1920s

Presentations

~Fact Sheets~

Period 2

Ernest Hemingway- a “Lost Generation” writer of the 1920’s

The Life of Hemingway:

Ernest Hemingway stood out because his unique style of prose, his journalism works, and short stories. He was known as a wild person, going on safaris and to bullfights and traveling the world. He was awarded a Pulitzer Prize, as well as a Nobel Prize for writing. His whole life he'd been struggling with depression, so he committed suicide in 1961.

Creating His Writing Style: In 1917 he was hired at the Kansas City Star, which became the start of his simplistic and recognizable

writing style. In 1920 he moved to Chicago and wrote for the Cooperative Commonwealth.

He was inspired to become a fiction writing by novelist Sherwood Anderson, and after he got married to his first wife they moved to Paris.

In Paris he became disillusioned with American values, and began writing works that reflected on his melancholy feelings toward society, himself, and humanity.

His 1920 Influence: Hemingway accurately depicted the sadness of war, the thrill and romanticism of adventure, and overall

American life through poetry, and though his works were apparently far too “explicit” for public newsstands, that only increased their sales and popularity.

People liked the idea of poetic rebellion which increased his audience. Why is he still well known today?

Hemingway’s focus on nouns and verbs rather than adjectives and adverbs was so revolutionary for writing at the time that he has become part of literary history.

He wrote to an audience of a “lost generation” of people who didn't feel like they belonged, and his works still speak to the same kinds today.

Though his life was tragic and full of immense sadness, he was able to tell his story to millions through writing.

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Kaelan and Matt Black Sox Scandal Fact Sheet

Important Facts

8 Chicago White Sox members follow through with a MLB match fix against the Cincinnati Reds. They did this in exchange for money from a gambling syndicate led by Arnold Rothstein, payout of $100,000

Happened October 9th 1919 8 Players banned from MLB for life “Shoeless” Joe Jackson accused because of his bad play, but happened to recently have the

flu resulting in low playing quality. Players were paid little by their club owner Charles Comiskey, resulted in them wanting more

money White Sox didn't win the World Series for another 86 years Members involved/accused: Eddie Cicotte, Oscar Felsch, Claud Williams, Arnold Gandil, Fred

McCullin, Charles Risburg, George Weaver, Joe Jackson

Why it was important to the 1920’s

First commissioner of baseball Led to the focus of integrity in baseball, less fixed matches

How it changed people's thoughts

People distrusted organized baseball and saw it as corrupt Landis seeked to return Baseballs good name by permanently banning the 8 members of the

fix plus two men who were aware of the conspiracy Baseball decreased in popularity

1920s Beauty Pageants Fact Sheet

Margaret Gorman, age 16, from Washington, D.C., was crowned the first Miss America in 1921; she

competed in the inter-city beauty category. Mary Campbell was the only person to win the Miss America title twice, and was also the second

woman to ever win the contest. In 1924, pageant contestants wore satin cloaks along with their bathing suits. In Coney Island beauty contests, the women wore modest swimwear instead of bikinis. The 1920s beauty ideal valued boy-like body figures with no curves, along with short, bob-styled hair.

Tan skin and sporty fashions were also preferred, while cosmetics were worn to draw attention to women’s facial features.

The 1920s saw the introduction of getting thin through dieting and exercise. Dresses were designed to downplay a woman’s breasts and waistline in the 1920s, but now beauty

pageant dresses are designed to show off bigger breasts and small waists. In the 2000s, beauty contestants are ideally expected to be tall and thin, with long legs, big breasts,

long hair, and tan, muscular bodies. The Miss America Pageant continues to stand for making a difference in people’s lives through

charitable community service outreach and using a winner’s notoriety to positively educate people on important social issues.

The Miss America Pageant started out in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a local resort city’s beauty contest; today, it is widely televised.

In the 1920s, women competed in these categories: professional beauties, civic beauties, and inter-city beauties. The most important judging standard for all contestants was the swimsuit competition.

