FOLKWAYS RECORDS Album No. FC 5536 ©1972 Folkways Records & Service Corp . . 632 Broadway N. Y. c. , USA

... but the women rose vol. 1 Compiled by Susan Kempler and Doreen Rappaport

The past few years have seen an emergence of interest and focus on

"rediscovering the yoman" and her role in .american li.fe. Intergrating

yomen into the study of American history is a long time in coming. The

- made 1mportant and lasting contributions in their occupations and/or

commitments to American life

- were often the firsts in their field

scope and depth of women's thoughts, accomplishments and influences are

little known, and in many instances, have totally been ignored. Many

conflicted, by their choice of occupation or commitment, with the

projected image of yomen in their historical time

American yomen were intellectual equals and close f niends of well-known - dealt with the vital issues of their time that are relevant to any

men of their historical time - sharing, debating, and working together

on the vital issues of their day.

comprehensive and cohesive study of American history.

These tvo volumes are only a first step in attempting to give a more acc- They represent only a fraction of the many American women whose intellect,

urate, comprehensive picture of American history by includi.ng the "for- philosophy and work affected and contributed to the course of American

gotten woman." The women chose for this series:

~.

Anna Howard Shaw, 1847-1919 , gr e w up in the backwoods of Michigan. The mpmo rips of pio nper hardships npvp r left he r . She became a preache r and then a physle iaTi. He r in te rpst anrl activity in the Women ' s Chris tian Te mpprence Union was her intr oduc Lio n t o the s llf'f'rar,e mo ve ment. She wa s o np o f its [: r pat o rat.o r s . In .I'iC'/, s he bec ame thp pres ide nt o f thp Nat i o na 1 Ame l'lean Woman Suf'fraf:e Assoc ia tio n .

Dr . Shaw speaks of her work with prost itutes in he r early c arpe rs as a preac he r and the n as a doctor:

When I starte d o ut. in .Iifp ••. I made li p my mind that I wou] d become a miss iona r y and wou] d r:o t o the wo rne n who, mo r e than o thers , nped friends and ye t s urfp r tllP g r·eat.­es t ahusps. So I stud i ed theo l ogy and, when I ,' radllal.ed , thinking I kne w sompthinr~ about what I had unde r· l.akp n , I attempted to help the homeless a nd the l'o r s ak0 11 and til !' bet raye d women o f the commlill il.y . In a 1 i t1.]p wh i.l p t found t.h at. I had no thing t o r, i vp I.ha t. I.hpy want.po , :md I a.l so found ou t t hat, a ll.ho ul:h I 1a,,,W SOWf' I.h ir 1l:

hletory.

about the010r,y, I k:!1p w ve ry Littl e about human be ines ... ('or I 1 earnpd t hat it i s use less to talk v irtue t o a starving g irl .. . I l oo kpd around . • • a nd fo und tha I. I cOllld do prac t.ica Lly J llLl €' . " But," I tliour-ht , "thf' !'" i s OliP woman who tloes uo some lJl iJl I; , and that in a doctor; COf' a womall- doc to r can 1:0 \'0 thpse women wl1(> 11 th py arp s .ic k and S IJf're rl nr~ , and minln tpr to I.hPHl and hrinl~ th0 11l 30111(>

sort 0 1' r pli.,., f alld I'oml'o rt.." So I wpnt hac k \'0 sc hoo l and studi('d lIIedic in.·· a ll" ·I.oo k roy dp/: r e" , alld a r,a in wpnt down int.o thf' hy- way s to ] iV0 and t o wo rk ,,"rl Ilnl'eas ing 1 ~

tr if'd t o do som" t h i rw to be h!'lpful . At tl1(' (' no 0 ('

t.hree years [ ,'avp IIp in u ttp r des pa ir . Thp s anlp dpG r pra t.e proDl prn" t.ha I. had I'ac"" ,,11. nth" r wo rke r s in s u(' h 1 in"s raced Ille aLso • •. "Wha t j s needf'd firs t. o r al l fu r t.hp. sp poo r ,~ ir1 8 i s SQmf-' ral. i o lln l sa1.iRf'acl io n fo r L1IPir human naturp ; what t he y I1ped i s e rnpLoy)"pnt 'Ind f' r conditio ns wl lie h s hall not c ru s h 0 111. alld al.ru rhy aU t hei r na tura L hllma n o('mands ; wha t iR ne~ d('d i s a I'a ir chance fo r (":-le h - a fair day ' fi wagr> ("o r a fa ir day ' ;, wo rk. " ... I h0 11p vp no mu c h ill WOrTlp.n ' s w(l rkill t; . .. [ hpj i.e vpd It,,'n , in wo rk, hut unde r <!u ndit. io ll" til a l. l eft the wu rke r hllnlan af't£' r I.hf' day ' " I.o i l wail dOll(' ..• I b"jjp v"o t.ha t. wo rkin," WOol"''' " ho uld h .,vp ill l i l'p t.hi s

human sat i" I'a~ t io n . .. Th is i R why , t.h(, 11 'lS no w, 1 wan t.pd t o do my s harf' 1.0 s pe t hat. ot.he r t olle r s r,o t all equal day ' s pay fo r a n equ'l l day i d wo rk r el:ard]ess 0 1' whethpr t.hpy w" r C' 111"11 o r wornf' II. But. .• . 1 found that. women a J'e a hr:,nd ,," :<px - and I saw t.ha l., so 10nl: a s women a r C' hrande d as t.he inl'f'rio r se x, and mpn 'l r e di s Lingu is he d :u; I.hf' s upe I' io r se x, the r p I s no hope in th£' lIB r ke to r thp wOI'l d 0 1' an eq ll a l day ' s pay fo r an eqllal day ' s 'Ko rk; th"rf' i s no fai r ellanee anywhere , unUl th :,1. s Lir:"' '' i s r emo vf""d wh tell dpc J a rf'S wo mpll a ll ill fp r lo r se-x ill thp bu s i nf's!i 0 1' l i. f'e .

Band 2 .

Thp bit.te r h 'lttlf' OV0 r a NY St.ate anlf'ndmf'nt. r; ranl.inr. WOOlf''' the vo \,p was wo n by the s u r frar, is I.e: i n 1' 1] 'I . Car rie Cllapmf' n Ca tt a dd r essed t.he Co" ,; r f'ss o r t.h£' Un i tf'd S t.a I."s :

Woman s u ['('rae0 i s inevitabl e . Suffrag is t s 1a,P W [1,

befor e Novpmb('r 6 , 1917; o rponents al't"rwaro. d i"t inc t causf'S make it, Inev i table .

• •• '1'111 ' hL: ; l u r '{ (Jr {JU t' cuulItry • • • Til, ' AlIIf' rLe an :i, ' '1(du l h . rli~ L:; i.ul dl,Y proc la.i.Jue d LI lt ' fle r0::; i P!: :

" '1':0: '11 it" l WiUu dl1. rpl ' l' C'~a~ HLat.Lon i :: l.y r i.1 111l,v ." " ('",) Ve rlUlI(' II L:; Je rlVf' their ,j llSt PUWPl':J !'ru lI l the eU II ~]" lIt

u f' the I;UW'l'ne d ."

Eiy ht y Y0<l1'!) ut't.(' r tilE:' Hf>vc. lutio l! Ahr'a,hiUlI Li.t l':Ll lll

N ... · l dr'J thuse l 'NO mIl>: ifll :.J illl.o a npw O ft( ' :

U(h.tr:3 lS <l / ~ov(> rrul lt:"lIt o f t he })f'( IPI 0 , uy t.hf' p(>oplp ,,"J 10u p Lllr. p(·ople ."

it'Ly ,v,-·ar ::..: lIIurf' pus:::ed a llu ••• Wuod t'v w Wil !;{ 'll ••. i, r"daillie d 1.0 t.i' E' w(JrJd:

"W(' :-trp rl l~ htl l ll' fu r UIP UtioHI ;!"; which wp Ilav , - .-:t1 W': I,Y:;

t!ut'rif' rJ ne u t'(>!; 1. u ur' !J(' a,'1. t.: - fur (j"" I1.. ," r 1h',Y, " ( 0)'

tile rio j~hL o r UIO:-iP whu t: IJuwi\, t.u : wUlu l' lL,Y to havp U vu i e e in thA t !' O Wl! I~OVe f"UII"lrl o ,"

.. • Howeve r' :..; Lllp iul.y (H I 1" t:Ul lllt r .v 'BUY t Hl VP f'vadpd Lhf' lu,- i c al appl ieat.lon ttl tLHlP!;; it "~t ::; I I('v,' r' ~; W f' I~ Vf"d t'nJlII its devoti.on Lo tt lf" Ltlcv r y ( l r u C' llIue r acy a:; ( ' y.pr. ' ~:.;c' d hy Lhose t wo ax.ioms .

The Logic oC Lhe SiLuation Calls Cor Iilu«cd i at.e Ac Lioll

•. • The CiiSP a {:aills t womall :.,; ut'r!'a !~(' , e ar'C' t'uLl y P!vpc.H'f'd by t.he cOlJJb i IJ C'd wi t , :; kill anu w i :::: uuHI (J t' OPPOflP lll. :..; ••• du rinl: s ixty ypu r~ J ll w..i been e.lo:.;pu . Tlip ,jll l 'y lit' Ul i"

Ne w Yu rk el.ectoratE" heard it. all , we iJ : hl~ d 1.11" ('v illl ' ll l!£" and prono lillced i t " ill(,OllJpctent, irrpl('v<l nl Wid .i.JlUlJat.f' l'iuJ . "

III con(!1.u~ iOIl, Wf;' Ial0w, alld y u u klJ() W UIH t. Wf' kJlo w, I tta l i L has vee n t he a im 0 [' both dOlllillanL p,iloLip:; l0 po" 1.1'0 11" woman !:l uJ't'ra l~f" .:18 lOll/ { a!] posslbJe • • • Ult ' pU l' l..Y IIla (; h i n(\ ~; Jia ve e vade d, avoidpu, trit: kpJ a lld huf't'et.('d Li ll:': q up~ l,io t' ll f r ow Cll l l t: re~w Lu Lto-,;isl a Lures t o po l it. i.c a I , ' (IIIV('11 t. i,llll,; . [ CO Jlt'f'~iS Lu .You Ula L mall'y o t' U:;) l Javt' <1 dl'ep ~U Hj ;ddJ iJlJ~ dit.:t. rust. u t' ali ('xi.st illl ~ po l iLicu l pu rLie:; - Liu 'y Ilavt' t. r' l c ked us so o rten and ill uu t; 11 UII~:( :l'lIfJll10U ~ t'a!;h i ull L/IHt. nul' do uhL:...: a r e natura l . Some u J' you a['f' l("1(j('I ';'

or those par'Lip ::; and ~Il a r p lJIeIlIUP ('S . Your p<1rt.i (">!: Wt ....

