Presentation of Politics Presentation of Politics &Foreign Policy Of India&Foreign Policy Of India

Presented ToPresented To:: Respected Sir Ishfaq AhmadRespected Sir Ishfaq Ahmad

Presented By:Presented By:Syeda Maha Tariq, Ro SuRyongSyeda Maha Tariq, Ro SuRyong

Sumaira Nazir, Sidra Ali, Sayyam ManzoorSumaira Nazir, Sidra Ali, Sayyam Manzoor

Indo pak war 1971Indo pak war 1971

Background Background

Partition of sub continent in 1947Partition of sub continent in 1947

East west PakistanEast west Pakistan

1948 war1948 war

1965 war1965 war

Tashkant agreementTashkant agreement

The root of discordThe root of discord

Operation Operation

searchlightsearchlight

Liberation warLiberation war

Elections of 1970Elections of 1970

Origin of crisisOrigin of crisis

Role of personalities:Role of personalities:

Sheikh mujeeb ur rehmanSheikh mujeeb ur rehman

Zulfiqar ali bhuttoZulfiqar ali bhutto

General yahya khanGeneral yahya khan

General tikka khanGeneral tikka khan

Mrs. Indira gandhiMrs. Indira gandhi

Sheikh mujeeb ur Sheikh mujeeb ur rehmanrehman

Charismatic Charismatic personality.personality.

Formation of Formation of Awami league.Awami league.

Won election in Won election in east Pakistan.east Pakistan.

6 point formula.6 point formula. Mujeeb was Mujeeb was

arrested.arrested.

Zulfiqar Ali BhuttoZulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Got majority Got majority seats in west seats in west PakistanPakistan

He says:He says: “ “whosoever whosoever

goes to east goes to east pakistan I will pakistan I will break his legs”break his legs”

General Yahya KhanGeneral Yahya Khan

Become president Become president of Pakistan in of Pakistan in 19691969

General Tikka General Tikka khankhan

Order to pacifying Order to pacifying east Pakistaneast Pakistan

Crackdown of 25 Crackdown of 25 march 1971march 1971

Several crackdown by Pak armySeveral crackdown by Pak army Massive loss of civilian lifeMassive loss of civilian life 8 million refugees to neighbouring 8 million refugees to neighbouring

IndiaIndia West Bengal worestly effected by West Bengal worestly effected by

refugees problemsrefugees problems

Mrs Indra GandhiMrs Indra Gandhi

Indian prime ministerIndian prime minister Support bengali Support bengali

freedom fighters freedom fighters specially mukti specially mukti bahinibahini

She says:She says: ““We take revenge of We take revenge of

65”65” ““Today we throw two Today we throw two

nation theory in Bay nation theory in Bay of Bengal”of Bengal”

““Today we ended the mughlia Today we ended the mughlia sultanat forever” sultanat forever”

PAF attack on suspected mukti PAF attack on suspected mukti bahini campsbahini camps

3 dec 19713 dec 1971 Mrs Indra Gandhi broadcast to the Mrs Indra Gandhi broadcast to the

nationnation

War is declared..War is declared..

War is declaredWar is declared

StrikesStrikes 5:40 pm on 3 dec 5:40 pm on 3 dec

19711971 PAF aircrafts PAF aircrafts

struck 9 Indain struck 9 Indain airfields along the airfields along the western borderwestern border

2 front war2 front war

Entering of Indian Entering of Indian troops Into East troops Into East

PakistanPakistan

Modest aims, Ambitious Modest aims, Ambitious ActionAction

• Key men in Lightening operations in Key men in Lightening operations in 1971 1971 • Indian Army Chief General Sam Indian Army Chief General Sam ManeckshawManeckshaw• Lt . General K . P . CandethLt . General K . P . Candeth• Lt . General J . S. Aurora Lt . General J . S. Aurora • Major General J.F.R. Jacob Major General J.F.R. Jacob

