196 Stakeholder Analysis Report SW Coastal Region

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Poverty Elimination through Rice Research AssistancePETRRA Project

Stakeholder Analysis Report

South West Coastal Region of Bangladesh

An initial prioritisation of rice production issues within the context of thelivelihoods of resource-poor farm households

November 13-17, 1999

Prepared by

Satkhira District Team:Mr. ASM Rezaul Karim, SSO, Rice Farming Systems Division, BRRI (and overallregional coordinator for exercise)Md Shamsul Alam, SO BARI, JessoreZahirul Islam (PhD), PSO, Entomology Division, BRRIMd. Abul Quasem, SSO, Farm Machinery & Post Harvest Division, BRRI

Subrata Kumar Chakrabarty, Facilitator, PPF

Bagherhat District Team:Md Ashraf, SO, BARI, JessoreM. Musherraf Husain (PhD), PSO, Adaptive Research Division, BRRIM.A. Saleque, SSO (PhD), Soil Science Division, BRRIMd. Abdus Sattar (PhD), PSO, Irrigation & Water Management Division, BRRIAbu Naser, Facilitator (facilitator team leader), PPF;

Khulna District Team:Manaranjan K. Mandal (PhD), SSO, Irrigation & Water Management Division, BRRIMd. Abdul Jalil Mirdha, SSO, Agronomy Division, BRRIMd. Abdul Quayum, SSO, Agricultural Economics Division, BRRIMd Abdur Rouf, SO, BARI, JessoreAhmad Salauddin, Facilitator, PPFNoel P Magor (PhD), PETRRA Project Manager

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701; Tel: 933-3098International Rice Research Institute, House 39, Road 23, Block J, Banani; Tel: 882-7210

E-mail: [email protected](January 2000)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Priority Problems and suggested research focus

Problem prioritisation focused on issues related to rice production. The priority ranking varied across districtsfor the region based on the district rankings. For each problem a suggested research focus is given. The time availabvillage and district and thana level on the validity of each suggestion. For the planning of research and intervention actvillage level clients and possible uptake agencies in the region. Table 1 gives the top six identified problems in eremainder of the important issues. The tables do not attempt to link problems. For example lack of quality seed and lbut listed individually.

Table 1 Priority problems with researchable issues identified in the South-West Coastal Region of Bangladesh

District and village joint priorityranking

Priority problem

Bagherhat Khulna Satkhira

Suggested research focus

Quality seed and seed issues

Lack of supply of appropriate variety andgood quality seed (all districts);

Loss of viability of boro seed (farmersplant boro varieties in the aus season soas to have viable seed for the followingboro season) (Satkhira); and

Scarcity of high quality seeds of localand locally improved varieties resultingin only 50 percent germination(Bagherhat)

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6 1; and

1

Design and testing of innovative aand distributing quality seed of mo

Investigation of quality boro seeddevelopment of appropriate meas

Collection and description of locagermplasm;

Village level exploratory study to uperceived problem of loss of viabi

Design and testing of innovative aand distributing quality seeds of lo

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Table 1 (continued) Priority problems with researchable issues identified in the South-West Coastal Region of Ban


Priority problem



Water stagnation

Stagnant water remaining for anincreasingly long time resulting inincreasingly delayed transplanting ofaman; poor soil aeration due to waterlogging and therefore soil is not gettingenough sunlight (Bagherhat);

Water logging due to construction ofunplanned WAPDA embankments(Khulna);

Water stagnation (Satkhira)

Lack of coordination among various GOsand NGOs particularly for poldermanagement

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For all districts:

Characterising soil and envenvironmental parameters caused by the water-loggin

Development of tall and stavariety; and

Development of participato

conflict resolution etc proce(polders)

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Priority problem



Salinity

Soil and water salinity cause damage torice plants (mentioned by farmhouseholds in Bagherhat);

Absence of salt tolerant variety; and

Gradual increase in salinity content inland and water causing reduced riceproductivity. Farm households reported aprogressive increase in the duration of

salinity in the fields during late monsoon(Bagherhat);

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For all saline affected areas the foresearch focus:

Development of salt toleran

Development of early matuboro (for salinity avoidance

Innovation of cultural manaand

Characterising and systemaparameters that impact on salinity;Feasibility studies on poldewater intrusion in coastal a

Rain-water conservation fo

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Priority problem



Technology Uptake

Lack of knowledge regardingExtension facilities available;Input sources;Input use;Seed preservation andselection of correct HYVvariety;Use of balanced fertilizer &Pesticide use;Cultivation system; and

Slow rate of transfer oftechnology from research tofarmers

6 2 6/4 Pilot scheme for effective training agriculture techniques

Lack of trusted agencies through whichservices can be obtained (experience ofadulteration of agricultural inputs)

3 Pilot scheme for quality service dhouseholds (links to NGOs and p

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Priority problem (continued)



Marketing

Unstable and low market price of paddy 4 6 Farmers profit/interest needs to bmarketing facilities and/or by prov

Increasing income diversity throug

Demonstrate benefits of rice-fish diversification.

Irrigation

Lack of Irrigation water (availability of theirrigable water and cost of equipment)

4 Water supply for all the farmers inStandard spacing between wells; Quality mapping and monitor the

Soil fertility

Decline in soil fertility (yellowing of plantswere reported due to Zinc deficiency)

6 5 Soil and fertilizer management forsaline soils

Lack of credit 5 Pilot scheme for credit delivery fo(links to NGOs)

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Table 2 Other problems with researchable issues identified in the South-West Coastal Region of Bangladesh


Other problems identified


Suggested research

Insect and pest management problem as impediment toincreased rice production (esp. Hispa, BPH and stem borer)

>6 >6 >6 Insect and pest man(esp. Hispa, BPH an

Unplanned shrimp cultivation by big farmers;Lack of policy for demarcation of land for shrimp cultivationBecause of influence of shrimp cultivators small farmershave surrendered land (forceful eviction)

>6 >6 Impact of low rice proproduction on well-behealth) and social staPrevious knowledge new research

Siltation of canals and farm lands >6 Environmental manaDecrease in productivity of fish on common propertyresources

>6 Environmental mana

Decrease in grazing area due to increased shrimpproduction and stagnant water resulting in decrease indraught animal for rice cultivation

>6 >6 Consequences of intversus animal power

Explore the feasibilitysaline area


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Introduction

There are two-levels of stakeholder involvement. Firstly, direct beneficiaries, resource-poor farmhouseholds, and secondly linkage organisations. This second level of stakeholder involvement concernsthe institutional linkages to the primary beneficiaries.

