1933-1939. Group Work- Using Photographs in Historical Investigations 1.Describe the action or the...
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1933-1939. Group Work- Using Photographs in Historical Investigations 1.Describe the action or the subject of the photograph. 2.What details in the photograph
Group Work- Using Photographs in Historical Investigations
1.Describe the action or the subject of the photograph. 2.What
details in the photograph yield the most information? 3.Make at
least two inferences about the photograph. 4.What questions do you
have about this photograph?
Target: Mussolinis Foreign Policy I I CAN assess the aims and
implications of Mussolinis foreign policy
Slide 5
Mussolinis Foreign Policy I Extremism thrived in post WWI
Europe- inflation, high unemployment, falling standards of living,
limited prospects for the future Communism- A system of government
based on the ideas of Karl Marx Based on a classless society in
which there is common ownership of the means of production Opposite
of Capitalism Fascism- Political ideology in which government is
based on extreme authoritarianism and nationalism Needs of the
nation should outweigh those of individuals Opposite of
Communism
Slide 6
Mussolinis Foreign Policy I
Slide 7
#ItalianJob Majority of Italians disappointed in the Treaty of
Versailles (claims to parts of Dalmatia, Adalia, Albania, and Fiume
were ignored) Italy borrowed heavily to finance involvement in WWI-
attempts to repay led to soaring inflation Increase in the cost of
living High unemployment as industry returned to pre-war levels
1919-1922- Italy had five different coalition governments, none of
which could provide effective solutions to Italys post-war
problems
Slide 8
Mussolinis Foreign Policy I #IlDuce Benito Mussolini Led the
right-wing fascist movement in Italy Formed the Fascist Party from
in 1919 (ruled Italy from 1922-1943) Wanted to revive the glory of
the ancient Roman Empire Established a dictatorship and assumed
control of all aspects of Italian life (March on Rome) Main
characteristics of Mussolinis style: lack of democracy,
totalitarianism, autarky, extreme nationalism, use of violence
Mussolini created the worlds first fascist state- a precursor to
later regimes such as Hitlers Germany and Francos Spain
Slide 9
Mussolinis Foreign Policy I #GreatRespectedFeared Fiume (March
1923) Adriatic Port- majority of the population was Italian Paris
peacemakers declared Fiume a Free City that was to be used jointly
by Italy and Yugoslavia Mussolini ordered Italian troops to move in
and establish control (effectively became part of Italy) Corfu
Incident (August 1923) Dispute between Greece and Italy Mussolini
ordered the bombardment and occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Greece was forced to apologize and pay 50 million lira in exchange
for a withdrawal of Italian troops
Slide 10
Mussolinis Foreign Policy I Mussolini adopted a more cautious
approach to foreign affairs Attended the Locarno Conference in 1925
(forged effective working relationships with Britain, France, and
Germany) Established friendly relations with Greece, Hungary, and
Albania (economic and defense agreements gave Italy virtual control
over Albania) Supported British demands in Iraq in exchange for
Italian control of Somaliland in East Africa Signed non-aggression
treaty with the Soviets in 1933 (Italy was 2 nd country to
recognize USSR)
FascistFascist I am Poem Complete an I am poem on either Benito
Mussolini or Adolf Hitler. Make sure to connect your poem with the
rise of fascism in Italy or Germany. I am, I wonder, I hear, I see,
I am, I pretend, I feel, I touch, I worry, I cry, I am, I
understand, I say, I dream, I try, I hope, I am
Slide 13
Socratic Seminar- Mussolinis Foreign Policy We will be
conducting a Socratic Seminar to review concepts and themes related
to Mussolinis foreign policy. Students will be selected randomly to
participate in the Seminars inner circle (will be discussing a
selected essay topic). Using the resources available on the
provided link and outside research, come up with 6 research notes
per question.
