Chapter 22: A World at War

1941-1945

Introduction: To Do (35 pts): Define 10 terms

List 4 new responsibilities of women during WWII

Pg. 419 (1-2) – complete sentences

Bonus (2 pts.) – Who is Rosie the Riveter?

22.1: A World at War Again

Terms

Axis Powers: the countries that fought the Allies in World War II

Mobilize: to get ready for war

Siege: a military blocking of a city to force its surrender

Remember?

Pearl Harbor was attackedDecember 7, 1941

War was declaredDecember 8, 1941

War had spread throughout the world…

again.

The US Declares War

US was shocked by the Pearl Harbor attacksDeclared war on Japan immediately

Japan allies = Germany and Italy US allies = Great Britain and the Soviet

Union• Fought the AXIS powers

December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on the US

The US Declares War

December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on the USUS began to mobilize forces

10,000,000 men were drafted 6,000,000 men and women volunteered

Japan Grows More Powerful After Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked

other US basesJapan’s leader = Hideki TojoGoal = Japan most powerful empire in

the world

1942 – goal seemed attainable

Japan Grows More Powerful Japan took control of:

Hong KongSingapore

US held islands Philippines

US had been stationed on the Philippines since the Spanish American War Troops fought back against Japan Commander: General Douglas MacArthur

Japan Grows More Powerful Japan pushed troops further and further into

the Philippines (Bataan)Put troops under siege = forced surrender

Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to to go AustraliaTake command of Allied forces thereMacArthur = “I shall return”

Death March:Americans and Filipinos forced to march 65 miles

to prison campsNo food or water

The Allies Make Plans

The “Big Three”Roosevelt = USChurchill = BritainStalin = Soviet Union

Agreed that they would have to defeat the Axis powers in Europe – all planned

Stalin: US / Britain – attack the west coast

Roosevelt: US and Britain should start in France

Churchill: US and Britain should attack Italy through North Africa (German troops were weakest there)

The Allies Make Plans

Everyone agreed:German defeat was #1 goal

Agreed on a plan: Attack German forces in N. Africa first Troops were weakest there

Move to the west coast Then move to attack the Pacific area

To Do

Pg. 408 (1-3) – Complete sentences

Exercise 92 – not necessarily complete sentences

22.2: The Allies Strike Back

Terms

Partisan: a person who strongly believes in a curse

Amphibious landing: a planned movement of troops from the sea

WWII take overs…

Germany = controlled most of Europe

Japan = taken large parts of Asia

Quickly – US and British soldiers won major victories

Fighting in N. Africa and Italy

Allies preparedFirst – control North AfricaSecond – attack ItalyGermany and Italy also wanted N. Africa

3 years of fighting over N. AfricaFighting in a desert was difficult / new

warfare

Fighting in N. Africa and Italy

Allies vs. German general Erwin RommelOctober 1942

British troops hit Rommel’s forces from the east

2 weeks later: US troops landed in Africa Dwight D. Eisenhower Headed for Rommel’s forces

May 1943 – Rommel was defeated

Fighting in N. Africa and Italy

From N. Africa:Allies moved across the Mediterranean

SeaAttacked Italy

Italians had turned against Mussolini and the Fascists Also did not like the Nazis Joined groups who were fighting the

Germans

Hitler’s troops went to Italy to fight the Allies June 1944 – Allied forces had defeated

Italy

War in the Pacific

Spring 1942:Allies began moving across the Pacific

OceanAmerican bombers took off and headed

for Tokyo

Bombed Factories Railroad yards Navy base

Japan was shocked: they had never been attacked

War in the Pacific

Japan pushed closer to US territory

US v. Japan = forces met at Midway Island

Code experts figured out Japanese messages US always knew where enemy ships were going

to be

June 4, 1942: US attacked Japanese planesCaught off guard / huge lossesBattle of Midway – 1st big Japanese defeat

Island-hopping

Japanese held many islands in the PacificUS decided to capture islands

Could use islands to• Attack other islands• Cut off Japan from supplies

US plan = island hopping Use Marines made “amphibious landings”• All troops worked together for an invasion

Island-hopping

US plan = island hoppingUse Marines made “amphibious

landings” All troops worked together for an invasion

Taken islands became supply bases for attacks on other islands

1943-1944: US pushed Japan’s forces were pushed back to Japan

To Do

Pg. 410 – complete sentences

Pg. 411 (1-2): #2 – name 3 battles for full credit

Pg. 412 (1-3) – complete sentences

Exercise 93

22.3: The War at Home

Terms

Rationing: limiting the amount of something that each person can buy

Internment camp: a prisonlike place in which people are held during a war

Back at home…

The US needed huge supplies of weaponsThis need helped the economyPulled the US out of the Great

Depression

Lots of changes took place between 1941-1945

War Effort at Home

The work force was mobilized to produce war suppliesFactories stayed open around the clock3 eight hour shifts

1944: US was making 90,000 planes a year

End of the war: Over 70,000 ships 44 billion bullets 2.5 million army trucks

War Effort at Home

US made more materials than all of the Axis powers put together

Too old for factory work?Knitted sweaters and socksWorked for the Red CrossPlanted victory gardens