:ti !:l CI kn()w I lHvt' OJ dl[, t r us t and :..; u S pt~ itl ll 0 1' I Ii' W W(JW0 11

vCJt.f> J's . Let w; cuul1se ] Lol;e Lllc r' . WlJ lIl:J.JI :owrJ"r'uge i.s illC'v il.a bl (> - yuu kllow it . Tlee po l il.kuJ p;;rt.i" :i will , ~o 0 11 - W(' kno w it ~ Shall we U IPII lJf' (' ue llli f'! ; U I'

I'r' i e nJ ::;'!

l ~ ' JlL.l (' llJt-:> rl, WI' he reby petjtio ll you, o ur u nly lie:;i., ;lIat.ed "C'pr'e !:i t--' ll Lat l vps , to r edres:;) ou r grip vaJl('Pt-; hy !.I 110'

inull( ' d i a Lt", ~li.l: ':·;age of tile Fe-de l'al Su t','ra,~e AmC I\dllll'n L u l ld Lv usc' yU LJ l ' influe nce to scc llr'p it.,s r'atiJ'ient.i(Jll in yuu r U Wl! !": La I.e , ill u rd e r tlla t. 1.11(' women o f 01 1 r II " l.iun ma.v Ill' e ndowed with poJ itlt:aJ f r eedo f(( be f u l'e Lh" nex t p r es idential election, and thaL ou r natiun may r e:; lUlle U s wo r ld leader's h i p in de moc racy.

l!l!.lli!....J.

ot.1i tl Jt' Addo urI: : i ~ ; kllUWJI ,'u l' il l ' J' wo rk a!.i !,;lJ t ~ ial wo rkt.' r, 1'(>111 111 i;; 1. ' Iw l lo:t(' i l' i.. : t. . S ill ' j'( llIl ld(l<i Ilu J I II, 11 :">1' ill I. :i~' ' . 3j l~ wa: : Lh" l'i r ::L vi ( 'l"- p r"sld~ JlI l l' Lhf' Nat i l... l lI;JI AW('> l'i<' "lIl We'JIl;}1I ;;UI'f'I'.:.t ,'f" A: ::,;vl' jut.itJll . Mis:i Addalll,; ' wlJ r k ill Iht' Jl( ': !.o" JJlLIV l ~ IfI/ " I L l r:d t o 11(' 1' IY 'l ; ( ' iv LI W til( ' n( )I I ( " P. o;t('" Pri. :(' in I ".U .

Jail(' Add am:..; (">(jIlUII0 1l!.:-; (1 11 tllf' wo r k tlnd l:()HlllliLJII( ~ nt o l' UU? AJlI('ri can W<dlJ(:'lI towa r d:; pp;tC" (' dllr'iJt ,~ We,rIJ WUI" I :

WII 'y :;lll1UJU LI. I)" ~: lJI'fJt ' l :; Ln l~ t.hut • .!cr' Lalll WUIIIPll ill ('ver'y e(lt"ll ['.'1 II ' t v(> t'r olltH illPd :: I, ' ; IU f'w..; L t.u l.1 J(> Lr () I d (J l!\ :Uf JU L i on (rI' l lllf'!.u ri ll; ' I i 1',,,,,, , l ita l U II'Y huv!' I pnal! i ou:.ly h"I'] t.u t.J 11.. ' Lr' 1l/ \x i u IJ :; . '\ " Il!P l'n -UlaL IJlC' JI SilOll ld l iv0 , L}lrou / ~h a1.1 111( ' e0 tJla, ' i ll ll :uld fI\ : l dllf ' :;!; oJ" U lf' waf' reve r whic h i s in­I'( 'c t il W 1.1 1(" lJul.io ll :"; v i ' 1.1 1(' (oa l'LIi .

The P I"j"UI't. : ~ at. :; piriLlla l adjus Lrrlt. ' l lt lI('ep s::; it.utl~ d by IIIP wa r' a f'(:' tI L tf ' ltJp Lvd lu lIIa ltY peopJ e • •• us [ HIE't. 'tJ IOSP 'NC}l/ I(" 11 who W(' r f' I)f' :t t' i l ll; tll"ir harJ ~; hip :.:; anJ !jo rro ws so c'ullra"f'(IIl :.;ly , t u l'lf"1I l:i tlJ ,:JJt a J~ l illlp:'::('> 0 " a n innf'!' :..:L r u! :I:l. ' , ; t. ; iI' Iw or Lilt ' IJ K '~": t. J'Ulldi.LIllt~ lIt.ul illst inct.s , UI(' tWCl l'p ::pull!i t111 l ' ]'U (' lJU t' ve r',y dev{\lc) pJII(, lIt a~; hWllun IJP illl:'; wC- (,p al. ::.; tril'c> wiLh e:teh (It.l 1(' r . '1'11 (> t"i r'!:)t i ::; t.r i bal Ju,Yalt.y , :.;ueh 11I1' llIe!..it i.u lliIlJ; ul:ceptu lI(!p o j' Lhe LrU lI " ,; 1( '( ' I'a.l:; und ,;l.andard :.; U,al ti le illdividuaJ a uLlJ­lIIuLieall,Y l'i~~ tILs whr' lI the wo r'u COJlJP:':; ; t.he second i t> wOl/laJJ ' s d0f' p('~,;t in:;l.int: l, thai, fll(~ l!hild o r' he r bod'y IInl !: !' br> IIIUti f' Lo I ivI' •• .'fl IP :: II I"" ' I'illl : lHuth C' l' ,; o j' ti ll" rii:,;irulf' t'Lt.C'(j J'P0 l l.hp ct. lr'l'i fJI: (ll

O

L1.f' old i.mJlul :..:p 1..0 prll\,j '(;L und l! i1(' ('i :~ h ttJp ir' IJJ JI 'ur l,lIllutl~ c llil d r'( ' II, alld WOIIK,'II ' S tlGlll 1 t il ll; IlleIII( Jr' i ('0 ill:; t. il ll' t ivC", l.y e llull c'nJ~f' wu r' a~; UI(l' implllt:a l' l e (' I I( ' IIIY oi' L11(' il' a"f' - l()TlI~ IIl1d t' l' :; l.a lld il li~ .

all 1.1,, 0 WI '01,' I a!ll '1uiL" i,wl ill" d 1.0 al : I'(,(, wi l.l , ChC':;tcr t.o l WI H?I. th' W['u Lf', IIMall'y p( ~0 " l('> haw ' .i.lIIa , ~ illt'U Lhnl i'f' nJtn i nc P(" il.i ~ ' !..i wpl/ld lu ' Il J,"' r {' l .v (l i t(' iJ'i:;t ( I r~ tIUJw-jf1itariafJ o r ~:;l· n L iJII0 I1Lal. . " T11e ('(> al di ll WP l' o f' /'c mi nin(.> po lit-leG i s Lou IIlllt; 11 oj' 11I~ f;c 'll l ill f' Pt,/ i l ' ,Y .

Hand I • •

Mr s . Mnr,Y Ilarri::: ,/O rll':: , I" ", t. V, t' k.1Iown a~; t.JcJ t.1te r J u ne !> , 1 ivpd f' J'Ld ll I ({ J) l.CI J J J J . Sht-~ dLd lI t d , bf-l l! o Jllf' ;I(:t. i ve in IIlIio n UI'I 'all L:t. ill /: 1III I. i l til" /,oo; '/U ' :; .IIIU .~U I : ; . Mc. I Llu ' I" J lJ llt ' [; wu I'k, ' d , aL l' ie::I. , I'u!' Lhe Klli ! ~ht. :; ( ,/' L<tI Hl! ' auu laLl ' r' !J{ ' l' CUIIt.: .. ij !';ulJiI iat' :..: i /:h1. ill I.hf' eCta l Lu wf JS ur' Pi' IU 1:...:ylvtiIlL:t , W("~;L Vil'l~ lJJia allJ Co lorad(" (J q ~ unl:t. i ll l ·

I'or LhE' United Mine Wo rkcrs . Shr. "011L in(Jed Lu be all ul'Live a nd d C! l.'ianL WOlllall wplJ inl o I,(' r ninptien .

[ 1\ it('r atl I.o ll i o/r ea p l l.Y , :-;11(' Lf' J 1:..: al J(1 11 t. O I l! .... () [' It l' r ex ­

pc rLp ltc (' !": 111 I ' (J(J , u PJ;uIJi2 illi: iJ1 UH ' Pc-1U1syl vania coal regio n:

In ArnoL , Pp. lUwyJvall i H, a s l.rike had uE'(' n , ~o irw 0 11 r o ur o r ,'lve mo nths . Thp me n we r !? l.JccominJ: d i s co uraged •••

2

[ h.' I d i l /IJ('P t. i.1I1'. I L was no t as lat'!:e :..t /j H t.1Il! r LII, ' i.I :J

thu,;, ' W(' 1t, l tI iat.Pl' but. I !:it ir r ed Lip thp poo r w[,p tehf' S 1.11111. did t ' O IIlP .

II '(0 11 I VI ' ,'(d t.o L;J kp 1.1i(l' pI e d ,je , II I :..;a ili • Il l-Use anu pl ed ,: .. 1.(, ,;tkk 1.0 ,t'Jur broLhf' r s anJ the uniull till U,e .: l.r'Lki " t; WUfI ~ II

Till' 11 1(>11 , ;I 'lIlonpd the ir f'p.et buL Lhe Wun'l' n I'(o ~ '> , Lhp ir !Jal, l . ' :; in Lh(' ir ;:u'IIl:"; , alld plp. dt~e J UIl 'lIIsp lves t o see t.hat (III Oil" Wf"' lIl. t o wo r k i n UH.,' JltUrniII I ~ .

(Th(' ,) , 'c ,'e tal'y ur t.lre Apno t Unio n, a yO LJn ,~ buy ) t oo k mE' up t.o t.hp 1J!Ll tHI Lalli t·.J a lJIiller' s 1Io\J se .

Early i ll Lhe IIIo mi",: h i s wire rosr. 1.o keoe p Lhe c h ildre n ' luif'L, r'o t hat I IIIi,'IlL s lp{?p a liLUe late r as I wa s vp r y I. ired . AI. " i J' lr t u ' c l oc k s ire ( "WI!? inLo fI\Y r oom c r'ylrw, " rvbt.hp r' , a r p 'you a wake ?" " Yp s , I am awake . " We' ll, ,you 11 11' ::;1. 1;(oL up . 'J1 le s he ri fI' i s he r e t o puL U:i (Ju i COl' kec pin" yuu . This hu use hf']ongs t o the Cumpany .11

TIIP Cam.il y ,~" Lllp rp d up all Lhei r pa r thy helongings , wh i e h We r e f( I t. mu ch, Loo k down Ll-Je ho l,Y pic tu r e:; , and pul Lh .. II , i n a wa , ~o n, and thE'Y with alJ Ll,e ir ne i~hburs wpnl t o lhe mr.ct ing . The s i ghL o f Lhat wa, 'on wiLh the ;; I.kk:.; o f furniLure and the holy pictures and Lhe c h ildrp.n , wi t h U,e fa Lhe r and mothe r a nd myself wal king ah)n, ' Lh r ough thp s t r p!, Ls tu rned the tide. It made Lhe IIJ" " su angry Lh u I. they dec ide d not to t~O back that IlJo pn i lw Lo t ile III ilJen , Ins t ead they c ame 1.0 LhE' lIlee ting whe r E' LhE'Y d E' Lel'mif(ed no t t o g ive up Lhe s trike until Lhe y had wo n the vic t.ory •

The n IJle cumparw t.r ie J to b r ing i n scabs. I L(lld the men t.o " t. .. y hOllle wi Lll lhe c hildren Co r a c hange and l L the wOlllp n atte nd to the sc abs . [ o r t:anb:e d an arllW o r wUIIIp n Iro use keepe r s . On a g ive n day they wp r e Li ' l l l" ln/; tJlf' tr IJ lOp:"; and brooms and II LJ If' a.rmy " wOllld

o

dlUr'j ;e 'till' Bl! ah:..; up at Lhe wines . The l~e lle ral ma nager , l.lCl' " he rirC and Lire co rpo r at i o n hi re lings he a rd of' uu p planG a nd w(' r e tm il allu . The day came and women c ame wi Lh Lile IlJupS and uroolll" and pails o f wate r.