PETRRA is an ambitious project that works for SECURING SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FORRESOURCE-POOR FARM HOUSEHOLDS. The project is designed to not only benefit these people but toenable them to participate in the PROCESS. To achieve this objective it is critical in this inception phase toestablish PROCEDURE. There is the need for DELIBERATE INCLUSION of our client in the planning,research development and uptake of new technologies.

From the project document for PETRRA it is clear that the project approach is participatory:

Note: 3.3.4 states:Much research will be undertaken at farm level using a systems approach, to ensure thatfarmers are involved in technology generation and that it is appropriate to their needs. Thiswill allow direct dissemination of results to other farmers in the area.

Note: 3.4.19 states:

The project will adopt a participatory approach and farmers, women and men, will beinvolved in all stages of technology development to ensure that the technology is needsbased. . . . wherever feasible resource-poor women and men farmers will be involved in allstages of the research to ensure it is demand-led.

Stakeholder Analysis at the village, district and thana level underpins the above goal. The villagemeetings were for villager's participation with the BRRI-BARI team being observers. For District and Thanalevel meetings, Department of Agricultural Extension, Soil Resources Development Institute, Non-government organisations and other key persons participated. It is important to realise that a "single offseries of workshop" does not constitute participation. It is the beginning of an iterative process throughwhich relationships will develop and overtime the skills of all participants will improve.

This report is the output of a series of seven meetings that took place across three districts in thesouth- western coastal region of Bangladesh. Nine BRRI scientists, three BARI scientists and thePETRRA Project Manager participated in a weeklong field visit in the districts of Khulna, Bagerhat andSatkhira during 12-17 November 1999. Three members from the Participatory Research and Action (PRA)Promoters Forum facilitated the meetings. Primary desired outcome was to identify preliminary researchpriority issues. A secondary outcome was to refine the process of conducting effective stakeholdermeetings, an outcome that will assist holding subsequent meetings in the coastal region and other parts ofBangladesh.

SW Coastal Region and Site Selection

The coastal region has been identified by the PETRRA project as a priority focus area. Regionsecosystem is complex and a large part of this region is affected by salinity and water logging. This region'sagriculture is also complex and has not experienced increase in rice production.

Among the coastal regions, south -western part was considered for the first round of stakeholdermeetings. Three districts of the region were selected as mentioned earlier.

A BRRI team along with the project manager of PETRRA visited the area during early October toidentify the potential stakeholders and also select villages and venues for the stakeholder meeting. Thefollowing locations were chosen for meetings:

a. For village level:i) Satkhira: Setpur under Ashasuni Thanaii) Bagherhat: Bachharer hula under under Rampal Thanai) Khulna: on Tipna village but held at the Dumuria BRAC office under

Dumuria Thana

b. District level meeting at the DAE District Offices

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c. Thana level at the respective Thana complex (however, one Thana level meetingwas held for Dumuria while meeting in two other thanas could not be held becauseof unavoidable problems.

Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study were:

a. Locating the resource-poor within the institutional context of the region;b. Locating the rice system within the livelihoods of resource-poor farm householdsc. Identifying rice issues and scoping these issues;d. Prioritising issues through meetings at district level, village level and at thana level;

ande. Achieving consensus on priority issues.

Methodology

The Stakeholders Analysis was done through a participatory process. The study was conducted inthree different stages- Consultation with the resource poor farmers, consultation with the district levelstakeholders and validation at the thana level. However, workshops could not be organized in two thanadue to unavoidable political events. For these two thana, validation was completed at the district level

where resource-poor farm households were also present.

Resource poor has been defined as the farm households with a Rice Provisional Ability (RPA) orself-sufficiency in rice of only 3-8 months. This definition includes marginal farm households that may berapidly losing their land due to impoverishment and active small farm households that are maintainingthemselves and even marginally increasing their land holding. The village level participants in this firstround were limited to those who cultivate some rice. It will be necessary, as village level research begins,to complete consultation with other village level stakeholders (landless who may use common propertyresources etc).

It was recognised that large meetings for this exercise would be unproductive. The meetings wereintentionally kept small (see schedule of meetings annex 1).

Qualitative research methods were employed. The village meetings were designed to enable

outsiders to observe and listen. BRRI and BARI persons were active note takers at the village level, withall discussion being facilitated from village participants. Tools from Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)were selected and used for the study. The tools used were: a) Social Mapping to find out the resourcesand land types in a village b) Changing Trendsto analyse the cropping pattern (now and before situation)including production c) Preference Ranking to know the preference regarding different crops by thestakeholders d) Problem Prioritisation on rice production and (e) Impact flow Diagram on riceproduction. In addition to these tools, Semi Structured Interviews (SSI)were used to solicit analyticalresponses against the visual presentations.

One of the main objectives of the study was to identify the rice related researchable issues basedon the analysis of the rice related problems by different stakeholders. The facilitator group helped reviewthe findings and later a small workshop of the participating scientists identified the researchable issues.

The composition of the team (BRRI and facilitators) was unintentionally all male, with a resulting

outcome that gender issues were invariably missed.

Lessons Learned:

Lessons learned from exercises can be classified into following broad based categories.

a. Preparation: The stakeholder team need an orientation regarding the process and thetools to be used before they go to the field. The facilitators and the participantscientists should know each other before going to the field. A meeting had beenplanned for this but due to unavoidable political problems that was cancelled.

b. Communication: Persons, who are invited to attend from local agencies, should beinformed fifteen days before the actual date of the meeting. They should be aware ofthe agenda and the time frame. ADAB chapter of the concerned region should berequested to contact the local NGOs working in agricultural programme. Concerned

DAE and the local government representatives should be informed beforehand aswell.

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c. Methodology & Procedure: A review of process of farm-household selection forvillage level meeting is necessary. Transect and other possible diagnostic tools can beincorporated to enable the team to be familiar with the village environment. Aftercompleting this transect, team members with the help of key informants to selectresource poor farm households. The villagers should decide time and place for themeeting so that they can be available for sufficient and uninterrupted period. All the

thana agricultural officers should be invited at the district level workshop. Meetingvenues needs to be selected carefully so that optimal participation can be ensured. Areview of selecting persons for thana level meeting is necessary.