https://rudbeck-ib-history-revision.wikispaces.com/3.21+Mussolini%27s+foreign+policy
Target: Mussolinis Foreign Policy II I CAN describe Mussolinis
more aggressive foreign policy after 1934
Slide 18
Mussolinis Foreign Policy II #By1934 Mussolini was widely
respected abroad (think friendly approach of 1922-1934) Little
progress had been made towards the ambitious aims of 1922 (Roman
Empire, Mare Nostrum) Italy was in the grip of a severe depression
(so was the world) Mussolinis popularity with the Italian people
was declining There was a clear need for some spectacular success
overseas (propaganda)
Slide 19
Mussolinis Foreign Policy II #Aggressive 1935- Mussolini
ordered the invasion of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) Mussolini
argued that this colonial expansion would provide Italy with raw
materials and a new market for Italian products The Abyssinians did
all they could to resist, they were no match for troops armed with
modern weapons Emperor Haile Selassie pleaded with the League of
Nations to take action against the Italian invasion
Slide 20
Mussolinis Foreign Policy II #LittleLeague The League of
Nations initially condemned this act of Italian aggression, but
took no real action Applied some economic sanctions (had no
ill-effects on the Italian economy) The Leagues weak response was
mainly because neither Britain nor France was prepared to risk
going to war over an African state Britain and France wanted Italy
as an ally rather than an enemy
Slide 21
Mussolinis Foreign Policy II #ReverseReverse Post invasion-
Mussolini forged closer links with Hitler (the one European leader
who had not condemned the invasion) Mussolini became infatuated
with Hitler's audacious foreign policy (more to gain by a close
relationship with Germany than with Britain and France) Mussolini
began to support and imitate Hitlers foreign policy The diplomatic
approach he had adopted between 1923 and 1934 was replaced by
aggression and an even greater desire for glory
Slide 22
Mussolinis Foreign Policy II #StatsStats Mussolini gave
considerable military assistance to Francisco Franco, the
right-wing nationalist leader during the Spanish Civil War 1936-
Rome-Berlin Axis An alliance between Italy and Germany 1937-
Anti-Comintern Pact An alliance of Germany, Japan, and Italy
against the USSR, whose Comintern was regarded as a menace to the
peace of the world 1939- Italian troops invaded Albania (propaganda
exercise) 1939- Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel (formal military
alliance with Hitler)
Cornell Notes: Spanish Civil War I 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 26
Target: Spanish Civil War I I CAN assess the causes of the
Spanish Civil War
Slide 27
Spanish Civil War I Since 1885, Spain had been governed under
the constitutional monarchy of King Alfonso XIII This system came
under increasing threat as a result of political divisions:
Monarchists wanted to preserve the power of the king Liberals
wanted to create a modern democracy (power of king reduced)
Socialists and republicans wanted to remove the king Communists
wanted a Russian-style revolution Separatists wanted independence
for their regions Anarchists wanted no government at all
Slide 28
Spanish Civil War I 1923- bloodless coup in which Miguel Primo
de Rivera seized power (supported by King Alfonso) Governed Spain
as a military dictator for 7 years Oversaw the development of
roads, railways, and industry 1929-1931- world economic crisis led
to high unemployment Rivera was forced to resign (Spain plunged
into turmoil) 1931- in the local elections, the republicans gained
control of all Spains major cities Fearing bloodshed, King Alfonso
abdicated and the new Republic of Spain was proclaimed
Slide 29
Spanish Civil War I Spain was faced with an ever-deepening
economic crisis Unemployment, low wages, low standard of living
Prime minister Manuel Azana embarked on a radical program of
reforms Reduced power of the Church Reduced threat of the army
Increased the wages of industrial workers Introduced
nationalization of large agricultural estates These measure
infuriated the Church, the army, wealthy landowners, and
industrialists (angered both left and right)
Slide 30
Spanish Civil War I 1933- Azana resigned Elections of 1933-
right-wing groups won an overall majority Spanish Confederation of
the Autonomous Right (CEDA) became the main party under Jose Maria
Gil-Robles This had the effect of drawing the left-wing groups
(socialists, anarchists, and communists) closer together Unified as
the Popular Front Organized general strikes, riots, and acts of
violence Economic situation continued to deteriorate Elections of
1936- left-wing Popular Front emerged as the strongest party
Slide 31
Spanish Civil War I July 1936- a group of right-wing army
generals, working in collaboration with the new fascist Falange,
began a revolt in Morocco Falange- A Spanish fascist party that
fought on the side of the nationalists General Francisco Franco was
flown in from the Canary Islands to assume leadership of the
conflict Within a day, the revolt had spread to mainland Spain (the
Spanish Civil War had begun) The Spanish Civil War is often called
the dress rehearsal for WWII
Slide 32
Spanish Civil War I Two sides in Spanish Civil War
(1936-1939)1936-1939 The Nationalists Led by Francisco Franco Had
the support of the army, church, monarchists, industrialists, and
wealthy landowners The Republicans Left-wing Popular Front
(socialists, anarchists, and communists) Elected in 1936
Represented the working classes
Slide 33
Cornell Notes: Spanish Civil War I 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 34
Group Work: Dialectical Journal 4 quotes from the text. A
question, reaction, interpretation, or picture Read The Abraham
Lincoln Brigade of the Spanish Civil War
http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/abe-brigade.html Choose 4
important quotes from the article. For each, provide either a
question, reaction, interpretation, or picture.