I d(' c idf'd not 1.( , I~O up 1.0 l h e Dr ip Mouth mysp ] r, ['o r I Ime w U,e ,Y wOll ol d a rpes l fl1(> a nd Lhat might r o uL LhE' a PIIl,Y. [ :;p lpct('ci as Llll' l.pacier an Irish woman ,.oho Jlau a IIlUS t

p i l' Lure G'I uP appearance . She had sle p t late and he r hu:;iEu lld had LuJ d hE' r Lo hur Py up and ,~e L in t.o t he a rmy . Shc' had ,: r ab hpd a red pe tticoaL a nd s lipped iL ove r a Lhic k co H o n ni,:ht, :0WIl . She wo r e a bloa c k s Loc king and u while o ne . S he had Lie d a litLle r ed fringed s h a wl o vp p IIp r w iJ d r ed hair . He r l'a..:e wa s r ed and he r e yes wp re mad . I luo ked at her and felt thaL she woul J raise a r lUllpW.i .

sa id, " You 1 cad Lhe a rmy up to the Drip Mouth . Take I.hat Lin dis hpall you ha ve wi th you and youP h anulIe r , and whe n Lhe scab:; a nd the mules come up, begin t o

h,unmer and ho wL . Thpn a ll of you hanune r and ho wl ana be I'~arly 1.0 c hn"" I.hp. sc ahs wit.h you r mops and brooms . DOII ' t. hp a f'raid o f' ar\yonp . '1

Up t.hn mo unl 'lin s ide, ye lllnl: and hoI Ie riTlJ:, s hp. l eel I.he wome n, " lid whe n t he mules Callln up with thr "c fl IK; and t.hp eoa l, sh" bef,an bea tinr: o n thp d is hp'l.n and holl r r i nr: a nd aJl t h(' anny ,joineu in with hf' r. Th" ,; 11''' ri ['I' l.npJlrd hp r o n thp s ho lll dp r .

"MY cif" ar l ady , " sa id h~ , " rf'membf' r t.hf' rnuI0 :; ~ Ixm' I

f'r l ,'h Lp n them."

Shr Loo k tI,r o j rl t in pan a nd " h" hit h Lno wi t.1I it. WId s h r> hoJ l r r f' d . " T(l 1i1"'11 w ith 'yOU ;.'inti Lhp mul"" s ~ "

II" fp ] 1 ovrr 'lTId c1 r o r p('d Ln1.(. t.hp c r rp k. ThNI t.hr 111\11(,8 bpI:: tn I, ~l r"'~ h(ll ;-1J'11 inr; t ::crlhh iru : . Tl1 r,V hll t' k~rI

"nd kl" k"d l.il r :;calJ d ri vr r s a nd s l,a r l.('d of I' fo r 1.11" hn rn . Ttl" :;(!;lb ~; :i t.nrtrU runn inJ~ do wn hil l, fcd I (l w(·d b.y thp a!'lr\Y ( I I' wo mPfI wi l,h I.hrir mo ps ann pall s alld LJrooUls .

TI1e r (' wa r. a vrf'nt hi ,' doct.o r i.n t hF" c r owd, n ('( )rl lpany lap dOl: , tiP had Ii J i I, Up s a t.c he 1 in hi" hand a nd hp s airl t.o ml? , impudent. l ikp , "Mrs . J O ll"' S , .[ hav"" a wA. rrant. f o r' YOll ." " AJ l ri~ht, II !Ja id I, kpf' p it in your p ill I"w ulltil I "OmP J'o r it. r 'lllI ,~u i~ to ho ld a UJf' , ... t. irw rlo w . "

From tha t day 0 11 the womell ke p t con ti nual W(l t.e;}, o j' thr min",; to SP" that thp company did no t bri.nr. In scabs . EVf"r'y day wompn with brooms o r mo p::; ill (lne hand and bah ips in th" othe r arm wrappP.d in Ii 1,1. k bl anknt" , w"'l l. 1.0 thf' mines and watc hpd thflt no OIIP wr nt ill . Anrl al l I l.i f~ ht l o nr, t.hf'Y kep I, wakh . Thr 'y wprr hp r o i c womrn. In t,h" lorw 'yrar s to eon ... thf' lIat ion will. pa'y 1.11 pm hi,' 1t I.ri but.p fo r t h"'y wp r" J'i1 ~ lo linf~ 1'0 1' thr adv a ncr menl. o f' a g reat countr'y ,

Enuna \00 Jdman was a l ca<.lL rlJ~ Ame rica n 'marc hi" t a r ound I.hp til rn c,t ' UIP .>() !.II c e n tury .

IIp re , "hr s pra ks o u t o n ttlP i"s lIe o f womnn s u ffI'af:p :

. . . I run not o ppo,;pd t o womall s u ff' ra,:e o n t he ('o nvr nlio llal I: ro\lnd t hai. s it!" i s no l, pq ual to i t , I "pr IIr it.hf' r ph,Ysiea J , psye hol(lJ ~ ica L , nor me ntal r pa!;ons why woman r; hould not havr t lte eq uaJ ril:hL to vo t.p with man . nut thaI. " anno t possilJl..v blind mr 1.0 th" [l h:; lI r <l no U ,.n tll"l. woma ll wlJ I ,wcompl i r, h t haI. whr!,pin mall II a:; ffli It' d .

'IlIP Amf' rica n s uCfral:e mo ve me nt. has hrpn , until vp ry r E'ce nUy, a J tor~I" 1.hf' r a parlo r affair, nb:;o lutt' l .y d(' l.a c llpd f rom I.h" f'co nomic lIpeds o r thp pp(>p lp . Thll S SII""" H. An I.hOlW , 1I0 douht an pxce ptio llaI typt' " I' womall, wa" no L onl y indil're rf' n L bllt a ll tal:onis lic 1.0 l a bo r; .. . in WU' , s he advisrd WO lIlPn t o t a k.e t he plaC'e :, (d ' st. l · ikinJ ~ prinV' r :.:; [n Nf' w Yo rk • . •

The r e a r e , of cou rse , some s uff r a r. i sts who a r e a Cfllial.pcl witlt wo rkin, : womf'n , . ,but thp.v arf' a s malJ lIIino r ity, nnd Ulf"' i r :=tC'tivilipr, art=' ,C' nspnti:llL.y f'et)n(lrnic . Thf' rr' :'1. ! t"'ln k lI P' ''1 tnil 01:-:: a ,i lJ r;l p rov i fji.U H nl' Pro viti0nrp. .

" P W couni-ri0!) have pro dll cfl d s uc h arrol:anCI? and :; nobhi::ih ­IIPSG :l:. NflP l'i(' a . Particu lar ly is thi s lrup o r lJ lf" I\JI II~ ri": llI Wl ~man cd' tl lf'" rniddl~ cl a ss . Gh('\ not. u n.ly con­n idpr':: I lr> I ' :;' ~ lr til ,.... " ' 1":11 Il!' 1Il .q1l. 111 11. h i :~ ::IIJ 1('\ ['il ' r, (':j ­

,1('\ " iall,"" i ll ilr!' f l\!r'i l:l, IT'ud u 0 ;;s , : lI ld ntl l r .: !1 it.v . Small 'M t !1 ' lf:> I' t.hat. ttl,.. I\.rnf" I' i r· '1I 1 ;' 1If'l'r'a l 'i ~t. v lairm: fo r h(' r vot.p Ulf' lIlos t. mi,r :H'tl/ o ll [; p(lwp r :: . [ ,I h"~ !' f:> xal I,.. rl cunc'p it r: I I" tillf' :: I ll", !,('0 ho w t. r ul y f' 1J:;Jav,...d ~; h l' it , 110 1. ::;0 HIllc h hy IIF lIl, :1:, by tiP r O 'NII :; iJl,v flU t . ion~ Hlld Lr:1c1 i t ion:: • [;ll l'l' r ;w p r'aJln,,!' :uTl('l itH'a1.f' t.I1:1t. :;:'I d r :-ll' l : j t ('n il u lIl ,v i.H' ,' C' ntUA. t"... Lt., w ; illd ,...,... d it, do(',s .

1l0 r Vi0W ~, 0 11 woman ' :.: "rH:lIll! ipnt.iOIl w"' r 0 cO lllrcllJcrr: inJ l 'll I' i lf'r t. Lm'" :

Th(' ,~ rpn1. mo w'me nt. o f' irue ("lIlanr.! ip<1 tio li ha;; n0 t. 1II!?t. wi th a ,'rra t. ['U"" n l' W( IfIIf' n wllo (' (J ill d l oo k 'I ihf' rt.y in the r rl('P . Th0 it' narro w, Ptlril.nni('ClI v i ~ i o n hani;. h0d

man, a :: :1 d i~;tu rh" r ; tnd d(lul d .!'ul ldHlra(' I.£ ' T', (lut. o r t l ll"'ir PIIIO t.io n:-l1 lif'(> •. • /lut woma n ' :: t' r f'f' dom i !.:i e l (I!~(' l y

<11 Ii(' .) w illi ma Ti ' ;; I'r(" f'dolll, HIIlJ man,Y u f III,.." !:.:c '- f' :,U l pd n !llan(~ ipA.1.f'd :l i :-: 1.f' r s 5("f' 111 to o Vf"rl oo k !.Il" fu e l. tiwl a c lilld bo rn in f'rr"do m IIprds l.hl' l o vl" a nd dp vo tlo n o f C' :,wh truman bf' in!; abo u t. I I iJn, lUa li as Wf" I j as woman . IJIll'o r'tunatC' I y , it i: ; t.lli !:; narr'o w conr;p p I.io n o r Illunan r (' l a t.lun:: I.h,,!. lIa :; b ro lll 'h i. "ha ll I. ' I f~ rl""t. I,r :w t'd'y 111 t.hf' 1 ivp:.; 0 1' U lf' mu df' r n man and wom:U l .

lIistor y lpll s " " I.hat r v('r.y oppres sed cIa"" r!a ined trup llb"ra t io n i'rt>1ll i l s mastp r s throuf:h i l s own e fCo rt:> . r I. Is I1r' :('ssary t h"t W( 'Ill '!n J pa m t ha t lrs:;UII, tha L s lip r r al izp that he r frt'(' t!o lll will rrac h Hf; fa r fin h f" f' po wn r 1.0 ar.hinvC' hf' r I'rr("dolll t'f' achf's . ••

nand 0 .

