal*0 mon0 4 I&tanbul ,atr%ar*hate @%brar' nun* 8# ol%m

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41 (ol&0 !8#r-!""r0 < ,h%lotheu& Tomu& S'no.%*u& II *ontra ,ro*horum C'.on%um ,> !8! *ol0#!<0

Do+ma an. ?uman%&m: The Fate o( ,h%lo&o/h' an. Theolo+' %n B'ant%um

@o6ell )0 Clu*a& Un%ver&%t' o( =a&h%n+ton

It %& a /e*ul%ar (a*t o( h%&tor' that althou+h the B'ant%ne Em/%re %nher%te. the +reater /art o( the*or/u& o( *la&&%*al >ree7 /h%lo&o/h' %t (a%le. to /ro.u*e a maJor ne6 &'nthe&%& o( /h%lo&o/h' an.%n&tea. *on(%ne. %t&el( b' an. lar+e to *ommentar%e& an. e*le*t%*0 a.a/tat%on&0 =h%le/h%lo&o/h%*al .evelo/ment& %n the =e&t .emon&trate l%ttle .'nam%&m or momentum o( *reat%v%t'unt%l the later eleventh *entur' the .evelo/ment o( /h%lo&o/h' %n the =e&t %n the ?%+h )%..le

A+e& ra/%.l'

- 43 -

be*ome& revolut%onar': a /o6er(ul an. %n*rea&%n+l' or%+%nal a& 6ell a& on+o%n+ movement*erta%nl' b' *om/ar%&on 6%th the &t%ll Hu%te *on&ervat%ve u&e o( *la&&%*al /h%lo&o/h' %n B'ant%um0?%&tor%an& have ha. &ometh%n+ o( a tra.%t%on o( 6a2%n+ eloHuent on the &u//o&e. entro/' o( the*la&&%*al her%ta+e %n B'ant%um %n the .oma%n o( /h%lo&o/h' a& 6ell a& %n other %ntelle*tual (%el.&

6ho&e &tart%n+ /o%nt l%e& %n Ant%Hu%t'K &ome element& o( (or6ar. momentum are no6a.a'& u&uall'*on*e.e. but on the 6hole the *on&ervat%&m an. retro&/e*t%ve mental%t' o( B'ant%ne author&an. the%r /ro.u*t%on& are &t%ll &een a& hav%n+ &u((ere. (rom a la*7 o( *reat%ve or%+%nal%t'0 o%lQ la. *a.en*e_ That th%& mo.el o( %ntelle*tual h%&tor' 6%th %t& 1anu& (a*e o( alarm%n+ .e*a' on the

one han. an. *harm o( (%n .e &% *le on the other .oe& not 6or7 (or the h%&tor' o( the v%&ual art& %n

B'ant%um ha& not .e(le*te. an' h%&tor%an or ob&erver o( the /er%o. 6ho %& un.er the &/ell o( themeta/hor o( b%olo+%*al e2hau&t%on0 The (reHuent (%2at%on ho6ever &ubl%mate. %n mo.ernh%&tor%o+ra/h' on B'ant%umL& a//arent la*7 o( *reat%ve re&/on&e to the *la&&%*al her%ta+e ha&bl%n.e. &ome &*holar& to the Hue&t%on o( the *au&e& o( *ultural an. %ntelle*tual *han+e %n Ea&tan. =e&t0 In.ee. the &eem%n+l' %na.eHuate re&/on&e o( B'ant%um to 6hat 6a& a(ter all %t&ver' maJor &hare %n the %nher%tan*e o( the An*%ent =orl. ha& been re/re&ente. all too o(ten a& a/henomenon 6h%*h &omeho6 e2/la%n& %t&el(_ That %& B'ant%um 6a& Ju&t not that *reat%ve0 The&l%+htl' lu.%*rou& *%r*ular%t' o( th%& rea&on%n+ ha& un(ortunatel' rarel' trouble. %t& e2/onent& ver'