Objective of India: occupy Objective of India: occupy territories of Bangladesh in limited territories of Bangladesh in limited timetime

Objective of Pakistan: Delay the Objective of Pakistan: Delay the Indian army advanceIndian army advance

Limited aim of General Maneckshaw : Limited aim of General Maneckshaw : occupy only two areas of East Pakistan, occupy only two areas of East Pakistan, Chittagong and KhulnaChittagong and Khulna

Capturing the whole of East Pakistan Capturing the whole of East Pakistan seemed impossible due to geography seemed impossible due to geography and terrain of Pakistan and terrain of Pakistan

Three major rivers - the Brahmaputra, Three major rivers - the Brahmaputra, the Ganga and the Meghna - divided the Ganga and the Meghna - divided East Pakistan into four natural regionsEast Pakistan into four natural regions

Lt. General Aurora's Chief of Staff, Major Lt. General Aurora's Chief of Staff, Major General JacobGeneral Jacob

“ “ I think the aim of the government wasI think the aim of the government was

to take as much territory as possible in East to take as much territory as possible in East Pakistan as to establish an Bangladeshi Pakistan as to establish an Bangladeshi government in their own territory.” government in their own territory.”

. .

Dhaka was the geo- Dhaka was the geo-

political centre of Eastpolitical centre of East

Pakistan and seizing it was Pakistan and seizing it was

most crucial. most crucial.

East Command went ahead with their East Command went ahead with their own plans although Army own plans although Army Headquarters felt it was impossible Headquarters felt it was impossible to achieve.to achieve.

Jacob`s commander, Lt. General Jacob`s commander, Lt. General Aurora provided full support for his Aurora provided full support for his

Army`s own plans and Army`s own plans and

allowed Jacob to pullallowed Jacob to pull

down troops kept in down troops kept in

reserve.reserve.

"We realised that any campaign to be "We realised that any campaign to be successful had to be swift. The United successful had to be swift. The United Nations was putting great pressure on us Nations was putting great pressure on us and also the Russians had indicated that and also the Russians had indicated that they did not want to exercise their veto they did not want to exercise their veto any more, therefore any campaign had to any more, therefore any campaign had to be quick. We realised that Niazi was be quick. We realised that Niazi was going to fortify the towns and defend going to fortify the towns and defend them in strength. We therefore decided them in strength. We therefore decided not attack any towns but bypass them not attack any towns but bypass them using subsidiary tracks to get to our using subsidiary tracks to get to our objective: Dhaka." Jacobobjective: Dhaka." Jacob

Thousands of troops and tones of Thousands of troops and tones of equipments successfully crossed the equipments successfully crossed the rivers.rivers.

Due to efforts and help fromDue to efforts and help from- Army Corps of engineers - Army Corps of engineers - Mukti Bahini Mukti Bahini - IAF IAF - Local HelpLocal Help

Within 6 days of the war, IndianWithin 6 days of the war, Indian troops penetrated deep into Pakistan.troops penetrated deep into Pakistan.

Using Blockade From Using Blockade From SeasSeas

1971 war was the first 1971 war was the first

and only occasion when and only occasion when

the Indian political the Indian political

leadership properly used leadership properly used

military power for military power for

achieving a clear national achieving a clear national

aim.aim.

East and West Pakistan were two East and West Pakistan were two separate geographical entities more separate geographical entities more than 1,600 miles apart, the only way than 1,600 miles apart, the only way Pakistani forces in East Pakistan Pakistani forces in East Pakistan could be sustained was through the could be sustained was through the sea. sea.

Navy was given the strategic task of Navy was given the strategic task of denying both East and West Pakistan denying both East and West Pakistan access to war supplies.access to war supplies.

in short : complete naval blockade in short : complete naval blockade of both parts of Pakistan.of both parts of Pakistan.