[Xl ro lhy Day i:: I.hp 1I0t.r ri co- fo und .... r· wit.h !'Pt.P Maurin l ' t' t h f' pC' rson:)li ~: t.-ra r iJ'i ;, 1. Cu t.hoj i t' Wo rkf't~ UlOvC'IIIf-:' nt . Hf"" ['o r r II(" r ('()f1vf'r:; i o n t.n Ca t.ho Ji c i s m in 1.1,(, rn id-J IJ .. !'O I ;: , :: 111' dal .b lpd i n Ic fl .i ,, 1. politi<!,; a lit! ,j(, in(' d t hr I.W. W.:

•• • [ h ad it ~~ l, rall g'" and IIl1rr frJ~" t.t.aLII( ' f'x J1f' l· i( ' llc'f', a s hoe kiJlr. rXrrriC'lw P , hui- u n C' whi r l! I would no l. ha vp dO llr wiUu lllt.. [w:u.; arTPs tpd a , ~ :)i. n, atru t.hi r: lilllP Ililcif' r qU tt.('" clirr""r'(' nl. \ · irl' llJII s t.aflt' t ~ ~: I'rt ' lJI t.hllt:f"" ttl Wa ::1r irwtoll fj(l rnr Yf'n r s he f o r" . 11 1"1\ I h:td bre n po rl o j' : 1(1 () ['I ~ ilniL~ "d h(Jd,Y PI' Wo rnf"" n PI' al I rtJ :f'[; and s t.at.iOllG in I lfr ... TII"rr lIad I,, 'p n 1.111 ' F.o l. idrrI'll.Y o f t.h, · J:mup . Nllw [ WilG t.o 11 ;-lvr a :;(I lil.ar,V taslf' 0 1' l hC' ill, iw : l.i('f' , o r' U l(' til ; 1 i nf'Sfj 0 " fTY'n ' !; ,j U G t i c(' , wll i e tl :;(' t. rnp Ilk) r f' SCI"a r~r I ,Y n ll t.1I(> s id(' I l l' t.h0 l"eV(l lutio n .

[L was UI P timP n l' t.h!" " PHlmp r IlP d Ilaid ~ " and that 11[,:11 t. ot' I.p,· t i ve s ra idr'd I.hr r.W. W. 100 I." I a ,; " d l[; ­

()r'( j0 rl ,Y 11l'l l fj(' and arrrostf'd all UI".v f Ullf ll l Ltl/ ' r f' •••

3

Map and r, 11( 1 t. k.Jl(lW il l}' wha t. was happpn inl' J wr r (' .'1 wakp nrd by a pOll lldi r l.t~ tI ll Lhf" door anu U lf' vC l i e0 lI " tilco pu ller .

. •. r h :td o pp nr>d Ult' d"or in fe a r and t r~mh I il ll: and lIad 11 ...... f' n {'o r cf'd t.o d r "':i!) practic ally i n t.hp prp[;(" nC'(' ,- ' f' t.w("'l 0('1.0(' t. iVf'S ] pf' l'in/~ •• • We wp r p thpn f'se o rlpd dc.- Wll t p t.h(" :;t r r f't. VO l'1\r r t.OI;f:'th f' r with srvp r aJ 111""1\ A.nd

I'r' rI' ('d 1.1 > ~'; L R.lld \.t lf' f'P WHi ting f o r a r u l i t! " w:-t l 'ntl wh i r' l! IFl d h"P Ii f~lI nUJk \ ll('>d . We- we r e heinv, a rrps t pd '1:: irunaL" ~:

(d' ,'1 d i r:0 c'd ", r Iy hCHISr:o • • •

... r wa" a vic t.im, 'yes, (If thp r e d h'ys l.r ri a al. t.hr lUll" , hilI. [ wa :: :iI:;l l a v i c t.im o f' nw o wn i.mprudf" n{'{:\ , (II' rr\v ( IWI I r ' ~ l r('l.lf':;::; fI";::; \ 11' " C"n vf' nl.ic' !l . And •• • 0 11 UH' (l1lf' }','11 !'1 ' 1l(, 1~~'

'Nf'rr ttl" I (lOS " me l)"al :; I,unuarrl .s Or ttl" radip: l l:: , I.I H1:;0

:::UIl(' !=; t.a nd ~ lr(h: ('(l IHIf'l IJUlf'd hy Jrnin . All ri 1111 U IP (, tl lf~ r'

Utr'r'C' wa ~: Ul'" wl \ r'ld ' ~ ,jud l:rnp n t o f U lClSP :--;' UW' IIK"l r:11 !: t:u HI;lrd :: . [ I., W:1:; t.I1 f' [. W.W. hOII S" whiC' h witS I ' ( ~ i lll'

r ;1 i df' d , htl t wr a: : wOlllrn han no r i , '11 t 1.0 hr ill lila t i l(ltIS CO • (nrr p f '(':: I ~ 1 1<'1' l.h l"> f" (" IIIf'Unt. o nl y <,I n~ th iJlt: 1.(1 t.hp 111("11 Wi ll i n t~ rf' !: I.I~ d II ;: , a nd Wh C' ll w(' w' ~ r('\ h(' c.. ,k. ' .J f'n r' t1 1P l!lU ral :: 1'(11Irt, U lf'.V I t· tel Lhr Jaw (Ill fll0i1' ::id,..., 'tnt! Wi'"

had h.Y (HII~ vC' r y r r ('\ :::('nef' 1.11 0 ,'(> r~ i vp n t.h :.tL pla,-'(' till'" "PPU(':If, LOIl n J' I""'i l l/' a di:~{J rcJr rly hUIl ;;0 .

[to W' l:' <1: ; tll' l.v rlll ('x pr r' i C' n l! (" an I (,VP1~ wiU I \.( 1 p:t ~~ [:

Ihro'l l~ il, a nd a 1I :;,...,t'tl l (' rJ<' . [tin nul. U , in k U F l t ('V(" !'

nl~: lin, fI(l lani t r r col' what. I: ;un aCt!u;";rci, j 'all [ :: 111'1'1' 1' !lh l re' t llrlt [ did t. h(, 11 t' l' Sli :U1lf' altd I '('I" '~ "' L. and ~: (ll l' ­

l'O IlLt~ rnp l. . Ned. 0 111,Y h(' C'A. ll r:f' [ had hr-P Il c:u w l l t, ft. 'lIlId nil I., b randr", puh l i \' l .v hwni,Lialf'd . hut. o(' ('aw;p (' !" rr ~v

(Jwn l!(lIlnc i o ur;rl"',ss l.h ~l t. I d f'8f' r~v0d i t. .

lJand 'I .

EJ i:-. ahr l.lI Gurl ,,'y VI.vnn, kno wn a s " Til " 1lf'l>nJ (;irl", ~:rf": lk ;, 0 111. a l lout tjl f' "Woman ' :: pJal,! ~ 1I around !.IH'" turn I)f' f.tl ,... ('("rd.ury:

'1111> IlIiLlm iznL io n o r wUnlp n , C'vro n ill oet! 1Jpat.io n:,; l ik" t.hf' [ 1f""f"(11 f' tr: ld ,...:.; , wl!prr> Ulr.y prC'd o lllinat .p ,j , had :;r 'a r i" "1 y ,Yf' t. h (" r,tJ II . I~q u aj orro rt.un i t. i f'S I "qua I pay , an d ttl '" rirht. t.o IIf"" u rJ~alli .... rd w(' r p t Ji (' . 'I',Vitll' lJ f'p d:: or W(l rtlf ~ 11 waiT (> ;:1 r1l" r~; tll""n and 1I11t'f'l rt.una 1.(' J Y t.h",s(' df'manti :: 1'''1/1::1 i 11 wiLh 11 :; Lnda,V . Many lllli l. fl If'ad f''' r:,; , I ik" G;.ullll " I l ~mlr{ ' I ' : ; ... di.d !lo t. ('on:: idpr WllUJp n wu rk"r f-i o rl· ; tni ~ al d(' c' r dP I"'lId.'l h l, ' • " r:le~' {i l dy wll rk " (l l' p in fIItIlIPY ~" W:1S U IP w ,lIal r'(llllp l :, ill t

'l1 lf' r f' w:w :1 prrvaj" ll t. ('(H lr''' pt t1lat, "wolllanl ~ "'( Irk" wa: : (,ll ilrinrod tp Ul" d tHII(l:; 1.i t' :-:(' f ~ nf' . " Woman l

:: plA."/' i : : ill til/ \ Ii(Jlllf· I! W."l :; t .h(~ t' r y . Wornf'n Wrorc' "<"l ll: : l.anll.v :1(" '1 1:3" '/

or t.akifu : "1Il" 1I ' ~: ,in ti:: ." :; p(l k, ~ in rr~v I'il' :: t :: PPI "' !I " I' t.ilp drlld l~(' ry :uHl lIK IIlUt.(l Jl.Y u r W(l lllall ' :; unp;·dd I'il l ( l r ill

t.h0 mill i <"I 11: : o j' A.rnr'f' ir~ afl kit(' I!,') It:~ , o f' p r'iJII .i. t.iv0 h :lfldi ­c raj' I. .iobs cl t1 rl r I ,.y WO IW ' rl U t.. lI ()m'" :Uld 1I , 1I 11:c ,V0 r~: !. 1'( ' 111 :1 t.imp whr n U lf"" h{Imf"" wa:~ lhr cP lllC' r fI !' hand lIl'lflIJr ,' l t 't1 Ir'(' .

Wi th LlIp advf' 1I1. o j' powf' r- o pera l.prl mac hillf' r y III:U,V t.a s k:: whi c h t r aui1.iunaIJ,v hn JOIlJ'f'd t o WO fHf' n _had t l(''''' 11 t :lk( ' JI

Ullt. 0 1' t.hf' I llllfl f~ in\.(l mas:. rroduc t.i o 11 indu! : t.r...v , ~ ;IIt'11 : l!i

sp i lul int ~ , we aving , sewinL~ ' baking , soap- mak ing , food ­prpse t'ving, ma king dairy produc t s . Wome n we r e forced to foIl uW the ir j o bs into the au t s ide wa r I d, the r f' t o b .... acc used o f takin/( a way "me n ' s jobs . " I s tres,;ed U", pass ibil i t.y , at l eas t unde r Soc ialis m, ot' indust rial i z ing all the domestic tas ks by coll ec tive kitchens and dining places , nurse ries , laund ries , e t c .

.. • 1 recall a n experience at Gul"l'ant i' s re s taurant uve r fo rty years ago , when I was wiLh Ma r ga re t San"e r a nd a °woman doc t o r frie nd, who sta r ted t o s moke c i ga r e ttes . We we r e o r de r ed by the manageme nt to desis t o r l e ave . The docto r a s ke d a man s mo king a bi l: c i gar: "I):) you ob,jec t t o my s mo king? " He r e plied : "lie 11, no , lady , 1:0 right ahe ad . " r'inally , the manaw' ,. o rd f' r f'd a Se ree n placf'd around (,ur table t o shut the "huss ies " t'rom view.

Side 2

Band 1.