mu*h0

?o6ever Ze%t+e%&t or no the %ntelle*tual re/re&entat%ve& o( a &o*%et' *annot be &e/arate. (romthe value& /roblem& an. above all the ne*e&&%t%e& %nvolve. %n the total%t' o( *%r*um&tan*e&obta%n%n+ at an' +%ven t%me %n the%r &o*%et' a& a 6hole0 It %& 6%th%n th%& %nev%tabl' l%m%t%n+ *onte2tthat 6hatever /o&&%b%l%t%e& there are emer+e0 An. 6hen 6e a//l' &u*h a *r%ter%on a& a heur%&t%*tool to the Hue&t%on o( the (ate o( /h%lo&o/h' %n B'ant%um ver' .%((erent an&6er& emer+e (romtho&e 6%th 6h%*h a /art o( the learne. /ubl%* %& &t%ll too o(ten *onvent%onall' t%t%llate. 6h%le %t %&&6e/t on to the +ran. (alla*' o( an %m/re&&%on o( &ome or%+%nall' an. %nnatel' &u/er%or Hual%t' tobe +l%m/&e. %n the =e&t0 Th%& /a/er then attem/t& to (o*u& on the %ntelle*tual h%&tor' o(B'ant%um e&/e*%all' %n the .oma%n o( /h%lo&o/h' %n the *onte2t o( the overall &tru*ture o(B'ant%ne &o*%et' a& %t %t&el( .evelo/e. (rom the &%2th throu+h the t6el(th *entur' out o( the/re&&ure o( %nternal *han+e& an. e2ternal (or*e& an. %n.ee. the%r %ntera*t%on0 ?o/e(ull' th%&

e2am%nat%on 6%ll &ho6 that ho6ever unrea&onable 6a& the behav%or o( %n.%v%.ual& the out*omeo( the h%&tor' o( /h%lo&o/h' %n B'ant%um 6a& not &omeho6 /ara.o2%*al an. there(ore %( onel%7e& not unrea&onable0 That %& there 6ere rea&on& an. ver' +oo. one& (or the *our&e o(event& %n B'ant%umL& %ntelle*tual h%&tor' %na&mu*h a& th%& *our&e o( event& 6a& &%+n%(%*antl'*onne*te. to .om%nat%n+ /ol%t%*al an. &o*%al &tru*ture& a& 6ell a& *erta%n *r'&tall%e. att%tu.e&6h%*h ta7en to+ether .%*tate. to a ver' lar+e e2tent 6hat o//ortun%t%e& *oul. be &e%e. an.6h%*h avenue& 6oul. be *lo&e.0

!483 %n 1e6%&h Tra.%t%on

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Steven Bo6man ?ebre6 Un%ver&%t' o( 1eru&alem

The (all o( Con&tant%no/le &%+nale. the en. o( an era (or the >ree7- &/ea7%n+ /eo/le& o( theBal7an&0 For the B'ant%ne Ortho.o2 Tue&.a' <" !483 be*ame the (%r&t Bla*7 Tue&.a'0 Forthe Armen%an& an. 1e6& l483 ha. %t& o6n mean%n+0 Several Armen%an ele+%e& have &urv%ve. to+%ve &ub&tan*e to the &en&e o( lo&&

- 44 -

e2/er%en*e. b' that *ommun%t'0 On the other han. the Armen%an& &u**ee.e. %n re*e%v%n+ totalautonom' 6%th%n the &u**e&&or &tate o( the Ottoman& 6h%*h %n*lu.e. %n.e/en.en*e (romOrtho.o2 %nter(eren*e %n the%r &o*%al an. rel%+%ou& a((a%r&0