The bigger aim : ensuring that The bigger aim : ensuring that conflict will not be perpetuated conflict will not be perpetuated beyond the time required to capture beyond the time required to capture a chunk of East Pakistani territory.a chunk of East Pakistani territory.

Aims of Indian NavyAims of Indian Navy

India`s sole aircraft carrier at the time.India`s sole aircraft carrier at the time. a carefully preserved World War II a carefully preserved World War II

vintage carrier built in Britain. vintage carrier built in Britain. VikrantVikrant  would be used to   would be used to

blockade the ports in East blockade the ports in East Pakistan, and destroy the Pakistan, and destroy the riverine crafts used by the riverine crafts used by the Pakistanis there. Pakistanis there.

INS VikrantINS Vikrant

The day war was declared, the The day war was declared, the VikrantVikrant, , which had been anchored off the northern-which had been anchored off the northern-most tip of the Andaman & Nicobar chain most tip of the Andaman & Nicobar chain of islands, moved towards the principal of islands, moved towards the principal East Pakistani port, Chittagong.East Pakistani port, Chittagong.

Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi was Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi was dispatched to the east. It failed to cause dispatched to the east. It failed to cause any damage to Vikrant and was detected any damage to Vikrant and was detected and sunk.and sunk.

Vikrant in ActionVikrant in Action

The most dramatic naval plan was drawn The most dramatic naval plan was drawn up by the Western Naval Command.up by the Western Naval Command.

the main attack on Karachi harbor would the main attack on Karachi harbor would be launched by tiny PT-15 missile boats be launched by tiny PT-15 missile boats instead of regular warships.instead of regular warships.

three missile boats were chosen for the three missile boats were chosen for the mission and dispatched in the dead of night mission and dispatched in the dead of night from Bombay harbor.from Bombay harbor.

Leading the missile boat squadron was Leading the missile boat squadron was Commodore Babru Bahan YadavCommodore Babru Bahan Yadav

The attack on KarachiThe attack on Karachi

Our ships were little more than boats and Our ships were little more than boats and did not have the range to go all the way to did not have the range to go all the way to Karachi on their own steam. So Karachi on their own steam. So an oiler was an oiler was placed about half-way to the target and we placed about half-way to the target and we were able to refuel and carry on. were able to refuel and carry on.

Only Only NipatNipat, the boat I was on, could proceed , the boat I was on, could proceed towards Karachi harbour. We pressed on and towards Karachi harbour. We pressed on and fired missiles on Karachi which hit the oil fired missiles on Karachi which hit the oil installations there. The attack took place just installations there. The attack took place just 1 minute before midnight and we could see 1 minute before midnight and we could see the flames from the oil installations lighting the flames from the oil installations lighting up the sea. It looked like up the sea. It looked like DiwaliDiwali (Indian  (Indian festival of lights and firecrackers)."festival of lights and firecrackers)."

The Indian Navy accomplished the task The Indian Navy accomplished the task assigned to it within the first few days assigned to it within the first few days of the war. of the war.

No enemy shipping could move in or No enemy shipping could move in or out of its harbors. out of its harbors.

Merchant ships did not dare approach Merchant ships did not dare approach Karachi. Karachi.

Control of the seas around both wings Control of the seas around both wings of Pakistan was with the Indian Navy.of Pakistan was with the Indian Navy.

Defending the westDefending the west

Limited plansLimited plans

Aim was not the destruction of PakistanAim was not the destruction of Pakistan

Took as much as territory from the Took as much as territory from the PakistanPakistan

Pakistani commanders, aware of this Pakistani commanders, aware of this basic dynamicbasic dynamic

Concentrated all forces in the WestConcentrated all forces in the West

(starfighters, Chinese F-6, T-59 tanks, (starfighters, Chinese F-6, T-59 tanks, US built Patton tanks)US built Patton tanks)

The first blowThe first blow

Attacking nine Attacking nine Indian air bases on Indian air bases on 3 December 19713 December 1971

Major General Major General Z.C.Bakshi Z.C.Bakshi commanding the 26 commanding the 26 Indian infantry Indian infantry divisiondivision

““CHICKEN’S CHICKEN’S NECK”NECK”

Cont…Cont…

Two Indians army Two Indians army commands: commands: western command western command & southern & southern command;command;

Engaged in Engaged in offensive actionoffensive action

Defense rather Defense rather than offense. than offense.