Marga r e t Sange r, ltlilJ- 1966 , devoLed her life to the cause o f bi rth cont ro l .

lie re s he s peaks of woman and he r des tiny:

... Woman ' s miss Ion i s no t t o e nJlance the maseuline s pirit, but to e xpress the feminine ; he r s i s no t to preserve a man- made wo rld but to c rea t e a hWllan wo rld uy the infus i o n of the f eminine element into aU o f' its ac tivities .•. When woman c hooses he r ne w, free course of ac tion, it mus t be in the light o f he r opinio n - o f' he r own intuiUo n • •• Only thus can s he free he r n,ate from the bondage whic h he wrought for himself when he wrought he r . Only thus c an she res t o re t o him tha t whic h he ro bbed himse lf' in r e s trict ing he r . Only thus ean s he r e ma ke Lhe wo rld .

lIow c an woman solve the p r edic ament which makes he r unable t o fully develop he r paten tial?

111e chief ubstacles to Lhe no rmal exp ress Ion o f' wuman ' s f o r ee a r e undesi r e d p r e/(nancy and the bu r de n u f unwante d childre n. These obs tac les have always bee nand al ways w ill be s wep t as ide by a cons ide rable proportion of wome n . Driven by the irres i s Uble f o rcE' within them, they will always see k wide r freedom and gre 3t sel f' - de ve lopme n t, r egardless o f the cos L. Thp sal e ques Lio n that soc iety has to ans we r i s , Iiow s liall wume n be pe rmi tted t.o attain th i s e nd?

loo k at it from an,)' standpo int you will, s lIl :,:es t any solu tion you will, c onven tional o r unconV E' 1i Lio nal, sanc tioned by law o r in de fiance o f law, woman is in the s ame posi lio n, fundame ntally until s he i s able t o dete rmine f o r herself whethe r s he will be a mo tlie r, <l lld to f Lc the nUlllber of her o ffspr ine . This unavo id­ab l e s it.uation i s alo ne enough t o make birth control, firs t o f all a woman' s problem. Vo lulltary 1Il0 the rhood i s ~liieny the conce rn o f women ••• She lias learned that wha te ve r the mo r al responsibility o f the man in this

directio n, he does no t disc harge it . She has l earne d that l ovalrle and cons ide r a t e as the individual hus band may be , s he has little t o e xpec t [' r om man in the mass , wll E' 1i they make laws and dec ree c us t oms . ShE' knows that r ega rdle ss o f what oUl'.ht t.o be , the b rutal , unavoidable Cac t i s tila t s he will nE' ve I' r ece i ve he r f r eedom un til s he take s it Cor he rsel f. Birth cont rol is woman' :.; problem .

Band 2 .

Eleanor' 1100se ve l twas o eLe n a s ked if' SIIf' had plannl'd he I' ca rep r and if " he " ad had :.J ppc i ric o bjC!c t i ves in he r rn ind t h l"Oughou t. hE' r l i J'e Uome .

[ am s ure that Illy ob,j Pc lives , during those ea rly year s at l e ast were cOlls t a nUy c ha ng inG. In Wle lregi lUling , because I ['elt, as o nly a younl: t: irl can ['er t it, all the pain o f bf'inl: an ugly du e kl in/: , I was not o nly tilllid, I was af raid . Afra id 01' almos t e ve rythillE, I th ink : .. afraid of my own inadequ:icy . 'kI chief obj ec Uves , as u g irl, was to do my duLy . Th is had lJe e n dril led into 1Ilf' a s Car bac k a s I could r e membe r. No t Old y illY du ty as [ s a w it, but m,}' duty as l a id down Co r me by othe r peo ple . H ne ve r occured to me to r evolt. Anyhow, If\y own ove rwhelming need in those days wa s to be app r oved, Lo be l o ved, and I did whatE' ve r was r E'quire d a t' me ,

110pinp, it would br inl'. me nea r e r t o the appro val and l o ve I so muc h wa nted.

As a younl~ woman, my sense or duty r e m3ine d as st r i c t ami rigid as iI, had beE' 1i whe n I was a I: irl., lrut i L 113d c hanged its f'oc us . 'kI hus band and H\y childre n became the center o f Illy 1 iI'e and the ir needs we r e my ne w du I.Y ••• Duty wa:.; p''''haps the mo Livating ['o r ce in my life , o fte n f'xc luding wha t mil:ht ha ve been j oy o r pleasure . I loo ked al. e ve rythinG frolll the po illt. o f vipw o j' what I o ught t o do , rare ly f'rulll the s t andpo int o J' whaL I wante d to do . The r e we re lillles I all1los t t'o r'l:ot tha L the r E' W3S s uch a U, iu~; as wanting anythln,~ . So I too k an inte rC's t in po litic s . IL was a wife ' s duty to be inte res ted in whate ve r inte rPRtpd Iw r hus band . . . [ fe lt I must acq uiescp i n whatevpr hp mil :ht dec ide a nd be will ing t o I:U 1.0

J\lba l\y . M.y pa r t was 1.0 makf' the necessa r y household plalls and t o do this a s f'as ily as poss ibl e , if he s hould he e lecte d . I wa s h3vin, : a baby , a nd for a tUlle , aL leas t, tl m t. W3S my o nJy lIIisc ioll in I ire . . . r wa s s till teme ll, s l.ill alo ra id o f dOinl: sOllle th ilW wrong , o f ma kin,: mi !> takes , o f' nu t livinl: "l' t o the s tandards reqllired by my mo Ult> r- in-law, o r fail ing to do wha t was e x",'c Le d o f me.

As a r esu LL I was so hide bound by du ty tha t I becmne Loa c r it i cal, too muc h o f a disc iplinarian. r wa s so "once rned wi th brlngint.: up my childre n prope rly that [ wa s not wise e noul :h to ,ius t love the m.

IL was no t un til I r eache d middle age tha t I had Wlf' courap,e t o deve l o p interes t s o f' my own, outside o f' "W duUes to my fami ly. In the beg irUlinr" it seems to me nllw, I had no (:031 be yond inte rests themse lves, en

4

l ea rnil l/:s abOll t people and conditions and Lhe wor 1.d outs i de our own Uni Le d States . Almas tat o n<: e , I be,:an t o discove r t.hat in te rest l e ad s t o in tf' rest , knowled~e

leads t o mo re knowlE'dge, Ule c3pacity fo r unde r s tandill{' I: rows wi th Lhe e f Co r !. to understand .

lli\lliL] .

[n 19(>3 BeUy Friedan completed a book e ntHled ~ f e minine My s liyue . In it s he identified the dile mma a!' the contempo rary middle c lass Ame rican woman .

'" I c ame t o real i ze that t he prohlem that has no name wa s s ha r e d by cou ntless women in Ame ric a ... It i s no lon/:e r pos!'] ible to i e no r e t ha t voice , to d i SUJiss tha!. de><pe r aLion o f so lIIfll\y Ame rican womfO n ..• I have he a r d so many women t.ry t o deny this d issa U s Cie d vo i cE' within the llIse .! ves beeause it does no t fit tht> pre Lty pic ture o f' Ceminini ty the e xpe r t s have g ive n thpllI .

• • • The lOe min ine ll\ys tique s ays that the highes t value and the o nly cOllullitme nt fo r wome n i s the I'u l rill me nt oC t he ir own feminillity. It says that t.hE' I: reat mistake 0[' Weste rn culture •.• has been the unde r'valuat i o n 0(' this rem inini ty . [t s ays t his Ce min in i t y i s so my s t e rious and intu itive and c l ose t o the c rea tio n and o rig in o f' 1 if'e that man-made sc ience may neve r' be able t u unde r s tand i L .. The mis take , says the Il \yS tique, the r oot o f' wome n' s t r oubles in t he pas t i s that women e nvie d me n, wome n t rie d to be li ke men , ins t ead o f aeceptinv, the ir own na ture, whic h can find rul fillme n t only in sexual pass ivity.

lJu L the ne w image this mys U que g i ves t o Ame rican w me n i s t he old image : " Occupa t i on : housewi f'f' . " The f eminine mys U que is so powe rful t ha t wome n .: r ow up no l o nge r know in,: that they have the des ires a nd capac i t i es the my s t.ique fo rbid s • ...

It i s In.y thf'S i s that the co r E' o f the pr oblem f o r wome ll t oday is nol. se xua l but a problem o f idenUty -a stlln Ling o r e vaG i OIl o f growth t ha t i s pe rpe tua t e n by the f E'minine my s tique . H is my t.hes i s t.ha t as the V ic to r i a n c uI ture did not pe r mH wo,ne ll t o a <.!c e pt o r I:ratify their bas i c sex ual needs , our cu lturp dof'S no t pe rmit wome n 1.0 ac ce pt o r g r a t.ify the il' lra :.;.ic nef'd t.o r:row and fulCill the ir potentialiUe>< as hWllan be i nl:s , 3 need whic h i s not s olely de rined by Uleir se x ua l r o l e .

..• The r e have bee n identity c rises ('or man at all c ruc i al turning po in ts in hwnan histor y • • . ~Oo r t llf' firs t Lime in the ir histo r y , women are becomi nr, awarE' of an ide n tity c ris i s in their own lives , a c ris i s whic h beean marw I'.e ne ratio ns ago, and will no t e nd until they o r their daughte r s , turn an unknown co rnp r and make o f thelllSe lves and their livrs the !le w image that so many women now so desperately need .

Thp National Or f,anizat i o n for wompn, no w, is a c ivil ri f:hts o r ganizatio n composed mostly of middle and upppr class women and me n. They fll:hl. wit.hin the sys tem f o r ] "g islative changes that will improvp the s tatus o f w01l1<'n . Redstoc kings, a collective , on~anizp ll

in 1' 16') , reflpc ts another viewpo int about tllp pll"lIt of the eontpmpo rary woman.

Women are an oppressed class . Our o ppress ion is total, affec tinr. pvp ry facet o f ou r lives. We arp pxploitpd as sex ob,jec ts, breede r s, domest.ic se rvants and c h"ap lahor , Wp are considp r ed infe rio r bpings , whose o nly purpose i s t o enhance men ' s lives . Our humanity i s de nie d . Our presc r ibed behavior is e nfo r cpd by tile th reat o f ph,y's i ca l violence .

•.. In r pal i ty, e ve r y ••• relationship .•• (bptween a man and a wo man ) is a class relationship, and thp conflic ts between individual men and women arp poliUca l conn ict.s that can o nly be solved collectively .

We identify t lie age nts o f ou r oppr ess io n as men . Male s upremacy is the oldest , most basic f o rm of dominatio n. All othe r forms o f exploitation and oppr pssion ( r acism, capitalism, imperialism , e tc .) are ex t.e ns i o ns o f male s up r emacy: me n dominate wo me n, a f e w men dominate the r es t . .• Men have controlled all pol.l tical, pcolJomic a nd c uItural institutio ns ••. thr ough history ••• and backed up t ll is contro l with physical fo r ce . They have us pd tllis powe r to keep women in an inferio r position . All mgn r ece ive econo mic, sexual and psycholog i cal bene ri ts from male s upremacy , All ~ have opp ressed wome n.

Our ch i ef task at present is t o develop fe male class consc i ous ness through sharing experience and pUblic ly expos inr( t hp sexis t foundation of all ou r institutio ns .