It is important to hold briefing sessions for the team members before the meetings areheld and a working meeting to be held to finalise the days findings after each meeting.The facilitating team should have maximum four members. Use of secondary data willbe useful for the understanding of the environment. Guidelines about the potentialparticipants including gender representation needs to be developed. Youngerscientists should be encouraged to participate in the facilitating team while moresenior scientists may attend the district meetings as resource persons.

d. Note taking & Reporting: To help follow up on comments each participant can begiven a number along their nametag. While taking notes against comments made bythe participants the rapourteour can just use the corresponding number. Localterminologies and dialects (at all levels of meetings) should be used while takingnotes. One independent note taker can be included in the team to avoid subject biasof participating scientists.

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District wise Findings

Bagherhat District

Bacharer hula village (village-level meeting)Bachharer hula village is located 3 KM away from the Rampal thana head quarter under

Bagherhat district in the south west coastal region of Bangladesh. Bachharer hula village is within theRampal Union Parishad. Union parishad office and thana health complex is located within 1 KM from thevillage. Two primary schools, one high school and two madrashas are located in this union. Agriculturalproducts of the village are mainly sold in the local market. Agriculture equipments, seeds, fertilizers,pesticides are also bought from the local market although farmers sometimes go to the thana head quartermarket. The village has approximately 160 hectares of cultivable land. 10-15% of the village land area ishigh and 85-90% is low. High land is mainly used for houses and settlements while some are used forvegetable cultivation and tree plantation. It was reported that about 125-150 families lives in Bachharerhula village. Most of the villagers are involved in rice and shrimp cultivation.

Changes in last ten years

Table 3. Crops grown in different land types in Bachharer hula village at present and ten years ago(village-level meeting)

Highland Lowland10 - 15 percent 85 - 90 percent

Now Ten years ago Now Ten years ago

Vegetables,Coconut andbetel nut, timbertrees, Pulses,

Jute

Vegetables,Coconut and betel nut,timber trees, Aus, T. Aman,Sugarcane, Jute, Pulses,

Potato, Banana, Papaya

Fish followed by rice (60percent),LV Aman (40 percent),Fish ( bagda shrimp, golda,

harina, chaka, chali, rui,katla, mrigel, japani puti,silver carp, tilapia

LV Aman,Fish (bagdashrimp, golda, harina,chaka, chali, rui,katla, mrigel, japani

puti, silver carp,tilapia, Sesame

10 years ago nearly 14 types of local varieties of rice were cultivated In Bachharer hula village.Now they have only five local varieties. It is very difficult to find the other varieties now. At present mostcommon local varieties in the area are Arman Sardar (sada mota), Jamai naru, Nonakachi, and Mainamati. The yield was also decreasing day by day. Presently average yield per bigha (0.52 acre) rangesfrom 2 to 5 mounds. Ten years ago it was 10 to 15 mounds. The villagers reported that they couldnt usefertilizer due to long stagnant water. They can use fertilizer only on 25% of their total cultivated land.Farmers also apply pesticides now. It was informed that ten years ago no fertilizer and pesticide wasapplied on their land. Varieties of rice available in the area are presented in the table below.

Table 4. Varieties of rice grown in Bachharer hula village area (village-level meeting)

Local Varieties1

Modern Variety

Arman sordar, Sada mata Jamai naru, Lona kachi, Borjer muri, Horgaja,Chapshail, Moynamoti, Rajashail, Kartik balam, kumra goir, Bashful balam, Batibalam, Kachra, Bashpair, keyaful, Tuloshail,

BR23

1Rajasail, Jamainaru and Moynamotivarieties used to be cultivated ten years ago and also

available now.

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Resource poor farmers described the following as the major reasons for changes in the cropvarieties and production in their locality:

Salinity increased ten times in the last 30 years. It has started increasing since the Farrakka damwas constructed in the late sixties

Water stagnation and lack of drainage facilities

Increase of salt water (bagda) shrimp cultivation

Floodplain area has increased due to siltation of rivers and canals, high land is turned into low land

Value of the output is less than the cost of production

Stagnant water is causing soil erosion

shrimp fields hamper beneficial silt deposit in land

The farmers reported that these changes occurred after the construction of Farakka Barrage inIndia. This barrage restricted the flow of water to Bangladesh river system. They also mentioned thepopulation growth and resultant fragmentation of cultivable land. Hence farmers had to shift theirenterprises for alternative income such as shrimp cultivation. Farmers also indicated problems they arefacing in rice cultivation.

Problems of Rice Production

Participants were asked about their perceived problems in rice production. They narrated thefollowing:

Farmers Cannot plough land due to deep stagnant water

Cannot apply fertilizers due to the same reason

Scarcity of high quality seeds of local popular seed variety sadamota Salinity is damaging rice plants

Insect attack

Zinc deficiency No interception of sunlight by the soil

Farmers Perception for resolving their problems in rice production

At the village level meeting farmers not only discussed the problems of rice cultivation, they alsodiscussed about the possible solutions to those problems. There were three main ideas put forward.Firstly, the construction of polders; secondly, the development of salt tolerant rice varieties and finally thedevelopment of an improved drainage system.

In the village level workshop a quick survey on preferences for rice and shrimp was taken. If thecultivation of rice with shrimp were possible all participants would cultivate both. However, if there wereonly one option, which is the case now, 80% would prefer to cultivate rice. It was only the large landownersthat would opt for shrimp cultivation.

Impact of rice production

The farmers indicated the following positive impacts of improved rice-production. Whileconsidering the issue the participants reflected on the potential situation at present and also that prevailedfifteen years ago, when there was no shrimp cultivation in the area.

Cash crop will be increased along with rice Employment opportunities will be increased

Financial crisis will be decreased

Poverty will be eliminated Resistance against diseases will be increased

Life expectancy will be increased

Soil fertility will be improved

Cattle grazing will be possible Universal education will be increased

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Terrorism will be decreased

Oppression on women will be reduced

Social stability will be strengthened

Eco-system will be balanced

Communication (mobility via roads) system will be improved

It was apparent in the village that the changes due to the practice of shrimp cultivation along withthe poor polder management practices together caused a major decline in quality of life of the resource-poor farmer. The rice production system has been severely affected by increasing salinity, delay inreceding floodwater and the encroachment of shrimp cultivation by large landowners. Farmers arebecoming interested to cultivate shrimp because income from per unit land is high compared to othercrops, employment opportunities and developing marketing facilities.

Village meeting with the farmers came up with the following recommendations:

Monitoring the temporal trends in soil and water salinity Development of salt tolerant rice varieties

Development of tall and stagnation tolerant rice varieties

Quality seeds of the most popular local variety, Arman Sarder, to be produced and distributed.

Fertilizer and soil management practice (P & Zn) to be developed. WAPDA polder should be able to prevent intrusion of saline seawater.

