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1914-1918: The World at War Chapter 10. Causes of the Great War. Basic Causes of World War I. Nationalism Pride for ones own country or culture. Led to German and Italy Imperialism British and French colonies in Africa Germany wanted them. Militarism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1918:
The Worldat War
Chapter10
1914-1918:
The Worldat War
Chapter10
Causesof theGreat War
Causesof theGreat War
Basic Causes of World War IBasic Causes of World War I
NationalismNationalism– Pride for ones own Pride for ones own
country or culture.country or culture. Led to German and ItalyLed to German and Italy
ImperialismImperialism– British and French British and French
colonies in Africacolonies in Africa Germany wanted them.Germany wanted them.
MilitarismMilitarism– Build armies and navies Build armies and navies
to combat other nationsto combat other nations..
1. NATIONALISM - pride/devotion for your country or culture
France and Germany fight for leadership
Russia (protector of the Slavic people)
Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals for influence over Serbia
Ethnic groups hoped to create nations of their own – Ex. Poles, Czechs
2. Imperialism - Economic & Imperial Rivalries
2. Imperialism - Economic & Imperial Rivalries
Competition for colonies.
Provide markets to sell goods Provide needed raw materials/resources Added prestige to the imperialist nation
(nationalism)
GERMANY INDUSTRIALIZES AND COMPETES WITH FRANCE AND GB
3. Militarism & Arms Race3. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance– GermanyGermany– Austria Austria
HungaryHungary– ItalyItaly
Triple EntenteTriple Entente– BritainBritain– FranceFrance– RussiaRussia
4. Alliances4. Alliances
The Alliance System The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
The
“Spark”
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke Franz Ferdinand
AustriaAustria Black HandBlack Hand
– Bosnian terrorist groupBosnian terrorist group Wanted a independent Wanted a independent
BosniaBosnia
Visit to SarajevoVisit to Sarajevo– Capital of Austro-Capital of Austro-
HungaryHungary AssassinatedAssassinated
– Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip The war is on!The war is on!
WARWAR Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
declares war on Serbsdeclares war on Serbs– Russia promised to Russia promised to
protect the Serbs and protect the Serbs and mobilize its troops.mobilize its troops.
Germany sees this as Germany sees this as an act of aggression an act of aggression and declares war on and declares war on Russia.Russia.
Germany declares war Germany declares war on France to protect on France to protect their back door.their back door.
Germany invades BelgiumGermany invades Belgium– Great Britain pledged to Great Britain pledged to
defend Belgium and defend Belgium and declares war on Germany.declares war on Germany.
War has Begun!War has Begun!
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Great Powers of EuropeThe Great Powers of Europe
Central PowersCentral Powers– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Allied PowersAllied Powers– Great BritainGreat Britain– FranceFrance– RussiaRussia
Italy joined the allied Italy joined the allied powers because of powers because of disagreements.disagreements.
Key Figures in WWIKey Figures in WWI
Nicholas II ~ RusGeorge V ~ GB
Victor Emmanuel II ~ It Pres. Poincare ~ Fr
Kaiser Wilhelm II ~ Gr
Enver Pasha ~ OE
Franz Josef ~ A-H
Allied Powers Central Powers
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
Germany invades neutral Belgium
Aug. 4, 1914 – use Schlieffen Plan Attack Belgium, holding action against
Russia – after France falls they can put two armies against Russia
Great Britain joins War against Germany
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
UniformsUniforms
– Germans – Gray Germans – Gray uniforms used as uniforms used as camouflagecamouflage
– French – dressed French – dressed in old ceremonial in old ceremonial uniform. Left uniform. Left them with little them with little camouflagecamouflage
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
Machine GunMachine Gun– Could set up in 4 Could set up in 4
secondsseconds– Could fire 600 bullets a Could fire 600 bullets a
minuteminuteMaschinengewehr ~ German MG
Water Cooled Vickers ~ British MG
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
ArtilleryArtillery
British Mark I Howitzer
420mm Big Bertha ~ Germany
400mm Rail Howitzer ~ French
1st Battle of the Marne
Germans only 25 miles from Paris French counterattack Sept. 7, 1914 2 million men fight over 125 mile battlefield 5 days – 250,000 lost – Germans pushed
back Gave Russia time to mobilize
The Plans falls Apart The Battle
of the Marne
Taxis to the Rescue
Trench Warfare -stalemate
Trench Warfare -stalemate
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench Foot – YUCK!!!Trench Foot – YUCK!!!