••• We de fine ou r best inte r est a s t ha t of the poorest, most brutally explo i ted woman ••• We repudiate all economic, racial , educat i onal o r status privileges that dividp us from o ther women .. • We calIon all our s isters to unitp wi th us in this st ruggle . We calIon all me n to give up their male privileges and support wome n' s libe ratio n in the interest of our humanity and thei r o wn • . , The t.ime fo r individual s kinnis hes has past. This time we are go ing all the way .

Shirley Ch i s holm is the rirst blac k woman e l ected to the House of Representatives . She speaks to he r colleagues o n May 21, 1969 on the problpm of equal rights ('or wome n:

•• . Why is it acceptable for women to be sec r etar ies, I ihrarians , and teachers but totally unacce ptabl E' for t,hf' nl t o he manaf~ers, administrators , doe to rs , lawyprs a nd Me lllhr rs 0 I' Co nl: rc ss .

Thp uns po kE'n a ssumption i s that wo men a r e different. ThE'Y do no t hrlv" rxpclltivE' abilit,Y , o rderly mind s , stability , l e atlf' r s hip skills , ann thp,y ar" t oo r".' I,i onnl .

[t, has bppTl o lJ se rvrd h"f(.,'p, f.lla t soc ipty fo r a lonl: time, disc ri.minate d af:ains t anothpr mino rity , thE' Io.l :~e kr;

on thf' S RlTlP has i s - t.hat I.h,, 'y wpr p LlLrrf"r'f"nt, ann in r~ I· L (l t· .

Thp happy I. i t,t.I,.... hOlw' lIInkflr :lnd thfl ('o ll t.(, l11.('r/ "todd dar·k.y" Of} the> p ian1.Ht L( 1Il wr rp hut.h ~: t.pr'p( ) I.:lf'P ri prudl/('ed h.Y p l'P­j ud icc .

This coun!.ry i r; bo th r a e ; :; 1 a nd anf. i-I 'c llli n i " t. . Fp w, il' arty, J\J1lf' rie~lll!) :U'P ('rpf' o f' I.h""' psyc ht ' l or l e a I ·#o unrl ~, UII­posed by r :l" is m anel iln t. i - r"m inism .

PrejudIce aga inRt blacks i s breomi n, : unaceeptilblp al tllou,:h it. will take ypars lo pliminate . IJu t. i l i r; doomrd 1,,'e a ll Sf', s .l owly , white Ame rica i s bel: inninl: t o admit that it e xists . Pre,iudicp ap,ainst womrn i s st. ill acceptable . The rp i s vpry littlp lIndprstandinl: yr t. o f llip L"UTlOr :l l it.y invo l ved In double pay s c al Pi; and the e lass ir' i c a liun o f most o f the bpttP!' jobs as "f'o r m"n o nly . "

Mo r e than half of' t.he popUlation o f the Unite d States is fe male . But womE'n occupy only 2 pe r ce nl o f' tlip manar{" r ia1 positions . They have not e ven r eached till' level o f' tokenism ye t. No wome n s it on the AFL-CIO Cou nc il o r Sup r e me Court . Thp re have only bepn t wo women who have held Cabi net rank, and at prpspnt thpre are no ne. Only t wo wome n now ho l d ambassado r ial ranks in the diplomatic co rps . In Conr~ress, we are do wn to one Senato r and 10 Representativps .

Band 6 .

Marga r et Mead has wo rked as an anth ropolug ist wi th peoples of different c ultures in t he Sou th Pacific . As a r esult, s he has had the opportun i ty o f brinl; ing ne w ins i ghts to Western women and llIen conce r ne d with their func t.ional rolE'S in this soc i e ty:

•.• We may well find that there a r e cE' rtain fiE'lds , such as the physical sc i e nces , mathe matics , a nd in­strumE' ntal music , in wh i c h men by virtuE' o f thei r sex, as well as by virtue of the.ir qualities as s pt' c ially gifted human beinl:s, will alwa'ys have that razo r -edge of extra g ift wh ic h makes all the dHfere llc E', and that wh ile women may easily follow whe r e me n lpad, men will aJ.ways make the npw discovp rirs . WE' may equally wpll rind that wome n, thro,wh the l ea rninl: in­volved in matE'rnity , wh:ich once e xperienced can be taugh t more easily t o all wome n, even c h ildlpss wompn, t han to men, have spec ial supe riori t.y in t hose human scipnces which involvp that type o f unde r s tA.ndirw, wh i ch • •• is calle d intuition . If intuitio n i s based . .. upo n an abili.ty to r ecocnh:p difference from the self rathe r than upo n one t o proJec t thE' sel f in buUdinp, a cons truct o r a hypothes is, it may well bp that t he c r "atpst gifts will be f'ound amo ng women ••.

5

• • . We s l, a.lJ be ready to s nythes izf' bo th kinds o f' fir:ts in t.hp sc i e nces , whic h arp no w r.adl,Y l o p­s idpd wil.h their fA. r I:rpater knowl rd, :c 0 1' ho w 1.0 rjpst roy than of ho w to co nstrur' t, rar hrl.t.c r " ' Iuipp"ci t o anal ,YzP th p wo rld o f mattp r illl.o which /I,nn ' : '111 pro ,;pc!. his intell i r,e nce thall Lhr wn t'lll " '' human rpla f, iOlls , wli ic h (,pquire s the s oc ia I i7. 0d tt"r o f in t ,lI i L iUII . Tllp mothE' r who must l ea rn tha I. t.I ,,, llll'ani. wht' was but an hour ago a pa r t. of hr r lll, dy i" n" wa llll'fE' r e nL -indivIdual, wi th its own hut IJ:0 r s " ,,,I if.:; own IIrPods, and that if she li" t.e ns t o her n WII ""d.y t o intrrp ret the ch ild, the ('hUd will di" , i ~ "" Iioo lrd ill all irre placeable schonl . As s ht' Irarn r; Ltl a ttpnd to that diffe r e nt individual , s lie drvp lorr; a S p f'C iaJ. way o f thinkinr: alld 1'E'p. linl: ;Ii"lPul, hl11J1nn b .. inf~f-i • WE' c an J e avp. t.hf>s(' spec La l l"arninl: '" "t. thp prpsPllt. l r vpl , o r convE' r t thp", int0 a /lK l r r p laho ra f'" part o r our c ivilizatio n . .. Wp call bu Ll d a who l E' soc ie ty only by usi/V: bot.h S f'XPS - by us inv. thE' p, ifts o j' thp who l p o f' humanit.Y .

In hpr " i.udie s 0 1' dil'fE' r e n1. cult.u r al attitudps I E' a rne ci f'ro n, prco plr:; in t.hp Sou th Pac it'ic , Dr, Mead "aid:

. . . W" "'''y con t.rast mothp r s in diffprPllt sociptipr, with ... ciiff('re nt e mpl,asps . Th(' Arapesh tr'?at a baby as a sort , vulnE' rable , prec ious little o b ject , 1.0 be pro !.rc tE'd , fell, (' h r i s hpd • No f, o nly thr mo thp r, Lout. thr l'athp r also , must play U,is o ve r-all pro­t ec tiv(' 1'Ole . . • Whe neve r it i s wi ll in,' t.o ea l., pvpn i. f' .it dops lIo t show ar\y s if ~ns of ! Iunt-~e r, it i s 1'0d, l:e llll.Y , intp rpst('dly •••

•.• The Arapes h fo rm o f child-rearinl( st r essE'S complementariness in a fo rm that is toost eas ily t rans fo rlllPd by wompn into an adult f eminine ro le . .• It, is " sociE't,Y tha t makes it much mo re difficult to br a male , esppc ial ly in all those asse r t.i vp , c reativE', p r oductive aspects 0(' life on which the s upe r st ru c ture o r a (' ivilizatio n depends. Whe r e th'? upbrinr: inl: fit. s mo s t women, it fit.s only a f'p w mpn .

.• . WI' rind among the Iatmul he adhunters ••• (that) from bIrth t hE' haby is handle d as if' it wp r E' a sE'paratE' .litf,l e e ntity capable of a will o f its own •.•

As soon as the Iatmul child is a f e w wee ks o ld, 1.hp mothe r no lOI1f,E'r c a rrips it eve rywhe re wl th he r, o r s itu wi th it on he r lap, but instead plllc Ps It at somE' d i stance o n a high ben(' h , whpre it H"' S t. " ry lustily bcfore it i s fE'd ••• Thp c hild ]E'a r ns •.• that flngrr and self-asse r tion will br r pward E'd. ChlldrE'JI o f' E'ac h sex fo rm images that wil I Latf'r info rm the ir f E'e lings about copulation, t.lle r. irl ­c h ild fo rminr. a mo r e active picture o f hpr o wn r Cl l e , lI,p boy - c hild a mo r e active pic tur" o f t.hp f e malE" s ro l f' ,

Lill.!LL .

FIf'iHl( r Ih,J I Ill" !: rJ0 rton wa s aJ' IXI llli.PU Chair-womall () J' 1.1 " , I)\"(, (:(,IIIIIIl :o:: ioll v II fiwna ll Hi /: ll l ::; ill l'I'r0 ,

lifo "" , ;~ I I" ,r i Vt.' !J 0 11 (10 V(' ('!.Jlc JIJ <d' U I( ' L111t'l1U1 1H o j' Ulf~

! 1 .. 11"' k W( , lmHl ill he r l'i /: lll I'U 1' il hJf' T'f-' Jldf ! n ("p wi. LJJ ill

111,· h liH! k 1ihc t~ation Bt ru ,~,r l, ... tud ..... y :

We' 1'( l r\ I ' C' i w' our HILss i o n in l.e l'1II3 wlli l: h arf' 111 '1,(>11 d ifJ', ' IT' 111 ( r olll tb f> (' xpresspd '~lIai:-:; (d ' lII 'tll.Y wi d Lc WU IlIf ' I I rr·vu lutlo lturics . Te.. .. bf' R UI'P , uur t'ual, ; ~ llid

It ll ' ir ',; i n tJu-:' lr 1:0 nc raJ ou1.1ilIPI": ur (> l il C' ~; h1I1( ' , bill 'd iWk W<. IIW' I . I :unt'ro rrl a tas k tha t 1;; a ~ df ·l i l: at,( ' ' 1:.3

II i.;; I'('V('] \I t lu nary . Fo r blac k W( Jlrlc n a rfl part o !' iJ I ,r' I ·('> IIliIlP l l 1. st ru ,:,~le whuse limp has come - the I' l ,~ lil I'o r IJ l w; k Ilbe r"tio n ... Blaek wOllin " c alulo t -IIlIl: ,t 11< ' 1. - Ilvo i d lhe truth aboul lhp il' ""e"inl :; lJh:';(, I'vlplIc,' . They are WOlfle n wilh a l1 t.ha t. t,ha t [m id if''' . II' <1C,llIe have uel' n f o r ced int.o rulp" a" Id"e lV idp['!; (l r, (JU t.. o r the ins('t!uC' i. ty a.s:.-.;oc i a Le' a wi Lh b( ' ill ,: :\ b 1 ti c.: k Wulllall alone , ha ve tiarf' d n(; t dt' v(;> lo p lI HJp l" ' lItience , tltp r e sull i s no t that uJaek Wulflf'1I

U I'(> Ltlda:f 1 ibe r uLf'rJ W() llIe ll . I' o c' they ha w:. 11Pt' l l

II I ibE'ra l.cd " o nJ y I' r olll love , froJII famiJy Life , l' r olU lIl f' al!ill ,~t'1I1 wo rk, i:i1H.i jus t as o fte n from Ult'~ lJi:l s ll ~

\"(llllrO t' Ls and necess iti.es o r all o rd illa ry px i H l~nc;( · .