Slide 35
Cornell Notes: Spanish Civil War II 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 36
Target: Spanish Civil War II I CAN describe why Italy, Germany,
and the USSR intervened in the Spanish Civil War
Slide 37
Spanish Civil War II Franco and the military were faced with
fierce resistance July 1936- Francos Nationalists controlled much
of northern Spain and the southern areas around Cadiz and Seville
The Republicans controlled the center and north-east of Spain
(Madrid, Barcelona) Taking full control of Spain was going to be
difficult (Franco appealed to Hitler and Mussolini for assistance)
Franco claimed that he was fighting to prevent a communist
revolution in Spain
Slide 38
Spanish Civil War II Hitler and Mussolini saw the value of
having a third fascist state in Europe (situated on Frances
southern border) Both Germany and Italy supplied Franco with
military equipment and troops Democratic states of Britain, France,
and the USA tended to see Franco as yet another brutal fascist
dictator determined to seize power Mussolinis invasion of Abyssinia
Hitlers occupation of the Rhineland Franco
Slide 39
Spanish Civil War II #HoldUp When the Republican government of
Spain asked for British and French assistance they were rebuffed
(Britain feared Germany) Britain established a Non-Intervention
Committee to ensure that no foreign aid entered Spain Without
British or French assistance, the Republicans turned to the USSR
for help By the end of 1936- the civil war had become an
international battleground for the rival ideologies of fascism and
communism
Slide 40
Spanish Civil War II #UlteriorMotives Italy Mussolini was
seeking glory, confirmation of his ability to lead, play a major
role in world affairs Germany Hitler encouraged Italian involvement
in Spain to distract Mussolini from Germany's own plans to force a
union with Austria Germany prolonged the civil war by supplying
arms to both sides USSR Stalin prolonged the civil war in Spain to
maintain good relations with Britain and France Authorized just
enough aid to ensure that the Republicans could maintain their
resistance (not enough to win)
Slide 41
Spanish Civil War II
#InternationalBrigadesInternationalBrigades The Republicans were
supported by International Brigades, communist- organized armies of
foreign volunteers British, French, Italian, German, Polish,
Russian and American civilians poured into Spain Driven by desire
to halt fascism, search of adventure Concerned about its own
security and diplomatic isolation, the USSR stopped sending
supplies and ammunition to the Spanish Republicans The Nationalist
cause was further supported by an increase of German aid (in
exchange for 40% share in Spanish iron mines)
Slide 42
Spanish Civil War II #FrancoRulesFrancoRules There were three
main reasons for Francos victory Managed to maintain the unity of
the various right-wing groups (the Church, the army, monarchists,
Falangists) Republicans were far less unified, lacked the military
organization and discipline of Francos professional soldiers
Assistance from Germany and Italy (Italy provided 50,000 troops and
air power, Germany gave untold numbers of planes and tanks) Franco
did not completely follow the typical pattern of a fascist
state
Slide 43
Cornell Notes: Spanish Civil War II 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 44
Socratic Seminar- Spanish Civil War
Slide 45
Further Research: Tell me something I dont know Research Adolf
Hitlers rise to power (pre-1933) and identify 5 interesting aspects
of Hitlers early history that I would not know. The 5 things should
then be connected to 5 lines of an Alice in Chains (its a band from
the 90s) song. I know that!I didnt know that!
Slide 46
Group Work- Using Photographs in Historical Investigations
1.Describe the action or the subject of the photograph. 2.What
details in the photograph yield the most information? 3.Make at
least two inferences about the photograph. 4.What questions do you
have about this photograph?
Slide 47
Group Work- Political Cartoon Analysis 1.Provide examples of
symbolism, labeling, caricature. 2.What is the general subject of
the cartoon? 3.What is the cartoonists opinion about the topic?
Symbolism- Using objects or symbols to stand for ideas or concepts.
Labeling- Labels are used to make clear what an object stands for.
Caricature- Exaggerating a character's features.