Alternative and improved Seed bed/ seedlings raising technique to be developed.

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District-level meeting

In the district meeting, the participants identified the land types and its use pattern. Theparticipants shared their experiences and finally reached a consensus.

Table 5. Land types and land use pattern, Bagherhat (district level meeting)

Land type and percent areaHighland (ranked) Medium highland (ranked) Lowland (not ranked)20 percent 30 percent 50 percentNow Ten years ago Now Ten years ago Now Ten years agoCoconut andbetel nut

Coconut andbetel nut

T. Aman T. Aman DeepwaterAman

DeepwaterAman

Vegetable Pan Fish andvegetables

Pulses T. A Aman

Betel leaf

Mango

Vegetable andbamboo

Boro Sesame Fish (bhagda,golda, bedki,parsha, rui,catla and

kakra)Banana andtimber trees

T. Aman Pulses Jute Hogla pata

Papaya andbamboo

Sugarcane,banana,papaya andpotato

Pumpkin Vegetable,mustard,korolla

Sugarcane,wheat, corn,Aus, tal, kejur,chilli, mustard,potato, dal,sesame,

cucumber, T.Aman

Sugarcane, ausrice, tal, kejur,chilli, mustard,potato, dal,sesame,cucumber,

T.Aman

Deepwateraman, B. aus,T.Aus, jute,onion, mustard,potato,sesame, chilli,

watermelon.

Similar(except forpotol, sweetpotato, localraddish, peaand keshari,

gimmi kumra,grass on fallowland)

Local Borowithoutploughing theland (25 yearsago), floodingtolerant grass,

trees

While discussing the changes in cropping pattern and production of different crops at the districtlevel meeting it was mentioned that coconut and betel nut is still number one crop on highland but theirproduction has decreased manifold.

Farmers also highlighted in their comments that 10 years ago on medium land they used to getjute but now in most areas jute is not being produced. Mustard and sesame are replaced by some othercrops, which has an implication on their livelihood. For example they used to produce jute as a cash crop.They could use its straws for household use, for roof and fencing, and as fuel. And from sesame andmustard they used to get edible oil for household food preparation, they could sell part of it, could use its

straws as fuel etc. These changes in cropping pattern have brought a shift in livelihood resources.

They also mentioned that ten years ago there was enough grazing land available in low andmedium high land area. This was an integral part of the farming system. There was milk for both familyconsumption and the surplus for sell. Cow dung was plenty for use as fertilizer and fuel.

The participants have identified different varieties of rice in different parts of the district, which areshown in the table 6 below. Table 7 gives the five major crops now and ten years ago.

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Table 6 Rice varieties available in Bagherhat (district level meeting)

Rice varieties

B. Aus T. Aus Deepwater Aman T. Aman Local and MV Boro

Kali boro,Dhola boro,Choit boro,Nun choraton

BR26, BR14Bhorsa,BR21

MoishkandaKejur jotaUkichaptakala ghona, dighakumra goir, khaiamotor, kumrangaJoyna

Arman sordar, Jamainaru, Sada mata,Lona kachi, Borjermuri, Horgaja,Chapshail,Moynamoti, RajashailKartik balam, Khejurkandia balam,Bashful balam, Bataibalam, Kachra,Sholmugur, HatipajorBashimoti, BashiparGandha kostory,

Kalajira, RanishalutBadshabhog, Naizarshail, BR23, BR11,BR30, BR31, BR22BR32, Sonarbangla

Choit boro, Kali boro,Dhola boroKoaijor, BR26BR14, BR29BR28, Alok

Table 7. Five most important crops being grown in Bagherhat district at present and ten years ago(district level meeting)

Present SituationHigh Land Medium Land Low land

VegetablesCoconutBetel LeafBananaBetel Nut

T.AmanFishVegetablesBoroPulses

RiceFish

Ten Years AgoCoconutBetel NutBetel LeafVegetablesT. Aman

T. AmanPulsesSesameJuteMustard/vegetables/

pasture

The farmers mentioned few important reasons for the change in the cropping pattern in the region.

Salinity increase

Drainage congestion/ Water logging

Floodplain area has increased due to siltation of rivers Return is less compared to the cost of production of crops

Improved communication network has positively influenced changes for cash crops (fruits andvegetables)

Expansion of land area under bagda shrimp cultivation

Dissemination of modern technology has impacted the change Knowledge and practice of farming has changed

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Prioritisation of problems (village and district level combined)

Both at the village and district level participants have identified the main problems that hadcontributed to the present level of rice production. Problems as identified by the participants at bothmeeting have been prioritised is reflected in the table below.

Table 8 Prioritisation of problems as identified and validated by district and village level participants,

Bagherhat

Problems Village District Ranking1 Ploughing is not possible due to deep stagnant water 2 Fertilizer application is restricted by deep stagnant

water

3 Scarcity of high quality seeds of LIV resulting in only50 percent germination

4 Lack of supply of HYV quality seed 15 Water stagnation for long duration (Rampal) 26 Only a limited land area available for aman seed bed

preparation

7 Soil and water salinity affecting rice plants

38 Zinc deficiency problem (symptoms yellowing of

plants)

9 Poor soil aeration due to water logging (soil is notgetting enough sunlight)

10 Silt deposition on canal bed and on farm land 11 To many insect infestations 12 Unplanned shrimp cultivation by the big farmers 13 Damping off of seedling disease 14 Gradual increase in salinity content in land and water

causing reduced rice productivity; There is aprogressive increase in the duration of salinity in thefields during late monsoon;

15 Unstable and low market price of paddy 416 Absence of salinity tolerant variety 517 Slow rate of transfer of technology research results

to farmers 6

18 Lack of appropriate location specific technology 19 Lack of coordination amongst various government

and non-government organisations (e.g. BWDBregarding polderisation)

The farmers indicated the lack of supply of HYV quality seed as the number one problem andwater logging as the second. Soil and water salinity is ranked as the third problem that affects rice plants.Low and unstable market price, absence of saline tolerant varieties and slow rate of transfer of technology

to the farm level was identified as the other major problems.The district level participants gave their opinion concerning rice related problems and suggested

the following measures.

Construction of polder Development of salt tolerant rice variety (Highly salt tolerant variety is Jamai naru + HYV) Building improved drainage system

Strengthening of training and dissemination of information programme for the farmers

Strengthening coordination among GO, NGOs and other stakeholders of development Development of rice variety which could be cultivated together with freshwater shrimp ( e.g

GOLDA).