It wasn’t until the 1930s that “talent” and “personality” categories were added to pageants. Today, beauty pageants highlight and value ethnic diversity, education, public speaking ability, and

public service history, in addition to beauty and talent.

Pageant Pros and Cons

Pros: Contestants’ qualities and skills are put to the test. Promotes fitness and discipline. Fosters goals

and ambitions. Comes with prizes and awards. Cons: Risk of becoming shallow and overconfident. Risk of depression. Takes a toll on health and

finances. Has an adverse effect on children.

1920s Beauty/Everyday Advertisements:

Birth of radio advertising (radio invented before the 20s but only during this time did the

U.S start using it for advertisements).

*No filter; gov. didn't regulate radio, advertisers could use any method to get consumers to buy

their products.

*Controversy on whether or not it was a “ethical” form of advertisement; many argued that the

home was no place to hear ads and interfered with the family setting.

Ads upped sales for food, clothing, household appliances, cars, etc.

Many of the advertisements directed towards women (recipes, beauty products, new

appliances that would make their housework tasks easier, etc.)

Celebrities used in a variety of advertisements to convince more people to buy the

product.

Revolutionized the way products were sold in the future along with how women looked;

with more beauty advertisements more woman felt the need to look a certain way.

*Before 20s makeup was considered a product associated only with prostitutes and celebrities

but gained popularity.

Limited skin tones were able to be made so makeup wasn't all that glamorous in the

beginning.

Most if not all makeup applied by hand at first (including eyeliner and mascara).

Blush was a new product that many applied to the face but flappers would apply it to the

knees as well.

Importance:

Advertisements were important to the 20s because they allowed the American public to

know what products were available and, since during that time Americans were on a

spending spree/out to get the newest products because people were making more money,

the consumer economy got a boost.

Advertisements today are not only important because they do the same thing as in they

did in the 20s, inform consumers etc., but they are able to raise awareness for how certain

substances are bad for you, maybe bullying or smoking; ads have the ability to raise

awareness for issues in society and present a possible solution.

Mary Pickford

Actress, screenwriter, producer Born: April 8, 1892 Died: May 29, 1979 Began performing at age five Born in Canada, but she went to New York when she was fourteen to be on Broadway In the start of her career she was making $150 per week, and as her fame grew, she was making

$2,000 per week. The peak of her career was the early 1920’s, she was able to pick her scripts and directors, and also

help with the lighting in shows Founder of the Pickford-Fairbanks studio with DW Griffith, Douglas Fairbanks, and Charlie Chaplin The name of the film company changed several times: Pickford-Fairbanks studio to United Artists to

Warner Hollywood Studio and to what it is named now, The Lot She helped form the film industry into everything it is today She was a large contributor to the film industry (fundraisers) She was in a total of 249 films, she won two oscars, and has her name on a star on Hollywood

Boulevard. Once she retired from acting, she continued to be a producer

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Campbell Smith/ Colby Nielsen

Automobile Industry - 1920s

Straight out of World War 1, the automobile industry helped get our country's economy back on track. With increased demand, production, income for workers, and jobs the industry quickly took off. Cars became the center of middle and working class life. They were also a symbol of freedom, adventure, and travel. Automobile companies began to optimize every resource possible, especially time. Companies like Ford who sold automobiles at an affordable price and created the first moving production line, quickly started to rack up profit.. With the newly created production line, Ford reduced the normal 12 hours it took to build a car to two and a half hours. The Ford Model T is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. Ford's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale, but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of America's age of modernization. Although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce, expensive, and unreliable at the Model T's introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained, mass-market transportation, it was a runaway success. In a matter of days after the release, 15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan. Several cars were conceived by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 before the Model T was introduced. Although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models; some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the Model N. The follow-up was the Ford Model A. The company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. Another car was the 1925 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost Piccadilly Roadster. The Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost name refers both to a car model and one specific car from that series. Originally named the "40/50 h.p." the chassis was first made at Royce's Manchester works, with production moving to