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
Poison GasPoison Gas– Good and BadGood and Bad– Gas Masks developedGas Masks developed– Barbaric?Barbaric?
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
TanksTanks
M1 U.S. Tank
British Mark IV Tank
Schwerer Kampfwagen A7V German Tank
TANK! GET OUT OF
THE TRENCH!
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War AirplanesAirplanes
Fokker Dr.I ~ German Sopwith Camel ~ British
Manfred von Richthofen A.K.A. ~ Red Baron
Nieuport 17 ~ French and American
Eddie Rickenbacker U.S. Flying Ace
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
Christmas, 1914• German and
British soldiers fraternizing in No Man's Land, Christmas 1914
The Western Front
Verdun –German
Offensive
Somme–UK & French
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
The Eastern Front Gallipoli
–Russia failing
–Promise of the Dardanelles
–Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
War Crimes in Armenia Ottoman Turks fear
Armenian support of Russia (Christian V Islam)
The solution: men, women and children marched into the desert till dead from exposure and dehydration
1915-1918 1.5 Million Dead
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
The United States in WWI
IsolationismIsolationism
President Woodrow Wilson declared they would President Woodrow Wilson declared they would stay neutral.stay neutral.– This is an isolationist view.This is an isolationist view.
However Wilson leaned However Wilson leaned
toward the allies because toward the allies because
they traded with them and they traded with them and
supplied them with war supplied them with war
goods.goods.
New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War
Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare
British Submarine
German U-Boat
U-BoatsU-Boats
But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?
Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine WarfareGermany’s Unrestricted Submarine Warfare– Germany would attack any ships in the war zoneGermany would attack any ships in the war zone
The Sinking of the Lusitania May 1The Sinking of the Lusitania May 1stst 1915 1915– British cruise liner with American passengersBritish cruise liner with American passengers
Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge– Germans would not sink Germans would not sink merchant vessels without merchant vessels without warning and without saving warning and without saving human lives.human lives.
But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?
Sussex Pledge 1915Sussex Pledge 1915 Germans would not sink Germans would not sink
merchant vessels without warning merchant vessels without warning
and without saving human lives.and without saving human lives.
Germany resorts back to unrestricted Germany resorts back to unrestricted submarine warfare 1917submarine warfare 1917– U.S. ends diplomatic ties with Germany.U.S. ends diplomatic ties with Germany.
But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?
Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note– German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent
telegram to Mexico.telegram to Mexico.
Telegram asked Mexico to Telegram asked Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange attack the U.S. in exchange for New Mexico, Texas, and for New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.Arizona.
Mexico had no desire to be Mexico had no desire to be involved and it backfired.involved and it backfired.
– It was intercepted by Great Britain.It was intercepted by Great Britain.
America Prepares For War
Congress declares WarCongress declares War
Wilson outraged because of the previous Wilson outraged because of the previous events asks congress to declare war on events asks congress to declare war on Germany. April 2Germany. April 2ndnd 1917 1917
Congress declares Congress declares war on Germany April 6war on Germany April 6thth 1917. United States 1917. United States joins the Allied Powers.joins the Allied Powers.
World War IWorld War IThe Home FrontThe Home Front
Chapter 10 Chapter 10
Section 2Section 2
U.S. Prepares for WarU.S. Prepares for War
Selective Service ActSelective Service Act– May 18May 18thth 1917 1917– Requires men between 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the Requires men between 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the
armed forces.armed forces.– You faced a combat position or prison .You faced a combat position or prison .
U.S. was not prepared for war.U.S. was not prepared for war.– New recruits did not have rifles, New recruits did not have rifles, supplies, or even places to sleep.supplies, or even places to sleep.