Development of shorter duration aman variety

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Khulna District

Tipna, Dumuria Thana (village-level meeting)

The villages Tipna and Okra are located within Kharnia union under Dumuria thana of Khulnadistrict. BRAC of Dumuria organized the meeting. About 27 resource poor farmers attended the meetingfrom nine nearby villages. The discussion focused on the villages of Tipna and Okra although participantsfrom the adjacent villages actively contributed in the discussion. The problems of the area concerningcrops in general and rice in particular were common to all.

The village is one km. away from the thana head quarter. Khulna Satkhira highway dissected thevillage. There is a small market in the village but they also go to other bigger markets in Dumuria andKhulna to sell their agriculture products. There is also an ice factory in the village.

The farmers first drew two maps; one for the union and one for Tipna as the reference village. Onthe resource map of the village they indicated land types, crops grown, major institutions, market, roadnetwork, rivers and canals, water bodies etc. They talked about crops grown on different types of land andtheir significance to their livelihood. The table below shows the different crops grown for each land-type.The crops were then ranked according to their contribution to livelihood.

Table 9. Land types and land use pattern of the village Tipna, Dumuria, Khulna

Land types and percentage of area under each land type in Tipna and Okra villages

Highland Medium highland Lowland30 percent 50 percent 20 percentCrops grownnow

Crops grownten yearsago

Crops grownnow

Crops grownten years ago

Crops grownnow

Crops grownten years ago

Rank 1:Vegetables(++) e.g. brinjal,

tomato, ladysfinger, potato,cauliflower,beans, radishLeafyvegetables

Brinjal,cauliflower,potato, bean

and radish

Rank 1Transplantedaman (modern)

Transplantedlocal aman

Fallow land (75percent)

Local aman

Rank 2:Aus(--)

Aus Rank 2Boro (modern)

Horticulturalcrops

Rank 1Transplantedaman (modern)(15 percent)

Sesame*

Mustard (--),Pulses (-)

Jute (-)Horticulturalcrops (++)

Mustard,Pulses

Jute

Rank 3Shrimp

Rank 2Shrimp (10

percent)

Kalti pat* (LVleafy jute)

Horticulturalcrops (++)

Notes:

This area has no salinity problem and vegetable dominates cropping pattern.

Part of the union has permanent stagnant water bodies causing problem for crop production. ++ means increased substantially, - - means decreased substantially, - means decreased

moderately and * means not existing at all in that land type.

All highlands and medium highland are double cropped About 65 percent of the medium high land is used for Boro cultivation

75 percent of the total aman cultivated is HYV and only 25 percent is LV 25 percent of the Boro production is taken away by the pump owners as the water irrigation pump

rent

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Over the last ten years significant change in the cropping pattern has taken place in the area.Vegetable is the most important crop for the farmers now. Good communication network, marketing facilityin the nearby large city and good price attracted farmers to go for intensive vegetable cultivation.Horticulture crops have increased significantly. Even on the medium high land farmers are growinghorticulture crops, which did not exist a decade ago. Some crops like pulses, mustard, jute, sesame havelost their importance now.

Major problems of rice cultivation as indicated by the farmers were:

Water logging and drainage congestion problem caused by siltation of rivers creating majorproblem for cultivation of Aman

Lack of irrigation facilities for Boro2, drought causes reduced yield

Lack of proper submergence resistant variety for Aman

Lack of supply of good quality seed for HYV rice

Inadequate supply of fertilizer; artificial crisis is created and the price goes up

Lack of preservation facilities of seeds for all types of rice Lack of Knowledge about modern cultivation system

Lack of credit facilities

Extension facilities provided by DAE is very limited

Possible solution to the problems as recommended by participants:

Re-excavation of the rivers and canals; if normal flow could be ensured during high and low tidethen problem of water logging could be reduced and better Aman and Boro cultivation could bepossible inside the polder

Trusted agency through which the services can be obtained at fair price

Supply of adequate numbers of STWs for Boro cultivation

It is not enough to make farmers aware through radio, TV programmes; they also need hands-ontraining on use of modern technology and practical aspects of proper seeds selection, properdozes of insecticides and fertilizer etc.

NGO activities should be strengthened

Ensure adequate supply of credit at fair rate as BRAC credit is not enough

Advantages and ranking of major enterprises (village level)

The major enterprises identified by participants were aus (HYV), aman (HYV), boro (HYV), vegetables andshrimp (not necessarily in order). Advantages of the three rice crops are given in table 10 and thepreference ranking of the enterprises in given in table 11

2Only 9 percent of the total cultivable land area under Khulna district is irrigated (DAE, Khulna

1999)

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Table 10. Advantages of the three major rice crops

Aus (HYV) Aman (HYV) Boro (HYV)It can be cultivated withoutirrigationVegetable can be cultivatedafter the harvest of AusProduction cost is lowIt is harvested at the time offood crisisPreserved seed from this cropcan be used for Boro as well

It can be cultivated without irrigationYield is highCost of production is low (weeding isnot required)Wage rate for the labourers remainlow in this seasonSeed preservation is easyClimatic condition remain conduciveand therefore it is easy to take care

Yield is very highProfit is high

The varieties of rice grown were:T.Aman (MV): BR10, BR11, BR22, BR23, BR32, BR26, BR28, BR29, BR30, BR32T.Aman (LV): Ghumci, Ranisalut, Chatai, Balam, Patnai, Bazramuri, Jatai Balam, Kumra, Bazra,Hoglapata, Kaijini, Kazra, Headkumla, Kalmilata, Morisail, Horchos, PatnaiBoro (HYV): Pulbachi, Ratna, BR26, BR28, BR29

Table 11. Preference ranking for major enterprises

Indicators Highland Medium high and lowlandVegetables Modern

AusModernaman

Modernboro

Shrimp

Cash income readily available 90 15 30 50 95Highly profitable 70 10 60 45 75Can be cultivated without irrigation 0 90 100 0 75Production cost is low 60 50 90 20 10Ensures food supply in crisis situation 95 80 25 40 5Productivity is high 80 40 60 70 20

Risk is high 45 60 85 40 10Total score 440 345 450 265 290RANK 2 3 1 5 4

Note: high benefit receives a high score

Preference ranking reflected in the above table might be distorted since indicators were usedwithout relative weighting. Participants were asked to give a second scoring. Each participant rated theimportance of each enterprise for his household. The preference ranking changed. In the first rankingaman was the most important but in the second ranking by individual participants made vegetables themost significant enterprise.