Too young?Saved $.10 a week to buy a war bond (in

bond books)

Mobilizing the Economy

Government set up many agencies to direct the war effortFuel agency – had to get fuel to armed

forces Encouraged civilians to reduce their fuel

consumption

Wage-and-price agency – controlled food prices and workers’ pay No prices or wages were raised during the war

Rationing began to be used

Mobilizing the Economy

Rationing began to be usedCoupons were used to buy “hard to get”

products Meat Sugar Butter Coffee

Clothing was scarce – cloth was needed to make uniforms

Opportunities for Women

Women = 1/3 of the work forceBefore: workers were young and

unmarriedNow: workers were more married than

unmarried Many over the age of 35

Women had a new sense of freedom“Rosie the Riveter” – stood for all women

workers

Took on new responsibilities

Opportunities for Women

Took on new responsibilitiesServed in the armed forces in great numbers…

all branches had separate women’s unitsWorked in military offices so that more men

could serve in battleFlew supply planes so men could fly fighters

and bombersServed as nurses… often lived under same

dangerous conditions as soldiers

Women were important…But paid 40% less than men

African Americans & the War 27 million Americans moved during

the war

African Americans moved to cities in the Northeast, Midwest, West coast

Many changes for African AmericansLeft low paying jobs for better paying

jobsRoosevelt signed an order for fair

treatment in defense plants

African Americans & the War

Service:Almost a millions African Americans servedStill faced discrimination

Given jobs as cooks, waiters, workers in supply units

Still wanted to be a part of the fighting

Tuskegee Airmen: African American fighter pilots Carried out missions Protected bombers flying over Europe Shot down 103 planes, destroyed 298 enemy

planes

Latinos & the War

More Latinos volunteered for service than any other groupStill faced discrimination

300,000 Latinos served Most were Mexican

Americans and Puerto Ricans

1 in 4 Bataan Death march men were Mexican Americans

Worked on the home front, alsoWorked as farm /

railroad workersShipyard worked in

factories

Fought two battles: prejudice & the Axis powers

Japanese Americans Americans feared Japanese might help

Japan

1942: Army ordered to take Japanese Americans to internment camps Also known as relocation camps

> 100,000 Japanese Americans had to give up their Homes Farms businesses

Japanese Americans Japanese Americans still volunteered

for serviceServed in segregated units

No reason to believe Japanese Americans were disloyal

Years and years later – government paid Japanese for the loss of their property 10% of their losses Apology given

To Do

Pg. 418 (1-3) – complete sentences

Exercise 95 – complete sentences

22.4: Winning the War

Terms

Holocaust: the mass murder of millions of Jews by the Nazis

Genocide: the planned murder of an entire people

Atomic bomb: a nuclear bomb with enormous power to harm

The Ending…

German and Japanese forces were pushed back to their homelands

Holocaust was still happening More deaths

Atomic bomb ends the war More deaths

The D-Day Invasion

Needed: an Allied invasion of Europe6 month preparationEisenhower planned the invasion

Later led troops to victory in Europe

Germans expected an invasion Planted land mines Put up barbed wire to stand in the way of

troops

D-day: June 6, 1944

The D-Day Invasion

D-day: June 6, 1944170,000 Allied troops crossed the

English Channel

Landed at Normandy (France) Tons of supplies and new soldiers arrived

to fight

Allies had tricked Hitler: Sent his best soldiers to a

different location

The End of the War

Allies began bombing German cities all of the timeDecember 1944: Nazis made one final

attack Allies forced troops to retreat to Berlin

Millions of Allied soldiers closed in on Germany

May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered Side-note: rather than be captured…Hitler

committed suicide

The Holocaust

As Allied troops movedthrough Germany…

Found evidence of the Holocaust

Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s problems “Final Solution” = genocide Death camps were built w/gas chambers• Thousands were killed daily• Bodies burned in ovens• Buried in mass graves

The Holocaust

Jewish people were also murdered

Troops had heard reports / few believed them“seeing is believing” – people were

horrified

Nazi leaders were tried for war crimesNuremburg Trials

12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death

Victory over Japan

After Europe was save, everyone turned to JapanAllied forces had retaken the Philippines

General MacArthur had returned / kept his promise

Allies did not want to attack Japan directly Millions of lives could be lost

Instead, bombed Japan’s cities• Caused lots of destruction

Victory over Japan

FDR began his 4th term as presidentMet with Churchill and Stalin to end the

war forever

FDR died April 1945 (was in poor health)Harry S. Truman became President

A New Weapon

Truman’s big decision:Atomic bomb had been developed

Successfully tested July 1945

Should the new weapon be used????

Scientists did not want it used

Others said “YES!” It would save the lives of Allied troops

To Do

Pg. 423 (1-3) – complete sentences

Exercise 96 – not necessarily complete sentences

A New Weapon

The Verdict:Truman decided to use the bomb

August 6, 1945: bomb dropped on Hiroshima

3 days later: bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Japan surrendered August 14, 1945

WWII was over at last