Training was extreme.Training was extreme.– Trained all day on marching and Trained all day on marching and military rules.military rules.– Used rifles until they were given rifles.Used rifles until they were given rifles. General John J. Pershing
Commander of U.S. Forces
Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front
EconomyEconomy– War Revenue Act of 1917War Revenue Act of 1917
Very high taxes especially Very high taxes especially for the wealthy.for the wealthy.
– Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds Loan to the government.Loan to the government. Government owed $20 Government owed $20
billion to the people after billion to the people after the war.the war.
Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front
RegulationsRegulations– IndustryIndustry
War Industries Board War Industries Board – Couldn’t use steel, copper, cement, or rubber without their approval.Couldn’t use steel, copper, cement, or rubber without their approval.
– FoodFood Herbert Hoover led the food administrationHerbert Hoover led the food administration
– Food can win the WarFood can win the War– Victory gardensVictory gardens– Meatless Mondays and wheatless WednesdaysMeatless Mondays and wheatless Wednesdays– Eighteenth AmendmentEighteenth Amendment
ProhibitionProhibition
– FuelFuel Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration
– Set prices for fuel to make sure military needs were met.Set prices for fuel to make sure military needs were met.
Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front
WorkersWorkers– Pay and hours went up but so did Pay and hours went up but so did
the cost of living.the cost of living.– Increased production meant less Increased production meant less
safety precautions.safety precautions.– National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board
Judged disputes between Judged disputes between management and workers to prevent management and workers to prevent strikes.strikes.
– WomenWomen Went to work on railroads, docks, Went to work on railroads, docks,
and factories. Jobs usually held by and factories. Jobs usually held by men.men.
After the war women left these jobs After the war women left these jobs by choice and by force from by choice and by force from employers who wanted men.employers who wanted men.
Support the War!Support the War!
Committee on Public Information (CPI)Committee on Public Information (CPI)– Nationwide Propaganda Nationwide Propaganda – Led by George CreelLed by George Creel
Freedom of Speech?Freedom of Speech?
Espionage ActEspionage Act– Punished Americans for aiding the Punished Americans for aiding the
enemy or refusing military service.enemy or refusing military service. Sedition ActSedition Act
– Cannot criticize the government, Cannot criticize the government, flag, or military.flag, or military. Penalty was jail.Penalty was jail.
Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States– Charles Schenck of the American Charles Schenck of the American
Socialist Party printed 15,000 Socialist Party printed 15,000 pamphlets opposing the war.pamphlets opposing the war.
– Unanimous decision ruling against Unanimous decision ruling against Schenck.Schenck.
– Speech can be limited if it poses a Speech can be limited if it poses a threat to others.threat to others.
Minorities in the U.S. ArmyMinorities in the U.S. Army African AmericansAfrican Americans
– Segregated and trained in separate Segregated and trained in separate camps.camps.
– Only a few regiments were trained.Only a few regiments were trained.– Were only allowed to be in the Army Were only allowed to be in the Army and in the Navy as mess men.and in the Navy as mess men.– Usually assigned to French regimentsUsually assigned to French regiments
Gave them 11 citations for bravery Gave them 11 citations for bravery and valorand valor
LatinosLatinos– Often assigned menial tasks.Often assigned menial tasks.– Some couldn’t speak EnglishSome couldn’t speak English
Women Women – Enlisted and went oversees to Enlisted and went oversees to work as switch board operators, nurses, work as switch board operators, nurses, and typists in the Army, Navy, and and typists in the Army, Navy, and
Marines.Marines.
Great Migration
Wilson, War, and PeaceWilson, War, and Peace
Chapter 10Chapter 10
Section 3Section 3
U.S. in ActionU.S. in Action
Convoy SystemConvoy System– Troops and supply ships surrounded by destroyers and Troops and supply ships surrounded by destroyers and
cruisers.cruisers.
French wanted U.S. to begin fighting as soon as French wanted U.S. to begin fighting as soon as they got off the ships.they got off the ships.– Pershing wanted them to train for another year in Pershing wanted them to train for another year in
France to get use to the environment.France to get use to the environment.