Table 12. Frequency of ranking, with overall ranking, for five major crop enterprises by farmer participants,Dumuria

RANK Vegetable Aman Aus Boro Shrimp1 9 5 0 0 02 3 9 1 0 13 1 0 2 9 2Final ranking 1 2 4 3 4

Note: 14 farmers participated in voting

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In the district meeting, comparison and ranking was done on crop enterprises by land type forpresent, ten and twenty years ago for Khulna. 1980 was considered milestone year because shrimpcultivation commenced that year. The participants considered income contribution of the crops for theresource poor farming household as the basis for their weighting. Participants ranked crops separately foreach land type (tables 13-16). Each table contains participants comments on each enterprise.

Table 13. Ranking of crop enterprises for highland, Khulna

Crops 1999 1990 1980Vegetables 1 1 1Jute 6 6 2Aus 5 5 3HorticulturalCrops

2 2 4

Sugarcane 4 4 6Spices 3 3 5Oilseeds 3 3 3

Flowers 7 - -Leafy vegetables 4 4 4

Participants identified vegetables as the most important crop on the high land. During eighties jutewas the second most important crop but now horticultural crops replaced that. Aus, oilseeds and spiceswere important crops during eighties; aus is reduced in significance now, but spices and oilseeds remainequally important. Participants gave crop specific comments and reasons for both upward and downwardtrend of a certain crop.

Jute: Low market price along with low demand in commercial use was the cause of decrease in Jutecultivation. Increased production and marketing of polythene bag is also a cause.

Vegetable and Fruits: Fruits and vegetables are profitable because of improved transportation facilities.

Farmers started shifting towards more intensive commercial crops in response to market opportunity.Increasing consumer demand of vegetable has positive effect in its production. Demand for vegetablesand fruits are more now. Farmers are gradually shifting towards vegetable (not on the same land),because they incurred loss in paddy caused by water logging problem in the last decade. Vegetableproduction has increased on Aus area as well.

Horticulture crops: Area under horticulture crop is at increase. Demand and market price of horticulturecrop is also increasing.

Spices: Cultivation of spices are increasing, it is mainly because of its high market price.

Sugarcane: Sugarcane is being grown in the land replacing jute cultivation. Demand and better price ofsugarcane has increased over time.

Flower: Flower cultivation is introduced as a profitable item, which did not exist a decade ago.

Aus: Aus production and cultivation area has decreased; people instead cultivate vegetables because it ismore profitable than Aus.

HYV Boro: HYV Boro is more profitable than B. Aus hence the farmers prefer to go for it instead of Aus.

Oilseed: There is little oilseed cultivation due to the change of environment.

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Table 14. Ranking of crop enterprises for medium land, Khulna

Crops 1999 1980Fish 2 -Shrimp 2 -T. Aman (HYV & LV) 1 1

Boro (HYV + Hybrid) 4 -Vegetables 3 3Pulses 7 5Sugarcane 6 4Spices 6 5Oilseeds 5 2

T. Aman remained the most important crop in the area during last few decades on the mediumhigh land. At present second most important enterprises were shrimp and fish, whereas in the eighties itwas oilseed. Vegetable remained the third most important enterprise in recent decades.

Shrimp: Bangladesh shrimp products were not exposed to international market before 1980s. The shrimpis more profitable now for those who can invest. Increase in salinity area indirectly created an environmentin favour of shrimp. The problem of water logging and salinity was not a major problem in 1980s. Marketdemand was not that remarkable for shrimp as it is now. The owner of the Ghers(shrimp field) capturedthe poor farmers land using their influence. A big ecological/environmental change took place in the districtwith the introduction of shrimp cultivation.

Aman (HYV/LV): People of the area are very much dependent on rice. Aman is still considered thenumber one crop by the farmers.

Oilseed (Mustard): Oilseeds are being cultivated less now due to water logging problem.

Vegetables: Area under vegetable is increased because of its increasing demand and profitability.

Table 15. Ranking of crop enterprises for lowland, Khulna

1999 1980T. Aman 1 1B. Aman 3 3B. Aus 3 3HYV Boro 4 -Vegetables 7 5Mele/Pati 5 4Shrimp 2 -Hogla 6 4Fish 2 2

There are two major changes; the introduction of shrimp as second most important enterprise;which did not exist before 1980. Boro was also not present at that time but now it's ranked number 4. Theranking of transplanted aman, broadcast aman, broadcast aus and fish have maintained a similar rankingcompared to earlier.

HYV Boro: Irrigation facility has increased slowly. Change in cropping pattern has taken place due towater logging. HYV Boro cultivation is safe and profitable. Boro cultivation has increased due to extensionservices and availability of modern inputs. HYV Boro was not available in 1980s. Boro is increasing alsodue to increase in demand for rice consumption.

Fish: Capture fish has decreased substantially in the last decade due to inappropriate use of fertilizer andpesticides. Culture fish had to develop to compensate the production loss in capture fish in response of the

market. Better price also inspired farmers to go for fish cultivation.

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Shrimp: A special type of net (current jal) is used to catch shrimp fries that affect growth of other fish.Shrimp cultivation is more profitable. Return is very high compared to other crops. Some of the farmers arecultivating shrimp under pressure. Environment is conducive in favour of shrimp cultivation (because ofPolder, Salinity, Water logging). Rapid growth of marketing facilities made the enterprise financiallyattractive.

Aman: Aman paddy is still a big attraction for the farmers.

Mele/Pati: Though these are minor crops, they bring good income for a large section of the resource poorpeople. Marketing facilities are also in favour of this enterprise.

Table 16. Ranking of crop enterprises for very lowland, Khulna

Crops 1999 1980Shrimp 1 5Fish 1 1Water Lily 3 3Kalmi lata. 5 4

Hogla Leaf 2 2Mele/Pati 4 2Gol Leaf 6 3Pani Fal 7 5Dhap Veg. 8 -Floating rice - 1Snail 6 -

Fish has remained an important enterprise for the very low land. But shrimp is an equally importantenterprise now. Hoglahas maintained its relative importance. B. Aman (floating rice), which was the mostimportant crop during eighties, is no longer cultivated. Water lily is an important crop especially for theresource poor farmers.

Jute: Production of jute has decreased substantially. Depth of water on very low land is no more suitablefor jute.

Rice: Because of saline water in a waterlogged situation, current varieties of rice cannot withstandproduction. B. Aman floating varieties are disappearing. Seeds of floating rice are difficult to preserve. Ricecultivation is less profitable compared to shrimp/fish on very low land. However, intensive Boro cultivationcould compete with the fish interest.

