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DECEMBER,920. MONTI-ILY TFEATHER REV IEW. 69public health is i-ren first place in the enumeration ofgeneral cooperation between medical men and meteorolo-gists in the investigation of many problemsasyet unsolvodconcerning the relations of climate and health. Fewmedid men have a sufficient knowled e of met,eorologyand climatology to enable them to niaae the most effec-tive use of the available meteorological data, and veryfew meteorolo4sts are competent to deal with pliysio-logical and meaical relations. As one step n tlie directionof this much-needed cooperation, far more generalinstruction in the principles of climatolo y should hgiven in the medical schools of the United hates.The main features of aoood climate &reconsidered.NO "perfect" climate cant e found, equally good at allseasons, or for all seasons, or for all persons, either lt7elor ill. The well-known hea.lt1i resorts have, in additionto their special climatic advantages, many other assets,such as ood hotels, expert ph-ysicans, outdoor diversions,

The leading health resorts of the United States art?ouped under the following divisions: I. The easternfnitecl States; 11. The Rock Mountain and Plateau;and 111. The Pacific const. E0c1 of these suhdivisionshas certain essential climatic characteristics which areeculiarly important, u the treatment of special disea.scs.fhus, in the eastern United Statns, the southern winterresorts are favorable for convalescents; for those suffer-ing from nervous debility, and for diseasesof the organsof respiration. Colorado, Arizona, and New hlesico ofierspecial advantages for tlie open-air treatment of tuhercu-losis of the lun s. The southern Pncific coast, with itsequability, its siort rainy season and its mild winters,has been wonderfully beneficial to many invalids whoneed a less stimulating climate, aiid one of fewer markedand sudden changes, than can be found in the north-eastmi part of tlic? country.

the practical appkcations of our science. Thereisneed of

and the5ke.

COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMID ITY DUR-I NG 1920, WITH TH E MEA N A ND TH E I RRE L A T I O N TOCOMFORT, A T ANACONDA, M ONT.Being the local observer for the United States WontherBureau, I recently summarized the data for Anaconda,

EMPERATUR P.9WO. .-Temporat.im and aumicuty durlng1920andth e meanfor 10paraat Ana-conda, M a t ,

Mont. for 10 years past, and found that there isa verylogicd relation betweon our temperature-humidity figures

cluriiig this years niild wcathar seas311and the comforof theseason. A number of other men with whomI havtnlkerl agree that the past spring, summer, and early falgave us the most pleasantly aweeable period that whave had for a long time, aud f ani convinced that tht.enipernture-1iumiclityel:itiom, eshihi tedon the inclosedchart, lnrgoly account for this. Each point plotted fo1930 i t ,resents the avernge for a single month, February tdheptcmber, inclusive. Tho form of theo-yearaverage cui7-e isverydifferent.The mont.lily igures nre plottod in figure1.We atre situated on aniountnin vnlleg, three-fourths ofit mile wide, at nn ele;-at.ion of about 5,300 feet; aiidduring the spring, summer, and fa.11 commonly havebreezes, of moderate relocihs. Our wind records, fromarecording anemometer, however, limeno bearing on thecomfort problem, ~9 the instrument is placed at a hi hD P W I O ~elevation above tlie town or special reasons.-C. B

RELATION OF MAL ARIA T O TEMPERATURE;[Rnprintcd I r m Thf Mfkoroloqiml Mugn:irrp, L ondon, Nov., 1920, pp. 225-?S.]A paperon t,herelat.ionof temperature to the occurrenceof malaria in England appears in the Journal of the Ro a