Slide 48
Single Scoop Socratic Seminar
Slide 49
Hitlers Rise to Power 1.Target Statement 2.Notes 3.Questions
4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 50
Target: Hitlers Rise to Power I CAN assess how Adolf Hitler
rose to power in Germany
Slide 51
Hitlers Rise to Power Although born in Austria, Adolf Hitler
joined the German army and fought in WWI 1918- like thousands of
other soldiers, Hitler returned to a Germany in the grip of
political and economic chaos Unemployed soldier, limited education,
had little hope of finding a job Skills- delivered frenzied, almost
hypnotic speeches, gained Hitler a small following 1921- became the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) Based
in the city of Munich in the region of Bavaria
Slide 52
Hitlers Rise to Power #Crew Nazis members were mainly
unemployed youths and soldiers returning from WWI Hitlers
arguments: The German army had never been defeated (blamed the
politicians or November Criminals for the end of the war)
Politicians had betrayed the country by signing the hated Treaty of
Versailles Germany should ignore the Treaty of Versailles (a
program of rearmament would create jobs) The new democratic
constitution would lead to weak coalition governments
Slide 53
Hitlers Rise to Power #BeerHall The Nazi Party organized
violent gangs known as Stormtroopers (attacked the meetings of
rival political parties) 1923- influenced by Mussolinis March on
Rome, Hitler declared a national revolution Armed Stormtroopers
marched through the streets of Munich and entered a beer hall (Beer
Hall Putsch) Hitler had hoped to force the state commissioner to
express support for the revolution (Stormtroopers were dispersed
and putsch ended in failure) Hitler was relatively unknown and
there was little chance of the revolution spreading beyond
Munich
Slide 54
Hitlers Rise to Power #LockedUpLockedUp Hitler was arrested,
put on trial and sentenced to five years in prison Wrote Mein Kampf
(My Struggle), a book in which he outlined his political philosophy
Historians have used the book as proof that it was always Hitlers
intention to cause a European war Released- Germany was somewhat
revitalized (US loans under the Dawes Plan had helped the economy)
Germany was forging better relations with other European nations
(Locarno Treaties)
Slide 55
Hitlers Rise to Power Good economy = less support for a
political party built on extremist views 1928- Nazi Party gained
only 810,000 votes out of the 31 million cast 1929- Wall Street
Crash Worldwide depression breathed new life into Hitlers political
career 1932- Nazis gained 37% of the total votes cast 1933- Hitler
was appointed chancellor of Germany Hitler became chancellor
through legal and constitutional means (effectively exploited the
weaknesses in the German constitution)
Slide 56
Cornell Notes: Hitlers Rise to Power 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 57
Group Work: Hitlers Foreign Policy Students are to create an
album that connects with major themes and aspects of Hitlers
foreign policy. Requirements: album title, 12 song titles, 12 brief
descriptions of how song connects with foreign policy
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/modern_history/nat
ional_studies/germany/4024/nazi.htm
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/modern_history/nat
ional_studies/germany/4024/nazi.htm
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/hi tfor.htm
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/hi tfor.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_foreign _policy_debate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_foreign _policy_debate
Target: Hitlers Foreign Policy I CAN assess the degree of
success of Hitlers foreign policy 1933-1938
Slide 63
Hitlers Foreign Policy #ForeignPolicy Germany was to be
restored to its rightful position as a major European power Ending
Germany's commitment to the Treaty of Versailles Recovering all
lost territories, including Polish Corridor and the Saar coalfields
Developing the German army, navy, and air force Forming a union
(Anschluss) between Germany and Austria Reuniting all
German-speaking people under the government of Germany By 1938-
Hitler had achieved most of these aims without dragging Germany
into another war
Slide 64
Hitlers Foreign Policy #CaseStudy World Disarmament Conference
of 1933 Hitler argued for reasons of national security, Germany
should be allowed to rearm to the same level as other countries
Germany had complied with the military restrictions imposed by the
Treaty of Versailles (Britain appreciated, France enraged) France
refused to remove its objections to German rearmament This allowed
Hitler to withdraw Germany from both the World Disarmament
Conference and the League of Nations (blamed France)
Slide 65
Hitlers Foreign Policy #Success The period from 1934-1938
witnessed almost unqualified success for Hitlers foreign policy
(despite the risk of such moves) Jan 1934- Hitler signed a 10-year
nonaggression treaty with Poland Guaranteed Polish neutrality if
Germany decided to take Austria or Czechoslovakia Provided Britain
with further evidence of Germanys peaceful intentions July 1934-
Austrian Nazis staged a revolt and murdered the Austrian
chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss Jan 1935- The Saar region was
returned to Germany following a vote of the local people
Slide 66
Hitlers Foreign Policy #Rearmament March 1935- Hitler
reintroduced conscription (compulsory military service) Claimed
that this was in response to increases in the British air force and
Frances extension of its conscription Promised to increase the
German army to 600,000 men (6x the amount permitted by the Treaty
of Versailles) Stresa Front (Britain, France, Italy) formed but
took no real action against Hitler June 1935- Germany signed the
Anglo-German Naval Agreement Limited German navy to 35% of the
strength of the British navy Britain effectively condoned a
transgression of the Treaty of Versailles
Slide 67
Hitlers Foreign Policy #ScaryScary March 1936- Hitler ordered
German soldiers to enter the demilitarized Rhineland Hitler gave
strict orders that the troops should retreat if they met French
resistance French/British- protested but took no direct action
(Hitler offered to sign a peace treaty that would last for 25
years) 1936- Rome-Berlin Axis (removed Mussolini as a potential
hindrance) and the Anti-Comintern Pact (gained Japan as an ally)
1938- Achieved Anschluss with Austria by invading and declaring
Austria part of Germany
Group Work: Dialectical Journal 5 quotes from the text. A
question, reaction, interpretation, or picture Read the brief
summary of the Holocaust and complete a Dialectical Journal. Choose
5 important quotes from the article. For each, provide either a
question, reaction, interpretation, or picture.