Fish/Shrimp: Fish is capturing the area because rice cultivation in the very low land is less profitable.Construction of Polders, salinity, pesticides, water logging all these caused reduction in capture fishavailability. Shapla, Hogla- valuable plants for the resource poor - are decreasing fast due to increase inshrimp cultivation area. Use of snails as food for shrimp is causing environmental problem too. Theresource poor are being marginalized because of increased shrimp cultivation.

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Prioritisation of rice production problems (village and district level meetings with thana meetingvalidation)

The farmers at the village meeting and other stakeholders at the district identified the problemsconcerning rice. These problems were then validated and ranked in the thana meeting by joint discussion.

Table 17. Problems of rice production as identified by the farmers and other stakeholders

Problems Village District ValidationWater logging due to construction of unplanned WAPDAembankments

1

Lack of knowledge regarding extension facilitiesavailable, input sources, input use, seed preservation andselection of correct HYV variety, use of fertilizer andpesticide, cultivation system

2

Lack of credit 5Availability of seed, fertilizer, irrigation implements Adulteration of agricultural inputs 6

Lack of trusted agencies through which the services canbe obtained

3

Lack of appropriate HYV variety that is suitable forstagnant water

4

Salinity 1Unplanned shrimp cultivation causing problem for ricecultivation

Lack of saline resistant variety Productivity of soil is decreasing because of Salinity,water stagnation, imbalanced use of fertilizer, lack of biofertilizer

Profit margin rice is lower than shrimp and vegetables Lack of dissemination of information regarding modern

agricultural techniques

Natural disasters Pest attack Decrease in grazing area due to increased shrimpproduction and stagnant water resulting in decreased ofdraft animal for rice production

Lack of policy for demarcation of land for shrimpcultivation

Some farmers still prefer local varieties because they aremore tasty than the HYVs

Because of influence of shrimp cultivators small farmershave surrendered land (forceful eviction)

Decrease in productivity of fish on common propertyresources

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Satkhira District

Setpur, Ashasun Thana (village-level meeting)

The stakeholder analysis of Satkhira District was held in the village Setpur, under Ashasuni thana.The village is 1.5 km. long and 1.5 km. wide and located near a bazar called Budhata. According toparticipant villagers - 60% land of the village is lowland and locally known as beeland the rest of the landarea (40%) is medium-high. Settlements are located on the medium highland.

Table 18. Cropping pattern of the village Setpur according to the land type

Now BeforeLand Type Cropping seasonCrops Proportion

(out of 16)Crops Proportion (out

of 16)Rainy season Kachu

JuteAusVegetable

6442

AusJuteKachuVegetable

10411

Medium high

Winter season(rabi)

MustardPotatoPulseVegetable

8242

MustardPotatoPulseVegetable

8242

Rainy season T Aman* 16 Aman (LV) 16LowWinter season(rabi)

Boro** 16 --- ---

* ,T Aman includes BR-30 (60%), BR-10 (35%) and BR-11 (15%).** Boro includes IET (75%), BR-28 (10%), BR-29 (10%) & Purbachi (5%).

According to the participants, the low land of the village is now used for boro cultivation although itwas not under cultivation a decade ago. Farmers become familiar with the HYV varieties and the irrigation

facilities only 10 years ago. Socio-economic condition of the resource poor farmers has changed positivelyafter introducing the boro rice on low land. However, small farmers, who do not have STWs are facingproblems in cultivating their boro. The farmers need to give either 25% of their total production or pay Tk.1000 for a bigha (0.33 acre) to the pump owner for irrigation. Moreover, supply of water is irregular andlargely depends on the convenience of the pump owner; resulting in farmers being dependent on the pumpowner. In the past, farmers used to cultivate limited varieties of rice on the low land and this was during thewet season. The varieties were all local; for example Patnai/ Pannai, Gourimuri, Barisal, Sitalakhha. Thevillagers generally sell their products at the nearest market called Budhata, which is 0.5 km. from thevillage. However, sometimes they sell their products to the traders (locally known as Mahajans ) whocollect produce directly from the farm house.

According to the farmers of Setpur village boro seed of one year cannot be used in the next year.As a result farmers are always in crisis of seeds for boro in the area. Some farmers cultivate boro variety inaus season and use that as seed in the following boro season.

Participants of the village meeting of Ashasuni identified the impact of rice production which isshown in the table 19 below.

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Table 19. Impact of rice production as indicated by the villagers of Setpur, Ashasuni, Satkhira.

Positive Impact Negative Impact

Income has increased

Production has increased Our physical condition is improved

Getting food for the livestock from riceproduction

Opportunity to work, specially for women,has increased

Women can buy sharee from their ownincome

Economic condition of the farmers haschanged positively

Selling labour by resource poor farmhouseholds has decreased due to thechanges in financial condition

Getting two rice crop in a year Can earn Tk.1000 net profit per bigha (33

dec.)

Labour cost can be compensated by sellingstraws

Demand for credit has decreased

Mental strength has increased.

The irrigation cost has increased (1/4 of

total production is taken away by the pumpowner as irrigation cost) Due to the lack of grazing land number of

livestock has decreased

Soil fertility is declining

Water level of ponds/tubewells isdecreasing.

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In the district meeting at Satkhira the participants were divided into two groups and were requestedto prioritise the crops grown in the district at present and ten years ago. Their opinion is presented in thetable 20 below.

Table 20. Crops in different land types and their contribution in livelihood as ranked at district meeting

Rank (Now) Rank (Before)Land Type Name of thecrops Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2

High AusJuteSugarcanePulsesMustardVegetableFruitsKachuPotatoWheatOnionGarlicChilliBetel leafWheat

28124317115106697

136452

123341076105597

1 (local)2643510

Medium High AusAmanBoroVegetableMustardPulsesKachu

WheatOnion, GarlicJuteSugar cane

5213346

7985

111243---

7---6---

2134447

7656

111534---

7---2---

Low T. AmanBoroShrimpKakra

1234

1---2---

122---

1---2---

While the participants of Setpur village indicated different types of crops grown in their village, theparticipants at the district level meeting ranked the crops according to their contribution in livelihood of thefarmers living in the district. The table above shows that rice is important in each season. Their contributionnow is same as before. However, contribution of some of the other crops, like jute and vegetables has

changed over time. The contribution of jute has decreased whereas the contribution of vegetables hasincreased. Contribution of pulses, mustard, potato and wheat remain at a similar level. The contribution ofshrimp in low land remains second, same as 10 years ago.