Cont..Cont..

Three offensive missions:Three offensive missions:

To move toward Sialkot To move toward Sialkot To capture shakargarhTo capture shakargarh To move across the desertsTo move across the deserts

Attacks by 1 corps:Attacks by 1 corps:

Lt.General K.K.Singh Lt.General K.K.Singh (HQ’s pathankot)(HQ’s pathankot)

Attack the bulge Attack the bulge from three sidesfrom three sides

attack from sambaattack from samba

Western tip of the Western tip of the bulgebulge

Southern part of the Southern part of the bulgebulge

Cont…Cont…

Not secure there objectivesNot secure there objectives 54 division54 division Pakistanis had got the wind of the Pakistanis had got the wind of the

planplan ““17 HORSE’’17 HORSE’’

Battle of the LongewalBattle of the Longewal

Fought in the deserts of RajistanFought in the deserts of Rajistan India lost a vast expanse of desertIndia lost a vast expanse of desert On Pakistan side principal town is On Pakistan side principal town is

Rahimiyar khanRahimiyar khan ON Indian side principal town are ON Indian side principal town are

Jaislmir, Barmer, Bikaner, JodhpurJaislmir, Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur

14 DAYS WAR14 DAYS WAR

Dec 3..Dec 3..

5:30 pm..PAF attack on Amritsar, 5:30 pm..PAF attack on Amritsar, pathankot, Sirinagar, Ambala & Agra.pathankot, Sirinagar, Ambala & Agra.

National emergency declared.National emergency declared. Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi ““Aggression must be met and people Aggression must be met and people

of India will met with fortitude, of India will met with fortitude, determination and almost unity”determination and almost unity”

Dec 4Dec 4

Indian retaliates Indian retaliates by bombing Pak by bombing Pak Air Air Bases(Massroor, Bases(Massroor, Dacca, Jessore)Dacca, Jessore)

Indian attacks Indian attacks on Chitagong.on Chitagong.

Pakistan attacks Pakistan attacks on Lonngawala.on Lonngawala.

Dec 5Dec 5

Indian navy target the port of Indian navy target the port of Karachi.Karachi.

Pak-Champ & J&K.Pak-Champ & J&K. US resolution for ceasefire.US resolution for ceasefire.

Dec 6..Dec 6..

Indian troops Indian troops advance in advance in Sailkot.Sailkot.

Indian Indian recognizing recognizing Bangladesh.Bangladesh.

IAF hits Attock IAF hits Attock Oil Refinery.Oil Refinery.

Dec 7..Dec 7..

Indian liberate Jessore and Jhenida Indian liberate Jessore and Jhenida in East Pakistan from Pakistan in East Pakistan from Pakistan control.control.

Dec 8..Dec 8..

INS vinash fires INS vinash fires for missiles into for missiles into KarachiKarachi

Port city burn Port city burn for several daysfor several days

Dec 9Dec 9

Major setback Major setback to India.to India.

INS khukri is INS khukri is sunk by a sunk by a submarine submarine killing more killing more then 190 crewthen 190 crew

Dec 10..Dec 10..

Fighting again Fighting again intensifies in intensifies in ChhambChhamb

Pakistan try Pakistan try to push to push through through Indian Indian defencesdefences

Dec 11..Dec 11..

Indian airforce Indian airforce drop 100 of drop 100 of paratroops at paratroops at TangailTangail

Fierce battle Fierce battle in Shakargarh in Shakargarh

Dec 12Dec 12

Lt.Genral AAk Lt.Genral AAk Niaza.Niaza.