For the >ree7-&/ea7%n+ 1e6& o( the B'ant%ne Em/%re the 'ear !483 ha. %mmen&e*on&eHuen*e&0 An un/ubl%&he. .%r+e (rom Crete 6r%tten %mme.%atel' a(ter 6or. o( the .%&a&terrea*he. the %&lan. bear& 6%tne&& to the (%r&t %m/re&&%on that the ne6& ma.e0 Sub&eHuent%nter/retat%on& o( the event /la*e %t 6%th%n the me&&%an%* l%terature o( the late (%(teenth an. earl'&%2teenth *entur%e&0 To the >ree7-&/ea7%n+ 1e6& the (all o( Con&tant%no/le 6a& the (%r&t &ta+e %nthe %mm%nent re.em/t%on o( the /eo/le I&rael %n the on+o%n+ battle o( lo+ an. )a+o+ that.%&ru/te. the I&lam%* an. Chr%&t%an 6orl.& o( the (%(teenth *entur'0 Con&tant%no/le %n tra.%t%onal

l%terature 6a& 7no6n a& Roma rabbat%--Roma ma+na he%r to RomeL& tra.%t%onal /ol%*%e& an.att%tu.e& to6ar. the 1e6&0 The &a*7 o( Ne6 Rome then %n l483 6a& %nter/rete. a& the (%r&t hal(o( the me&&%an%* v%&%onK the &e*on. hal( 6a& *om/lete. 6%th the &a*7 o( Rome her&el( %n !8<#0To+ether the t6o meant the en. o( RomeL& .om%nat%on an. *ontr%bute. to the me&&%an%*%nter/retat%on o( the r%&e o( the I&lam%* Em/%re o( the Ottoman&0 Nee.le&& to &a' I&lam%*me&&%an%&m %nter/rete. the *onHue&t o( Con&tant%no/le %n the l%+ht o( %t& o6n r%*h tra.%t%on0

There 6ere more /ra*t%*al *on&eHuen*e& o( the I&lam%* *onHue&t (or the 1e6&0 The h%&tor' o( the>ree7-&/ea7%n+ or Roman%ote *ommun%t%e& 6a& *om/letel' *han+e.0 All o( the >ree7 1e6& o(Thra*e an. )a*e.on%a 6ere u/roote. (rom the%r home& an. re&ettle. b' )ehmet II %nCon&tant%no/le a& /art o( h%& /ol%*' o( rebu%l.%n+ the va*ant *%t'0 A *entral 1e6%&h author%t' 6a&e&tabl%&he. un.er the lea.er&h%/ o( )o&e& Ca/&al% the (%r&t haham ba&% o( the Ottoman Em/%re0Both Ca/&al% an. h%& &u**e&&or El%Jah )%rah% 6ere Cretan&0 The%r ne6-(oun. %n.e/en.en*e (rom

B'ant%ne an. Ortho.o2 *ontrol allo6e. the >ree7 1e6& to e&tabl%&h the ba&%* /attern& (or&ub&eHuent Ottoman 1e6%&h h%&tor'0 =%th the arr%val o( lar+e number& o( S/an%&h an.,ortu+ue&e-&/ea7%n+ %mm%+rant& at the en. o( the (%(teenth *entur' the ten&%on& bet6een thene6*omer& an. ol.er &ettler& %n*rea&e. unt%l 6%th the .eath o( )%rah% the *entral 1e6%&hauthor%t' bro7e .o6n .ue to a number o( %nternal (a*tor&0 The %n&t%tut%on %t&el( lo&t mo&t o( %t&author%t' unt%l the n%neteenth *entur'0 )oreover the >ree7-&/ea7%n+ *ommun%t' %n I&tanbul 6a&nearl' totall' Se/har.a%e.0 Onl' %n E/%ru& Crete an. %n &*attere. /la*e& %n the ,elo/onne&u&an. o**a&%onal %&lan.& .%. >ree7 1e6%&h tra.%t%on& &urv%ve0 St%ll the &tor' o( >ree7-&/ea7%n+Ottoman 1e6r' rema%n& to the /re&ent an untol. &tor'0 =ere %m/ortantl' %t& h%&tor' .ur%n+ the t6otran&%t%onal +enerat%on& (rom !483-!8<# ha& an %m/a*t u/on the h%&tor' o( the >ree7 Ortho.o2*ommun%t' .ur%n+ th%& /er%o. %n /art%*ular the attem/t& o( >enna.%u& S*holar%u& to e&tabl%&h ano6 an. v%able %.ent%t' (or the .e(eate. an. .%&%llu&%one. Ortho.o2 *ommun%t'0