In terms of different types of rice produced, the district level secondary data shows that amongBoro varieties BRRI (BR 10,11,28,30) are grown in 51% of land and Indian seed (IET) in 49%. In total T.Aman HYV varieties contribute 90% and LV covers only 10%. The farmers at the district level meetingstated that they get rice from IET within a short duration (


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preservation, not for consumption. Pulses and mustard are produced only for household consumption, notfor sale.

Table 21. Preference ranking of different crops (grown in medium high land) by the villagers, Setpur,Ashasuni, Satkhira

Score against different crops (out of 100)Subject/ indicatorsKachu Jute T. Aus Mustard Pulse

High price/profit 80 25 50 60 20Can be used forfamily consumption

25 80 80 90 100

Seed can bepreserved easily

15 00 90 10 20

Low expenditure/investment

30 40 50 70 80

High yield 90 40 60 35 35Total score 240 185 330 265 255

The participants of the district level meeting summarised their observation on the changes incropping and agricultural production of the district.

Cultivation and the area of land used for jute have decreased.

Cultivation of Aus as well as land used for Aus has decreased.

Cultivation of Boro and use of land for that has increased considerably.

Shrimp culture and use of land for that has increased substantially

Cultivation and production of vegetables has increased significantly.

Cultivation of Mustard and Pulses has decreased.

Cultivation of turmeric and chilli has increased.

Cultivation of onion and garlic has decreased. Cultivation of fruits (e.g. banana, papaya) has increased. Total production of rice has increased due to the change of variety.

The participants gave their opinion concerning the problems of rice production. The problems wereranked by the participants from both village and district meetings. Important problems come first followedby the less important ones. A summary of problems and their respective rank is presented in the table 22below. Interestingly, the problems as indicated and ranked by the villagers and as well as the districtmeeting participants are mostly similar. The most significant problems are lack of appropriateseeds/variety, irrigation facilities and capital, salinity, improper use of fertilizer, insects/pest etc.

The participants of the Setpur village stated that lack of capital effects proper use of different typesof fertilizers. The commonly used fertilizers are urea, TSP and MP. Sometimes they use only blackfertilizer because it is cheaper than the others. Their lack of knowledge is also another reason for improperuse of fertilizer. The participants in the village as well as in the district meeting mentioned that due toexpansion of boro cultivation in low land, the grazing area had decreased which resulted in the decrease of

cattle head indirectly. Due to lack of cow dung the farmers cannot use organic fertilizer on their land. Theparticipants of the village also mentioned that lack of appropriate variety seeds their production is notincreasing as per expectation. Due to the salinity in the low land, crop failure is a common feature of thearea.

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Table 22. Problems concerning rice production as identified and ranked by the farmers and theparticipants in the district meeting

Shetpur village Chapra village District level (2 groups)ProblemsRank Rank Rank

Lack of appropriate variety

1,1Lack of good seed 2 1 3Lack of capital 1 2Lack of Irrigation facilities(availability and cost)

3 4 4,5

Unbalanced use of fertiliser 4 3 4Frequent crop damage byInsects & pests

5 5 6,7

Salinity 6 5 2,2Lack of fair price of rice 7 V 7Burning of rice plants (Zincdeficiency)

8

Rats attack 9

Natural disasters 10 9,8Water logging problem 8,3Soil fertility decreasing 5Lack of skilled labour at theperiod of necessity

10

Lack of scientific knowledge onmodern cultivation system

6

Lack of electricity for irrigation 11

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After identification of the problems, the participants in the district meeting indicated the causes ofthose problems from their experiences.

Table 23. Causes of different problems as indicated by the participants at District meeting

Problems Causes

Salinity The river water-flow has decreasedThe sea level is going upNo ways available to protect saline waterIncreasing trend of temperature.

Lack of appropriate variety/seeds Lack of saline tolerant varietyLack of knowledge on seed preservation and cultivation

Unbalanced use of fertiliser Lack of capital and knowledgeUnavailability of fertiliser in timeInadequate use of organic fertiliser.

Water logging Construction of unplanned damsLack of proper drainage systemShrimp cultivation.

Lack of irrigation facilities Salinity in water

Lack of pumps and lack of credit support to procure that by thefarmersHigh rate of water charged by the pump ownersDecreasing trend of water level

Diseases and insects Unbalanced use of pesticidesHigh price of pesticidesLack of knowledge.

Lack of skilled labourers at theperiod of need

Involvement of skilled labourers in other activities such as shrimpcultivation due to high wage rate.

Natural Disaster Geographic location of the areaEnvironmental degradation.

Lack of scientific knowledge Lack of education and dissemination

Decreasing trend of soil fertility Unplanned use of chemical fertiliserNo use of organic fertiliserLack of capital.

Lack of fair price of rice Farmers cannot keep rice for long to get good price because theypay off credit immediately after the harvest.

Although it was found that the cropping pattern of the area has changed over the years, theparticipants have confirmed the increasing trend of rice production. The farmers of Setpur village statedthat the total production cost per bigha rice production is Tk. 2,500, which they can sell for Tk. 4,000.

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ANNEX 1

Stakeholder Analysis Meetings for SW Coastal Region (November 14-17th

, 1999)

Sequence of meetings and membership in Region

It was recognised that large meetings for this exercise would prove unproductive.

There will be several levels of meeting to ensure inputs from major stakeholders. To cover the region therewill be concurrent meetings in each of the three districts of Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira.

a. Depart for Khulna Saturday 13th.

b. Day 1 Sunday 14th: At the village level for participation of the resource-poor farmhouseholds. (There will be about 20 persons from the selected village).

c. Day 2 Monday 15th: At the district level meeting for stakeholders from DAE, NGOs,

Research Institutions, key DAE farmers and private sector. The members will be about 15-20. Members will be DAE (5 with one TAO from the Thana for final meetings), BRRI (3),Key farmers (5), NGOs (one representative from each), Private sector (1), BINA (1), SRDI(1), BARI (1), Local Government (1), Khulna University (1).

d. Day 3 Tuesday 16th: At the thana level there will be meetings that brings together the

findings from the District and Village level meetings. This will comprise 5-6 members fromthe District level meeting and 5-6 members from the village level meeting. In addition toBRRI scientists, members from respective meetings will be identified during meetings.

e. Day 4 Wednesday 17th

(morning): Meeting of three teams at Khulna to bring together andcompare outcomes, summarise and review process.

f. Depart for Dhaka Wednesday 17th

(afternoon).

Prepared: Saturday November 6th, 1999

Documents

196 Stakeholder Analysis Report SW Coastal Region