Derby in July 1908, and also, between 1921 and 1926, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Chassis no. 60551, registered AX 201, was the car that was originally given the name "Silver Ghost." Other 40/50 hp cars were also given names, but the Silver Ghost title was taken up by the press, and soon all 40/50s were called by the name, a fact not officially recognised by Rolls-Royce until 1925, when the Phantom range was launched. The Silver Ghost was the origin of Rolls-Royce's claim of making the "best car in the world" – a phrase coined not by themselves, but by the prestigious publication Autocar in 1907. These 2 cars are just some of the few that changed the way Americans got from one place to the other. The model T specifically changed America by allowing people go go where they wanted when they wanted faster than animals could. The model T spiked other car companies like Rolls Royce with its Silver Ghost and Duesenberg with its Model J.

The Cotton Club Facts Sheet Prominent black entertainers who performed for white audiences

o This showed how at the time black men and women were only allowed in

the upper echelon to provide entertainment.

Duke Ellington

o A prominent black musician at the time

Jack Johnson, the first African American heavyweight boxing champion, opened

the Club Deluxe, a 400-seat nightclub at the corner of 142nd Street and

Lenox Avenue, in 1920.

Owen (“Owney”) Madden rechristened the establishment the Cotton Club

o This was a white takeover

^limited the audience to white patrons

o Again showing the racism of the time

700 seats

The Cotton Club’s best years were from 1922 to 1935

The Cotton Club was also an active speakeasy

o It was in its prime years during prohibition, and did not let it stop

them from giving their patrons alcohol

The Cotton Club was forced to close for serving alcohol, especially Madden's

own blend called 'Madden's Number One,' his political connections enabled

him to reopen the club.

o His influence as a powerful white man allowed him to reopen his jazz

club multiple times despite the charges piled against it.

Forced to close several times

African-American jazz musicians used the notoriety of performing at the

Cotton Club to help launch their careers.

o However, it must be noted that cultural stereotypes were initially

forced upon them.

The club had very primitive decorations

o Yet again catering to the needs of the white customers in order to

make them feel like they were in a “jungle”

In addition, the music included elements that created a jungle

atmosphere.

The African-American employees were forced to act as though they

lived on plantations or were savages.

Kiane Mercer/ Kendall Carlson

Boxing

-Sports fans idolized Jack Dempsey who held the champion heavyweight title from 1919-192

- Dempsey’s hold on the championship was considered one of the greatest runs in history

-Dempsey was then defeated in 1926 by Gene tunney

-1921 the national boxing association was formed which still stands today

-People traveled for days to see a good fight. -Boxing was a social event with thousands of men and women in attendance

-Tickets sales boosted the economy

- Boxing brought people together to support their favorite fighter

- Many “Home grown” Americans supported the sport because there were often fights between immigrants and Americans. -Boxing offered an outlet for kids aggression and possibly create a future for those who couldn’t afford schooling. -Boxers were fitness role models for men; They somewhat set a standard

-Dempsey was one of the so-called "big five" sports legends of the 1920s

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Louis Armstrong

Early Life o Born August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana o Worked for a jewish family, they encouraged him to sing o Armstrong was sent to a colored home (Waif’s Home for Boys). There he received musical instruction and

started him deep desire for music.