- 48-O((%*er& an. Comm%ttee& o( the B'ant%ne Stu.%e& Con(eren*e

O((%*er& (or !"#$-#",re&%.ent: )ar+aret Fraer ?%&tor' o( Art )etro/ol%tan )u&eum o( Art Ne6 Yor7 !<$%*e-,re&%.ent: Anthon' Cutler ?%&tor' o( Art ,enn&'lvan%a State Un%ver&%t' Un%ver&%t' ,ar7!$<Se*retar'-Trea&urer: Dav%. B0 Evan& Theolo+' St0 1ohnL& Un%ver&%t' e6 >ar.en& N0Y0 !!4!8

7/21/2019 1978


>overn%n+ Boar.

To &erve unt%l the !"$! Con(eren*e: Alan Cameron ?%&tor'K Columb%a Un%ver&%t'5>ar' %7an ?%&tor' o( ArtK D0O05T%moth' E0 >re+or' ?%&tor'K Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'5Slobo.an urV%W ?%&tor' o( ArtK Un%ver&%t' o( Ill%no%&5

To &erve unt%l the !"$ Con(eren*e:Dav%. B0 Evan& Theolo+'K St0 1ohnL& Un%ver&%t'5)ar+aret Fraer ?%&tor' o( ArtK )etro/ol%tan )u&eum o( Art5>eor+e )aJe&7a ?%&tor'K Un%ver&%t' o( )ar'lan.5)%loX el%m%rov%W )u&%*olo+'K Un%ver&%t' o( %r+%n%a5

To &erve unt%l the !"#" Con(eren*e: Annemar%e =e'l Carr ?%&tor' o( ArtK Southern )etho.%&t Un%ver&%t'5=alter E0 ae+% 1r0 ?%&tor'K Un%ver&%t' o( Ch%*a+o5

Al%*e-)ar' Talbot ?%&tor'K D0O05Dav%. ?0 =r%+ht ?%&tor' o( ArtK Un%ver&%t' o( Cal%(orn%a Ber7ele'5

To &erve unt%l the !"#$ Con(eren*e:1ohn =0 Bar7er ?%&tor'K Un%ver&%t' o( =%&*on&%n5

Anthon' Cutler ?%&tor' o( ArtK ,enn&'lvan%a State Un%ver&%t'5Nan*' evVen7o ?%&tor' o( ArtK Cambr%.+e )a&&a*hu&ett&5S/ero& r'on%& ?%&tor'K Un%ver&%t' o( Cal%(orn%a @o& An+ele&5

,ro+ram Comm%ttee (or the !"#$ Con(eren*e: Annemar%e =e'l Carr Southern )etho.%&t Un%ver&%t'5Roberta Che&tnut Emor' Un%ver&%t'5>eor+e T0 Denn%& S010 Cathol%* Un%ver&%t'5Ilene For&'th Un%ver&%t' o( )%*h%+an5>ar' %7an Dumbarton Oa7&5T%moth' E0 >re+or' Oh%o State Un%ver&%t'5 Cha%r

@o*al Arran+ement& (or the !"#$ Con(eren*e:Ilene For&'th1ohn 0A0 F%ne 1r0 Cha%r

- 4 -

In.e2 o( S/ea7er&

Abraham&e D0 .eF0: ,re-I*ono*la&t%* )ona&ter%e& /0

Barne& T0D0: Eu&eb%u& an. Con&tant%ne /03

Ba'le&& =0N0: >ermanu& at Ant%o*h /03#Ber+man R0B0: Amal(%L& B'ant%ne Conne*t%on: Art %n Conte2t /038

B%&ho/ 10: ,a/al ?%&tor%o+ra/h' an. ,a/al ,ol%t%*& /0!