Slide 71
The Road to War 1.Target Statement 2.Notes 3.Questions
4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 72
Target: The Road to War I CAN analyze the different causes of
WWII
Slide 73
The Road to War #Appeasement The refusal to make any serious
move against Hitlers foreign policy is known as appeasement There
were compelling reasons to avoid using military force: France was
politically divided and its army was reluctant to act without
British support (Anglo-German naval agreement, Rome-Berlin Axis)
Public opinion in Britain was strongly against involvement in
another war Both France and Britain were suffering from the effects
of the world economic crisis British businessmen had a vested
interest in a strong German economy Communism was still perceived
as the biggest threat to Europe
Slide 74
The Road to War #Czechoslovakia There were 3.5 million
German-speaking people living in the Sudeten area of Czechoslovakia
Hitler deliberately stirred up trouble in order to justify an
invasion Munich Conference of 1938- Germany should take immediate
possession of the Sudetenland (Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain,
Daladier) I believe it is peace for our time Chamberlain March
1939- Germany invaded to preserve law and order in
Czechoslovakia
Slide 75
The Road to War #Poland Hitler continued his aggressive foreign
policy following the invasion of Czechoslovakia April 1939- Hitler
insisted on the return of Danzig and German access across the
Polish Corridor Danzigs population was largely German-speaking,
while the Polish Corridor had split East Prussia from Germany
August 1939- The Nazi-Soviet Pact September 1939- Germany invaded
Poland and the Second World War had begun (Britain and France
declare war)
Slide 76
The Road to War #CausesCauses Problems created by the Paris
peace settlement, in particular the German resentment caused by the
harsh terms The failure of the League of Nations to deal
effectively with problems (Germany, Italy, Japan) The world
economic crisis The fear of communism (prevented alliance between
Britain, France, and USSR) Appeasement Stalins willingness to sign
the Nazi-Soviet Pact- made the invasion of Poland inevitable
Hitler
Slide 77
The Road to War #Debate There is debate amongst historians
about the long-term motives and ambitions of Hitlers foreign policy
Historians such as Hugh Trevor-Roper argued that Hitler had always
intended to become involved in a major war Mein Kampf, Lebensraum,
meeting in 1937 with key army personnel A.J.P. Taylor argued that
Hitler never intended a major war Hitler was an opportunist, policy
could not have been a step-by-step plan, Britain and France
unpredictable Martin Gilbert argued that Hitler did intend to fight
a major war in order to remove the stigma attached to Germany's
defeat in WWI
Slide 78
Cornell Notes: The Road to War 1.Target Statement 2.Notes
3.Questions 4.Summary 1. 2.3. 4.
Slide 79
Philosophical Chairs To what extent was Hitler responsible for
the outbreak of WWII? Using the links and outside information, come
up with 5 arguments for both sides.
http://www.rpfuller.com/gcse/history/6.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II There were
other factors besides Hitler Hitler was responsible
Slide 80
Group Work- MacMillan Read the NY times article When Peace Did
Not Go Unpunished For each of the following, tell me MacMillans
viewpoint: 1.The role of the Versailles Treaty in the rise of Nazis
Germany 2.The harshness of the Versailles Treaty 3.Lloyd Georges
role in the negotiations 4.Germany 5.Versailles Treaty and its
connections to modern issues
Slide 81
Group Work- Political Cartoon Analysis 1.Provide examples of
symbolism, labeling, caricature. 2.What is the general subject of
the cartoon? 3.What is the cartoonists opinion about the topic?
Symbolism- Using objects or symbols to stand for ideas or concepts.
Labeling- Labels are used to make clear what an object stands for.
Caricature- Exaggerating a character's features.