Summer 1922 o Received an offer from Joe “King” Oliver to play in his Creole Jazz Band in Chicago o “He was soon taking Chicago by storm” o Made his first recordings with Oliver April 5, 1923

1st recorded solo

Fall 1924 o Joined Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra (FHO)

“Top African-American dance band in NYC at the time” o Armstrong introduced swing music to the band

Influenced Henderson FHO became the first big jazz band of the time

Independent Music o In New York, Armstrong cut dozens of records as a side man o Oken (a label) allowed Armstrong to record his first album in Chicago

“Hot 5/7” and other musical productions o 1925-28 made 60+ records with the Hot 5, then the Hot 7 o Performed in orchestras, silent movies, and broadway o Worked with Earl Hines (a pianist) and they made recordings

Popularity o 1932/1933

Two tours in Europe o African American Firsts (due to popularity)

1st African American… Jazz musician to write an autobiography Featured billing in a major hollywood movie Entertainer to host a nationally sponsored radio show

o 1950s Armstrong’s popularity overseas increased dramatically

o ‘50s and ‘60s Performed worldwide

o 1960s Performed 300 nights a year 1967 - “What a Wonderful World”

#1 hit around the world (except America)

Death o Experienced a series of health issues (heart attacks and kidney issues) o Died in his sleep July 6, 1971

Art of the 1920s Edward Hopper:

born in 1882 in NY died in 1967 1910s he struggled for recognition worked primarily in oil painting but also mastered medium of etching married another artist named Josephine Verstille Nivison had a lot of commercial success and awards in 1940s and 50s His works fell under the category of realism but they also show a glimpse of life in America between the

world wars He later the groundwork for paintings in the future

Georgia O’Keeffe

known for close ups of flowers and skull paintings Painted abstraction in nature “Mother of American Modernism” One of first artists to draw pure abstract w her charcoal drawings Unprecedented acceptance as a woman artist Homewrecker

American Modernism

broke away from traditional painting styles More abstraction and personal interpretation

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Professional Football – 1920s

The APFC (American Professional Football Conference) was formed in 1922 and was the forerunner for the National Football League (NFL) The 6 original teams were: Rock Island Independents, Muncie Flyers, Arizona Cardinals, Massillon Tigers, Chicago Tigers, Hammond Pros. One year later, the APFC added 8 more teams. George Halas- one of best players in the first decade of the NFL. 18 teams in 1922. Players wore leather helmets which didn't protect anybody from concussions and actually were so impractical that a few deaths were cause because of big hits and little protection for the brain. The NFL was headlined by stars like Jim Thorpe, Earl Lambeau, and Guy Chamberlin. Jim Thorpe was the president of the new professional league which they named the American Professional Football Association The 1920s brought us past times such as football which has now become one of the most watched sports in the America. People like Jim Thorpe started a famous and iconic game and are now icons for players all around the world.

Modern Home Conveniences In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf This was important because it allowed for food to be stored and the life of each item to be extended - In 1797 the washer was invented and in 1858 Hamilton Smith patented the first rotary washing machine but wasn't adopted for mass household use until the 1900’s

This was significant because it provided a more time efficient way for cleaning clothes by removing the old washer board method which consumed both copious amounts of time and energy. - The modern automatic pop-up toaster was invented in 1919 by Charles Strite. This was important because it allowed for the effortless toasting of bread and just made the composing of dishes involving toasted items that much more efficient.

These inventions changed the way people thought because they allowed life to be just one more step more effortless and added more time for the typical household wife at the time to have a lot more open time. In a way each invention closed the gap further between a hard working environment to one where you could come home and rest instead of have loads of things to get done. The fridge was most definity the most important as it added the practicality of having more food than needed simply because it could stay fresh for longer so the daily need to go get food disappeared. This was most definitely the start of both the more prevalent food wasting era and over farming. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Art in the 1920’s

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Art, in all forms, whether it be music, or dance, tended to show the rejection of new, post-war America. Many artists believe the War was a mistake, and it showed through their work. Art was a form of protest, and was a way for them to have a voice.

Two new major art movements surfaced during this time period, including surrealism, and later art deco.

However, other art styles still remained popular throughout the decade including the two main movements Edward Hopper was involved in, impressionism and realism.

EDWARD HOPPER. (1882-1967)

Edward Hopper was an American artist whose mature style was well known, especially during the 1920’s, for his oil paintings.

Hopper had many scenes in his work that showed urban lifestyle, giving a look of “human experience.” during the time. Most scenes depict single or few figures, most of them silent and solemn looking.