Bo6man S0: !483 %n 1e6%&h Tra.%t%on /043

Cave 10A0: The Ar*ha%* >rou/ o( =all ,a%nt%n+& %n Ca//a.o*%a /03<

7/21/2019 1978


Clover F0: 4# Be(ore 4# /04

Clu*a& @0)0: The Fate o( ,h%lo&o/h' an. Theolo+' %n B'ant%um /04<

urV%W S0: The Ar*h%te*tural S%+n%(%*an*e o( the ?%lan.ar athol%7on /0!4

Cutler A0: ?unt%n+ Ivor%e& an. ?unt%n+ )o&a%*& /0 <!

Dav%&-=e'er C0: Roman )o&a%*& /0 4

Du((' 10: >ree7 Fra+ment& o( 1ohn o( Ale2an.r%a /0!3

Evan& 10A0S0: The De Ae.%(%*%%& o( ,ro*o/%u& a& ,ane+'r%* /0"

F%&her E0A0: Ele+ant%&&%me: >ree7 Tran&lat%on St'le /0$

?anala6alt E0A0: B'ant%um: the Norman %e6 /0 #

?ohl(el.er R0@0: )ar*%an an. Att%la: A Re-a&&e&&ment o( Im/er%al ,ol%*' /03"

?olum 0>0: The Tr%er Ivor' A.ventu& I*ono+ra/h' an. St0 Steven /0<4

alavreou-)a2e%ner I0: The notte. Column /03!

ava.a& D-E0: =e&tern %e6& o( B'ant%ne )u&%* %n the !$th Centur' /0!<

le%nbauer =0E0: I.ent%(%*at%on o( the Orant F%+ure& %n The&&alon%7% /0<<

on.oleon C0: An O/en6or7 >ol. Cu/ /0<

@%ttle6oo. A0R0: A B'ant%ne Oa7 an. %t& Cla&&%*al A*orn /0"

)a*omber =0: B'ant%ne ?ol.%n+& o( the ?%ll )ona&t%* )anu&*r%/t @%brar' /0!

)a+u%re ?0K The E7/hra&%& o( S/r%n+ %n B'ant%ne Art /0<8

)ateJ%W )0: ?%lan.ar Co.e2 <"<: An Unu&ual )art'rolo+%on /0!"

)ath%&en R0=0: Av%tu& )ar*%an an. D%/loma*' %n A0D0 488-48 /03$

)e+a6 A0?0S0: A Ne6 Ba&%l%*a 6%th Tre(o%l San*tuar' /0<

)%ller D0?0: The $th Centur' ,a/a*': ,ol%t%*al Theor' /0!

)%t*hell 10: The >o&/el& o( St0 Au+u&t%ne an. ,a%nt%n+ %n Rome /0<

O&borne 10: B'ant%ne In(luen*e on Roman ,a%nt%n+ /03,atter&on 10: The ,ala*e o( the @a&*ar%.& at N'm/haeum /0 34

,o/e R0: 1ourne' o( Our Father A+a/%u& to ,ara.%&e /0!"

,o/ov%W @0: The ?%lan.ar Cameo& /0!#

Rob%n&on D0F0: The ?%lan.ar ,roJe*t to Date /0!$

7/21/2019 1978


S*arborou+h 10: Some Sour*e& an. ,roblem %n B'ant%ne )e.%*%ne /0!3

S*h6art E0C0: ,a%nte. ,%*ture& o( ,%*ture& /033

Stavra7a& S0: Eunu*h& .ur%n+ the )%..le B'ant%ne ,er%o. /0<$

Str%Vev%W >0: The Tra/ea o( Ch%lan.er% /0!8

Talbot A-)0: The ,o&thumou& Cult o( the ,atr%ar*h Ana&tha&%u& I /04!

Toul%ato&-Ban7er D0: The A&mat%7o& Orthro& /0!!

Trea.+ol. =0T0: The Chronolo+%*al A**ura*' o( S'meon the @o+othete /0<"

%7an >o: The Tr%er Ivor' A.ventu& I*ono+ra/h' an. St0 Ste/hen /0<4

=ortle' 10: @e+en.& o( N%*e/horu& I& Bul+ar%an E2/e.%t%on o( $!! /0<"

=on%a7 F0E0: The ?%atu& %n the Creat%on o( the Bal7an Theme& /0<#

Documents

1978