12 dec first 12 dec first press confrence press confrence in Daccain Dacca

““Dacca will fall Dacca will fall only over my only over my dead body”dead body”

Dec 13Dec 13

Indian troops of 11infantary division Indian troops of 11infantary division occupy the major town of Parbat Alioccupy the major town of Parbat Ali

Pakistan stems indian attack to Pakistan stems indian attack to occupy Shakargarhoccupy Shakargarh

Dec 14Dec 14

IAF targets on sui base plant in sindIAF targets on sui base plant in sind IAF attack with MiG-21sIAF attack with MiG-21s Gorvernor of East pakitan A H Malik Gorvernor of East pakitan A H Malik

resignresign

Dec 15 Dec 15

Siege of Dacca continue Siege of Dacca continue Heavy fighting in J&K.Heavy fighting in J&K. Mukti bahni force accompany Mukti bahni force accompany

advancing Indian paratroopsadvancing Indian paratroops Ceasefire/surrender.Ceasefire/surrender.

Dec 16Dec 16

Lt.Genral NaiziLt.Genral Naizi Lt.Genral Jagit Lt.Genral Jagit

Singh AuroraSingh Aurora Sign Sign

instruments of instruments of surrendersurrender

5:00 pm5:00 pm

ResultResult

Decisive Indian and Bangladeshi Decisive Indian and Bangladeshi victoryvictory

Eastern front:Eastern front:Pakistani forces surrender.Pakistani forces surrender.

Western front:Western front:Ceasefire after Pakistani surrender Ceasefire after Pakistani surrender in the eastin the east

StrengthStrength

Indian Armed Indian Armed Forces:Forces:500,000500,000Mukti Bahini: Mukti Bahini: 175,000175,000

Pakistan Armed Pakistan Armed ForcesForces: 365,000: 365,000

TerritorialTerritorialchangeschanges

Separation and liberation of East Separation and liberation of East Pakistan as the independent state of Pakistan as the independent state of BangladeshBangladesh

Casualties and lossesCasualties and losses

India India 3,843 killed3,843 killed 9,851 wounded9,851 wounded Indian Okha Indian Okha

harbour harbour damaged/fueling damaged/fueling facilities destroyedfacilities destroyed

PakistanPakistan 9,000 killed9,000 killed 4,350 wounded4,350 wounded 97,368 captured97,368 captured Pakistani main Pakistani main

port Karachi port Karachi facilities facilities damaged/fuel damaged/fuel tanks destroyedtanks destroyed

Pakistani Pakistani airfields airfields damaged and damaged and crateredcratered

Pakistani Pakistani ClaimsClaims

42 PAF Aircraft42 PAF Aircraft Indian ClaimsIndian Claims 94 PAF Aircraft94 PAF Aircraft

Damage to Damage to western Indian western Indian airfieldsairfields

Pakistani Pakistani ClaimsClaims

130 IAF Aircraft130 IAF Aircraft Indian ClaimsIndian Claims 45 IAF Aircraft45 IAF Aircraft

International Community

Role of US and China

• Indira Gandhi wrote to Nixon about the ‘carnage in East Bengal’• And the flood of refugees, burdening India.• After LK jha (then the Indian ambassador

to US ) had warned Kissinger that India might have to send back some of the refugees as guerrillas

• Nicson commented, ‘By God we will cut off economical aid (India)

Cont..

introduce a resolution in the security council.

US sympathise with Pakistan. US needed help from china Kissinger arrived in Beijing. China support Pakistan. China feared any action on India

might attract Soviet aggression.

Cont..

US assured china that any action taken by USSR will be counter by US to protect China.

Role of USSR

Gave full support to Indian Army and Mukti Bahni

Indira Gandhi has failed to gain American support any sympathy.

She singed a treaty with USSR. Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty of August 1971.

It was a shock to US. Vetoed resolution.