These pieces reflect his vision of what post-war America was like. He, “only shows the drab architecture” (which tended to be blurred with muted colors.) “devoid of human life…” He showed every individual alienated and detached.

WHY HE WAS IMPORTANT.

He, along with many other artists, used their work to give themselves a voice. They used artwork as a form of protest.

Having this artwork, we know how people felt life was like during the time. We know that people had little faith in the new political leaders after the war, as well as the new business-based/wealth-hungry society they saw in the post-war America.

In Edward Hopper’s art specifically, we saw his vision of modern Americans experiencing isolation and detachment.

Charles

Lindbergh

American Aviator

ㅡ

“Lucky Lindy” “The Lone Eagle”

February 4, 1902 - August 26, 1974

Who is he?

Aviator, author, inventor, officer, and environmentalist

Studied mechanical engineering before pursuing a future in flight

Making first solo flight in 1923, became a daredevil pilot

Enlisted as s reserve pilot in the Army

Became an airmail pilot between Chicago and St. Louis.

What happened?

Raymond Orteig, a hotel owner in the 1920s, offered a prize of $250,000 (over

$3 million today) to anyone who could cross the Atlantic Ocean non-stop

Charles Lindbergh, of course, wanted this.

He enlisted St. Louis businessmen to help pay for the excursion

On May 20, 1927, Charles took off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island in his

plane, Spirit of St. Louis.

With little food, water, and no sleep, Charles flew over water for 33 ½ hours

and 3600 miles

Landed at Le Bourguet field in Paris, to a frenzy of 100,000 people in the

biggest moment in aviation history.

Why is this important?

Charles Lindbergh’s achievement was the spark for a new era in world travel

With a decrease in the time for travel comes an increase in the productivity of

the world

Seeing family abroad will no longer take weeks or months, but rather hours

The advancements in aviation skyrocketed

For the U.S., this was a display of their citizen’s drive to achieve and conquer

what hasn’t been before: the skies.

And of course, nobody had ever crossed the atlantic ocean solo, and non-stop.

Daniel Eastman, Per. 2

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Amelia Earhart

When Amelia Earhart flew to an altitude of 14,000ft setting a world record

for female pilots on October 22, 1928. This is important because it shows

the world that women can do the same things that men do. This stood out to

me because it was the first noticeable thing that Earhart did in her

aviation career. This made people realize that women were as capable as men

doing harder things.

Eunice Rodriguez / Lauren Dionne

FLAPPERS:

- Importance of the person/event/thing (why it/theystood out)

-------- > Flappers were a generation of young women in the 1920s who in most

cases wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, and usually liked to listened to jazz.

------>Flappers did what society did not expect from young women.They danced to Jazz

Age music, they smoked, they wore makeup, they spoke their own language, and they

lived for the moment.

----->The term "flapper" first appeared in Great Britain after World War I.

------->The names of Famous Flappers included Clara Bow, Coco Chanel, Joan

Crawford, Colleen Moore, Barbara Stanwyck, Bebe Daniels, Norma Talmadge, Theda

Bara, Norma Shearer, Louise Brooks, Anita Loos and Gilda Gray "the Shimmy Queen.

------->The most famous flapper was Clara Bow

------->The Flappers “look” was started by a generation of young Western women in the

1920s.

-------> the Flappers was a "girl power" movement

- How it changed people’s lives/thinking/way of life

--------> FLAPPERs ….in some way was another term for a free thinking independent

women. At this time FLAPPERs as well as almost all women were not seen wearing

floor-length dresses, waist clinched, arms and legs covered gourmets. Instead

wearing, thinking, doing whatever pleased them. Therefor FLAPPERS opened a new

era for Women to finally not be afraid to explore beyond their housewife chores

Charlie Chaplin – Connor

Clara Bow – Quinn

Jazz/Blues in Harlem – Sylvan

Art – Kyah/Savanna