Thp r (' 1" IIp lU", \, puwe r nor s at i s factiun ill s uc h a "mat r i a r c hy ". Tite r I' i s o nly U,e b ille r !mow I e uee Ul at uHf> i s a v i ct im.

Oil the road lo eq ua l i ty lhere i s no be tte r plae e I'o r blacks l v deluu r arollnd Ame rican values th"n i ll foq:olnl.: its e xwlIple in U,e tre a lme nt o J' Its wome ll (ilid U,e o rgaltizatioll o f' its falllily life ••. With black J'arnlly lire so clea rly uliCle r mined i ll Lh() Aruf' r'i c!un f' I1vlronme nt, bJac ks lIlu s t l't' lIlake Lhf' I';un l1,y Ull i t , nu l irni ta t.e i t . Indeed , this las k l'" cp I,ll·al Lc' u l a c k libe r at i u ll . The bl aek male w ill lit> l I,e r e III rlle u lo his hi stor ie s lreng lit -U,P ro re lllo ,,; l ta~ k u J' 1.11(> blac k stru l:v. J e lod"y -if we' de> nu l r l'e r eale lite s tro lll : farlilly unil t.hat WLU: : \ pa r t o j' out' African lIe ritaf~p \JC" t'o r c It waG

d i S lllt ' lIIb f' l'C'u hy the s lavp- owninr c LaSH in Ame riea . 111 11. It w i] I bp lJll poss ible t o rpco lls Lruc l lhe ll.la" k I':unil y if' lls ee lilral e1 lurac t c r ::; ar'e 1.0 be c r e l>e ­p"per eOI'.iI'" a e ling out the o ld wlt lle fwnil y lite .! lidrwllu • . .

II' W(, art" t.o avoid tlti s disas t e r, Ule' bes l, l>e rhs.p:; UI !? <,"ly place 1.0 be~ in i s in our conce ptio n " r Lhf> 1, 1'll!k Wl,ma n . Ar l e r all, the i11111le dia Le lask~, 0 1' lite Iolac k Ilia n a r e laid oUl I'o r him. II. is lI,., I'utu re I'o lp o r L1IP IJl ae k woman lhat i s pro blpllI'ILical . Ami what :; ILp is ullowed t o become - o r r p l el:aled - will ~ II H I ' " 1I0 t. s impJ y he r future llut lhal or U,e lll>tc k I" UII l ly anti tit" fa t e o f' its mpmup r s .

Tne women . .1ar1l' Ad dams HJtO- I" "j' • . Soc ia l wo r ke r, I'e rninis l, l>i.lI! in:,; l.

,la f\( ' AddaJII,s J'o lll uJpd lhd I Ih )usp , th .. f'ir f; 1. !.) t,i, LJpHlPnt th)USf' in NUf'r ic a , in I d~t· ) . ShC' :; ... rved us the rirst V i l ' f' - pr(:s id, ~ nL o f' tile Nulio liCi L AiIJPrican Woman Slli"fra,:(· J\:..iS(lC iati. . /I Cr(Wl l l)ll - 11.J1 J. II I l·)l.~ s hp Ll I' ,'a lli",~('d W(II !!t ' l l l'lIr Pf" .l<.!( ' al llJ i ll 1" 1') 8 t H' W;t3

.. ltn i,·wl,IIl'ln " I' U,, ' Wu rl ti Pl'w~ e Pa rty . Site I'a r t lc ipalf'd in t.hf' Inl.0 1'Ilatio nal Con,~ rP'3s o j' WOillf'n at tilt: Hagu e lI t IlI l ) . IIf ' r df' vo tiurt I (J l hp causp 0 1' peaep was ,,,: know I ptI ,:"d h" it Nv iJ C' l Peac!' Prize in 1 ')J 1.

Afl.e r' t: raduali ltl; J'rolll Io wa Stall· Collel:e in JtklO , Mrs . Ca II be c:allle a sc huol adm il,ist r a l o r in Io wn . S hp ,in inpd t.he I owa woman su fl'ruf':e o rl~an lzat Lo n in liltl'/ , allli rosp r upidl y in the natio nal movernf'nt . In J ' ()U s ite slleepede d SlIsali B. AnLho ny as pres ide nl 0 1' ANWSA, o nly I.() "<' :;i./:n it a J'pw Y"'H'" late r l;pe ause o r he r' hus l)and I :; ll l IJe3s tfnd !:)ub !:i cq uPrtt u"'tlh. She r pa ssu llIeu lite pres ide ncy in l 'Jl ~ a fte r Ipud inl' the llIovelllPn l in NY State . Shp had a genius fo r o r ganiz inl: anJ devise d the ('run(':::; "Winn ill l ; Pl an " -e lliphas i ll illt( wo r k 0 11 S t.a le a nd nat lOllal. Leve l s a lld throllg lt bo UI politic al pu rt.ies . She late r was a J'ounde r 0 1' lhe League o f Wome n Vo t.e r s a nd was a c tive ill the wo dd pe a ce llIo ve ment .

Shlrlpy Ch i s ho lm 1420 - Politic ian , Cong resswoman, F:du c a t.o r.

110 rll ill lI<'d i'u r d - S t.uyvesan l , Mrs . Ch ls hollll i s r ee­(J1; 'li~('d a s clll CtuU uJ rity u n f> arJy e hil dtlOvd f>duc a tio n and <!II II d wed i'a 1'(' . Itt 1 ')04 s hl' was f'1 ec' l e d t o lhe NYS A""emb I y . In J ')Ul s it" Dec amp the l'irs t Illac k WCJlllan \.0 !>(o'I 'ome a lIle lllbp I· o J' lite House of Re presenlative s. She advocates wome n "mov ing in to polit.ics on a Ipadersh l p l E'vf' I ".

J)u r o lhy Day IIl " '/ - Alne ric an CaLltul i c Socia.l Ac tivi. s t.

A ly'pu rl.e r ru t' sucll let'1.-w LtlL~ publ i eHl.lons as t llf' Cal! , Tlte Masses and UI!' Libe rator, Mis s Day was a mc mbp r o r l he Sm:i a ] i s l l>ar Ly alld o f' UI!? rww uefo re " nLp rin, ~ lite Homan Catho l i c Churdl ill 1' )2"/ . She a nu p... Lp r Mau r ill J'o ullded lhe COl Lltu l i t: Wo rke r in .i'! U . Thro u/ :ltout Itp !" lire , Miss Day Itas g ive ll a~ llve s uppo rt. lo lhe labo r looveme nl, lhe fighl f o r inte rrac ial j us tice , pac ifis m, and disa rmamellt.

6

Fl lz aul ' t.J l \;u rl r 'y Fl,Ylln lK ' Jl1 - J ' )I}4 . IWW vrr:alliz(' l', NlIf' ricCt II CUIIUlilllIl !..:t.. Part..v 1 ade f' .

ln l ' Of., al lI l(' at:" 0 1' I 'J , Eli,IIab" UI (;'H'I. ,y H :i llll W;l S afl l) rl~ alll ~ f\ I' I't Jl' U tP IWW. III U H::' r lt-'x L LI ' fI

y('a r :; :; It" I"H' t, l e l pal(' d ill [WW s lrikps i ll 1.1 1< ' W,':; I. ; v · x t.U\ ' -w() l' ke r':~ s t.r' ikes ill thp F.ast ; alld l" u lI- u r'{' II I .LIle r !; t n trikpD itl U lt~ Middle Wes t. III l.hl' I d . '(J ' .... ;

.s ite was n dr i v ing f'o r(:e in thp Wor ke r s /)-. r C fl S I'

IIlI i o li . Sit.' h' Ip<' d f'o ulld lh,' ACLU in 1 'l.'O '1l1d rp­Ilia ined will i i t un t.ll 1 ')40 wlte n s he wa s ali h, 'd I.IJ rE's l /~n bf"!CtuGC' v I' hf' r Conununis t Pa r ty ac ti. vil. l(~ H .

Sltp ,i o i llpd ttlP Party in 1937 and rosP '1llle kJ y t.lt r oul:11 its rank::; l" lJecome Cha irwoman in 'I ')(}l -u pc.':o t " ItP he l d unl.il. he r dealh . Site wro l f' a WC'e k ly CV1Ullili in th" Lli!.ili Wc, rke r. I n I ,;, J s it .. WiiS con v i c l ed ulId (' r thf> SllIi th Ac l 0 f eO llspir llll: lo lpadl anti advoea l f' tlte fo r c lble o ve rt.hro w (J I' lite US GovL . She aelpd as Itp r o wn alt.c' r lle y at itp r It'ial; s hE' s(' r vpd .>~ yea r s o r he r' 3 ,ye ar lprlll .

Belty Fried"l , l ' J.e l - Aulho r, Fe mi ltls t .leaUe I' .

Mrs . F'rie dan f" boo k, The f eminine Mystiuue , allalyzed lhe e ffpc l o f' lhe pos t Wo rJ d Wa r II " LJal!k- t o-J IOnJP" JIIuvement on thp Ame rican woman . [II 11)66 s he f ounded a nd becwlIe lhe p res i dent o f' t.he Nalio nal Orl~anization fo r Wome n, a t!I'OUP o f prufess i onal warnell and housew i ves who see k change llt r()u ,~ 1t l egislative me a lls . She o r ganized triP nat.lo llwide Wome n ' s Strikp I'c' r Equal ily o r Au V,Usl 26 , 1')'11 , tlte Cirs l large s cale demo ns tralio r, o r fe minine pro t es l s ince lhe s uf r r ag l s t mo ve me nt .

Erruna Goldman - l H69- l 9/,O . International anarcltis t, wri te r .

Elluna Go ldman emig rated to the Unile ti SI."tes I'rom Hussia in l HtJ5 . At firs t s ite wo rked in a c loUllng factory in Hoches le r, NV, and late r move d to NYC. She was in constant conflicl with the Anlf' ric an Go ve rfUlte lll nnd its po lie i es. In l tJ ')J s ltp was sf' nl", nced t o a ypar ' s imprisorune nl o n fllac kwe1 1 Is land I'o r speec tips alld ac tio ns tha t "inc: i t e d Lo rio l" . [n 1')17 s ite was Cine d and i1nprisonpd fo r inte rfe rille wi t.h the rec ru l tmenl o r sold le r n . She i'u und e d Lhe ana r chisl publication, ~ ~, wi tlt Ale xand e r Be rlanan . She wa s depo rleti l u Hu[;s i a i n 1')1 1) alonl' wilh hundreds o f o lltl' r s IInd pI ' l. 1t (~ Alie ll and Se d ition Ac l s . She lale r alllh0 rpd My Dis illusiQlunent ill Russ ia and hp r uulob i or, r a phy, Li villg My Life .