Angus Macclonald,0.B. E., R. A. M. C., has examinedEnglish t,eniperntures records from l i G3 to 1919 in conjunction with nialuria prevalence, slid estimated theprobabilities of c.ontinuous endemicity of the disease inthe ast in t.liis count,ry and of its occurrence orrecurrencein t.ie present,. I t will be remembered t,hat a diseaseis endemic. when it continues wit,hout t,he importation ofgerm carriers from other locdities.The mem isot.herm of 60 F. in the Northern Hemis-sphere hss long been considered the nort.hern boundary ofrecognized edeniic malaria, a.nd on the whole the diseaseincreases in intensity toward the Equntof. Theohserva-tion o epidemics just.ifies the assumption !hat for thedevelopment of nialarial infection in countries occupiedby the anopheline mos uito, this mean temperature, 60t.here ha.s been no definite change in the t,emperaturconditions in England; the mean of the. whole differslittle from means taken for casual decennla throughout.The four years 155G- 1859 presented u seasonal malariapotentiality far beyond normal; on only 7 of the 50years, 1841-1S90, was the required monthly meanreached in each of t,he months June, July, and Augustnnd of these., three were consecutive years, viz., 1857,1555, and 1859. It wn.s In t.liese years that the laswidespread and intense occuFence of malaria occurredof which we hnve record 111t,hiscountry. No other com-parable record of continued high temperature existedthe nearest beino 1825-26, when there was a markedoccurrence of maywia, and 180s-9. Furthermore, 1860wn a phenonienctlly cold yenr and officlal recognition ofentlemic ninlarin ended suddenly in that year. Greenwich records are used as representing the south of Englandand diflering but little from t>ioseof the Fen district.Evidence of indigenous malaria north of the Humber isvery rare.The period of greatest importatipn of malaria carriers(i. e., persons already infected) in hlstory was 19113-1919;the disease developed considerably in 1917-1919 in thosemont>iswhen the requisite thermal conditions obt,ainedand in approximate roportion to the estent of theseconditions. The outB eak was more severe in 1856-

Army Medical Corps for August, 1930. The aut.hor,39j

F., is necessar over atYeast 16 clays. These mosquitoesare widespreacin England: During the period1763-1919,

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692 MONTHLT WEATHER REV IEW. DECEMBER981859, in spite of the smaller number of carriers, becauseof the more continuous high mean temperature of tliesummer months.Elevation of temperature does not occur in Englandwith the regularity and continuity necessary to maintainendemic malaria. When the necessary coincidence of

carrier import.ation and high mean temperature occuh0t.h epidemic and endemic niala.ria may break out forliniited tinic in liniited areas. Many other factors affethe disease, and t.he iving conditions in England over 1j7ea-s ago nitiy have been more favorable to its incidenbut the t.emperature factor is essential.T H E R A T E O F ASCENT

1;y Capt. 33.[Signal C orps, W3:hitlgtr.

Thefactors thnt control t,he rate of ascent.of pilot hl -loons may be divided into two classes: (1) Those tlititrelate to t.he kind a.nd urity of tliegns used, d s o to t.heshape, free lift,, rnn.twi3and surface of the bi$!o(iii, wid(2) those that. re1at.eto tlie atmospheric: conclit.ionspre-vailing at t,he time of tlie nscension, with pnrticulilr reIer-ence to temperature dist.ribut,ionant1air niovenisnt.. Tlioair density, viscosit,y, etc., arc considcrd only intlirect.ly.The factors included under t.hr first, cliiss may be stiiclicdwithin doors. Dines, Hergescll, a.nd ol,licrshaw nicidesuch studies. Some esperiments along this same linehave also been macleby tlie Signal Corps, United Stntc.s. The fact stands out, however, t.hnt in spite of&ziainstaking work by a number of inrestigatorssatisfactory information relatire to the resistance en-countered by large spheres in motion through air is notyet available.The results of t.he experirnent,s made by t.he SignalCorps indicate that, for the sizes of the bdloons used, theair resistance to t.he motion of t,he bxlloons varies a.p-proximate1 as the 1.6 power of the speed and a.s t.heo? these results and comparing t.1ir.m with observationsmade by the two-tlieodolite method a formula wns pro-duced that gave t.he rates of ascent for pilot balloons thatwere in better agreement with observed resu1t.s in theUnited States than any of t.lieforniulas heretofore used.An obectionable eature, however, to the esperiment,s f theS ai Corps is that they weremade by dropping weight.edbxoons instead of allowing gas-filled balloonsto ascend.Since the cube of the diameter of R balloon is propor-tional to its volume and, therefore, np )rosimatc~ypro-ascending at a miform rate is equal to the air resistanceof the balloon, the terms ,otnl lift mid fret? lift,are used in the forniulas instead of the cnhc of thediameter and the air resist,tince, respect,ively. Formulasfor the rate of ascent of l~ttlloons re:

s uare of t.l e diameter of the balloons. By nitiking use

portional to its total lift, and the free\ ft.of t~ hdlOoJ1,

Dines. Rouch. Herewell.

Where V i s the rate of ascent,; K, I