Mothe r Jo nes (Ma ry Harris J o nes ) 18:P- 19 :P . Union o rgani~e [' .

Whe n a yellow re ver epidemic in Hl6<l l ou k llc r

IlUsband and I"our c hildren, Mary IIarris J Olles wr lll. bac k t o Chic a, :o t.o wo rk as a dressma~;e r. IIr r in­vnlvPl11E'nt in uno wil.h the Knil:hts 0 1" Labo r Ipd 1.0 fifty ypa r s o r wo rk and commi t mE' nt t o tilf' l abo r mo VPJIlf'IIt. A [laid union o r r:anizE' r I"o r tilr Ullit",d IHnl' Wo rk<' r s 0 1" Ame rica, s hr wn rkf'd witil Gt riUn,: In inprs Ihrou ,: hout the United Stat.f' '' , ",akinl: rirf' ­b rAllo "J'Pp(' hes , d<, l'yinr, company r:ua rd:; alld :;i .a t<' III iii. U", and hf'inr: thrown into ,in it IllUlI(' ro u:: t. ilnf''' rl ' l' v i O.lal ill! : J a bo r jn,iunc tions. III 1' \1 ', wi t h 1)('1'" , IIAywood a no others , shE' he lpE'd rUlilld t il" Indus t ria l Wo rke r s 0 1" t he Wo rld.

Ma r~arf· t MPa d - 1' 100- An th r o l'o l nl : i :: I. , wr i 1.f' I'.

Prom 1' I,?b o n Pr. /.1<'ad ha" wo r kpo in V'I riOUG c: a pac it i "'s At 1.I1r Mu sE- wn "I" N" tural II i ~: l.o I·Y 1"1'0 01 as s i s tant c ur"to r t o Cu r a to r o r Eht.nr lllf:Y . Shf' has s l.udird, v i " i\.('(1 a nd wI'itt,r ll boo k:: 0 11 II If' I'C" 1 J ow irw c u l l.lU"P5 : F\.d y nps i an 1 S~'K)nn, Gu lI1f' an J

I nd i an, fi n l l nps (' , F' rr l1ch and M:llHJall. 5J,,.... ha r; maDt,f' r e rl SPVf"' 11 o j' t.he prLmi t i v(" lanl':1 l a l~'-'~; () f' t.hp nati vf' J'eopJ f' o f til" P-dc iri~ . Shr wri l.P" "c ho J a rl .Y allth0 ri 1 a t. i Vp wo rk::: o n ant.hrop(l 1 0g i c ~J S llb ,jr'C! 1,:: t.hai hnv? bp('omf' bf's t. ~a~ lle rG . Shp has h(,Ptl marriC' d t wi cr alld i:; I.he mo the r 0 1' f0ur c hildre n.

Elpano r II0 1mr 8 Nn T'to n , 1awypr .

Mrs , No r t o n was a p[1o int.ed thE' Chairwoman o f the Npw Yo rk Cit,v COllunis" i o n o f II lunall IUf: l1 t: : in l ')'70 . Prio r t o I.hal, ,; 11 (> w,,:; a n ACLI I I " wyr r, I' rulII 1')65-

'10 , E:hf' wa" al. :;o UII t h" " l.a l'l' (0(' t.llf' l ' )('3 Ma rc h u 1l Wa .:. hin, 'I.<. tn and i.n J' lf l/., :~(' r v0 t1 a :'; CC1uns(' J t.o t.II" Mi :;G i :~sipr i Fr'Pf'U(11I1 l r-/I I( I, ' r :1I.lc ParL'y . A f" i A.) t' r 'ld tFII., ' ( ,r Jtn t i.<I, 'l t , Mr :; . Nr) r l.l ' ll Pin'n,.., 1 h" r' MA in f\J w' r i "" H! ~ tl ldi":; ill I " ( , ~ "Irtr! h" r' LI.P i n , ' I f ' ' I' be t h I' r r .1II y: , I,... .

E lt ': U tl 1r H, ,(,: :('vr ll, - 1 "·: ~~/._ I ' t( I . ' . F i r· ~; 1. uuJy and ;' ! :ll.":;W( ,m:u l .

II" " (':n 'ly c'hi ld ilond I f'o JJ(' r 1.0 I'pf' 1 i. nJ~:'; o f rj (' pr nrlr- nc,v , :;I1 .vnr- f: :: ;Inti hu rr, '" I i rw::::.: . :;}I (" " !fl0 n :0d i ll a n r> w I'p i p

wil l' ll a " I' i I'" t. I ad.y " " r I PC 1.' 1 r" u ah mad , tra V" l l' d f'x l.(' Il :: i v(" l ,v and i JPt!:u IlP FIJH' s P yC'::' and PA r s ill !~ t.ri.k('

:: i. /: lit.:: . ~ l( l v(' rt..Y a r r as , ,~() v(' rrull(' nt. : tI pr0 ,j("(! I.G, ('1.(' .

{;II (· W:l!J il lI :tdv()(,::1 \.(, o f man,Y I i hp r:tl (' :.tIl SPS wf l i c h "I~ t dn fl ,"' r' n 1'{ ' Il t. r t 1 vr r :-1 i al I'i /;urp dllr~ in l' hr r t.Wf"l vn 'y(':i r !~ in I.hp Wi l ier> lIotl ~ I "' . I.n 1 ',1/. ) Prros idf' n t. TrllHl~UI

~ l'r( , illt .('r1 h" ,' :0 :> a dr J. <'I~: lt .... to thp I)niLr o Na!.l , ,,, ,, Wh0 r'0 :; hf' 1I(I('rUlir t.hr c hairwoman 0 1' t.hp ('( mulIl t.tf"'-' I.hat u ra i" .... d I.h,' IIl1iv" r s:oJ [)('c lara \,lo ll li t' lIunlan IU,'lttG.

Marf:are t. Sarwr> r - I Hg 3- 1('6() . Ff> lIliJlis t a nd ad vuca f.e 0" hirtll cont.ru l .

M~rr:a r<' 1. Sanr:" r, nllr"e and t'pminis t, d~ votpd I1pr li ep to tilp causp o r birth co ntro l. In l Y.l4 s hp wa s in-dic t e d f'u r 8 P l1dilll: the Woman l!ebeJ - b irth c o n t. r o l ll\.e r a turf' - I.hrolJr,h thp mails . In l ' il ) s he op" ne d tlte firs t birth cont.ro l c linic in Rroo klYllj shr was arrcs tp d and sr rvr d thirl.y d~ys in !.he workhou,,", hut lA I" r r f>o [1r IlPd the c linic c1 espitf' cons tant

ha r a:<S IIIf'1l t . fo unde r o t' t.hr Pl a nnf' d P"rpnthood Vp de rat, l{l ll o f l\ulP ric a i n 1. <1 / • .2 , s llr b(>(' amp thp f' i.rst p rf':: ld",, '. o j' 'h" Inl.r rnat, io na l Plan:nr d Pal'l'n t hood "'('( iI"' ra t. LUll in 1.)1 1 J .

Ann :1 1I( lw:.t rd ;,h' lw - I "'·:/;I- l'llf~. Suffrag ist, mini:J t.f' r, , 'h.y:: i<- i:\ n .

PI' • .::.i llaw I'am(' 1(1 t.hf' liS from Erw,land when s tu" was f O Ul"

P'" r :: 0 1 II . In I wm " hf' ,' radlJa t e d I'rom th'" Ro~1.0 11 11 11 iVP I':: i t,Y 01' Th"l, l o l:,Y alld I.oo k IIP r MD HI. fi ll in 1.i~K') . AI·I .... r Il'I v i l lf' br" l1 !.hp pas !.o r o j' t.I lP Mrthodi~ ' . rl'i c:" '-,p" l f:hllr·'h in t W( 1 c( lrrunllnit.ir-;. , :i hp Wa!J r "'l'uspd o r d ina t i o fl I I,Y Ll w' rJ,., w F.l lI' l:tnu Cu n f' f" ["(" rt CI" h pf' :.tu GP (I I' hC'r ;: f'X, and I.hr' ,fr(' i :; l u l l W:1S ('(I Tl l' lrfll,"' d h,Y t.hc' ( ~n"' r<11 Ctlfl J'f' r f' IH.' t:'> a t Ci ll" inna t.i i ll II~({() . !Jr. S/J " w wa c: o r <iainf'd t n t.llp

Pro ' ''''' tan" Mr t.hud i c: t Cillt r <'l l ill l r!"O, t.1I " I' i r s t. woma n o r'r1 :-1innd h,Y 1J 1:t I. Ifp lIoml na -t. i f) l l . [n l~H~ sh,.. r'rs l/~n/-~d ilr ' r' pl ilpit ' 1I 1d h " r ' ; UJI(' vr r.~.v rt r..'t iv(' ill th ,. ~; Ill'r ra l' i s t ", 'vf' nlf' nl. , j,p('('millj' I' r"3 idf' n t oC t.he NAWSA I" r" JII l 'X)I, - I ') L~ ' .

Hiz:li1rth Cady St.a n t.o l'l - J Hl ) - I' tQ2 . Sor. i"l r" f'o r mr r nnd mil i Lnnt. 1''''lIIil\ i : ~t. .

A('. ti v,-. in ttl'" trfllP(' r anc'" ;lnd abol i. t i onist fIIo v,::.mpn toG , Mr~: . Sta n ton de vote d hpr ~h ipl' e np r r, ips t o lI lP I; rll s ad" fo r' woml" n ' " rir:hts . S lip a nd ["", r"tia Mott o r g,ul izpd I, lIr f ir's t. W0 I1J:.ln ' S riphl. [-; con vp nt.i o n at Se npca Fal l a i n LHI,IJ, Sh" was [1 1'1'3 i dp n t. U f' thf' Na tio nal Woman SII 1'1'1''', :1'' A,SHO" ia ' ,i o n ( J K")- 'i;» 'Illd i ls s uC!('esso r body, and wa!, C(l- Pl! i t.() r (J I' t.}lP ilevoJ.u tion, .qn 0 rJ~an 0 f' I.hf' r "'mi.nis 1. lI lOvPflIr n 1. . Shr WGS I,hf' wi f'p 0 1' thp l a wyp r anci r(' f'o rrnr r, II'-' lIry H rrw:-~ t.p r .st.UJI 1.0 fl , and the mo thrr o f' !'j('vpn c hLl d r f'n .

For the past two years, Doreen Rappaport and Susan Kempler have worked as

free-lance writers of educational material. As partners, they have collab­

orated on creating and writing educational filmstrips, films and curriculum

for Spoken Arts, Educational Activities, COllllmlnlty News Service, Holt,

Rinehart and Winston and Look, Listen ' and Learn. Prior to that, for seven

years, Miss Kempler was a teacher in the Newark and New York City public

school systems - teaching on the elementary and secondary school levels.

In 1969-70 she translated the off-Broadway play "Dogs" from French into

English, as well as translating articles in various publications. Miss

Kempler has a B. A. in French and History and an M. A. in American Civil­

ization from New York University. For seven years, Miss Rappaport taught

vocal MUsic in Junior high schools in New Rochelle, N. Y., and New York

City. She has a B. A. in Music History from Brandeis University. In

1968 Miss Rappaport studied composition and harmony in Paris,

1

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