RussiansRussians
Czar Nicholas II loses powerCzar Nicholas II loses power– People adopt a republic People adopt a republic
government in March 1917.government in March 1917. This pleased the Americans.This pleased the Americans.
November 1917 the November 1917 the Bolsheviks take control of Bolsheviks take control of government.government.– Led by Vladimir Ilich LeninLed by Vladimir Ilich Lenin– CommunistsCommunists
Sign a peace treaty with Central Sign a peace treaty with Central Powers. Germany can focus on Powers. Germany can focus on western front.western front.
Key Battles Involving Americans
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alvin York
The Allies fight backThe Allies fight back
With the help of the Americans in 1918 the With the help of the Americans in 1918 the allies fought back and pushed the Germans allies fought back and pushed the Germans back into Belgium and Germany.back into Belgium and Germany.
Central Powers were failingCentral Powers were failing– Germany’s economy was crippled.Germany’s economy was crippled.
Food and supplies were depleted.Food and supplies were depleted.
– Austria-Hungary fell into revolution.Austria-Hungary fell into revolution.– Central Powers troops did not want to fight Central Powers troops did not want to fight
anymore.anymore.
The Tide Turns The US & the
Convoy System Doughboys tip
scales, Germans deep into their reserves…
Ottomans and Austrians surrender
War EndsWar Ends
November 1918November 1918– Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
signed a peace treaty signed a peace treaty with the Allieswith the Allies
November 7November 7thth
– Germany begins Germany begins peace negotiationpeace negotiation
November 11November 11thth
– Armistice went into Armistice went into effect.effect.
– What holiday today?What holiday today?
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Wilson’s View of World PeaceWilson’s View of World Peace
Fourteen PointsFourteen Points– 1-4 dealt with removal of trade barriers and reduction 1-4 dealt with removal of trade barriers and reduction
of military arms of the Central Powers.of military arms of the Central Powers.– 55thth point deals with a system to resolve disputes. point deals with a system to resolve disputes.
6-13 dealt with self-determination.6-13 dealt with self-determination.– The right for people to decide their own political status.The right for people to decide their own political status.– Wilson wanted the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary to Wilson wanted the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary to
split up and form their own nations.split up and form their own nations.– 1414thth point dealt with forming the League of Nations point dealt with forming the League of Nations
Group of nations that wouldGroup of nations that would1.1. Settle disputesSettle disputes2.2. Protect democracy Protect democracy 3.3. Prevent future wars.Prevent future wars.
What happened to the U.S. foreign policy? Isolationism? Progressivism?What happened to the U.S. foreign policy? Isolationism? Progressivism?
Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference
Wilson was in attendance.Wilson was in attendance.– Felt he would be the unbiased Felt he would be the unbiased
leader that would finally bring leader that would finally bring Europe to peace.Europe to peace.
32 Nations attended32 Nations attended– The Allied leaders controlled the The Allied leaders controlled the
negotiations.negotiations.– The Big FourThe Big Four
U.S. ~ Pres. Woodrow WilsonU.S. ~ Pres. Woodrow Wilson– Wanted the Fourteen PointsWanted the Fourteen Points
Great Britain ~ PM David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain ~ PM David Lloyd George France ~ Premier George ClemenceauFrance ~ Premier George Clemenceau
– Wanted to punish Germany severely Wanted to punish Germany severely for the War.for the War.
Italy ~ PM Vittorio OrlandoItaly ~ PM Vittorio Orlando
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
Allies reach an agreement.Allies reach an agreement.– GermanyGermany
Had to pay reparationsHad to pay reparations– 269 billion gold marks (Equivalent today to $393.6 Billion 269 billion gold marks (Equivalent today to $393.6 Billion
U.S. dollars)U.S. dollars) Had to disarm its military.Had to disarm its military. Accept full responsibility for starting the war.Accept full responsibility for starting the war.
– What is this called?What is this called?
– League of Nations would be formed.League of Nations would be formed.– Some ethnic groups would be allowed to form Some ethnic groups would be allowed to form
their own Nations.their own Nations.
Can Wilson sign the Treaty?Can Wilson sign the Treaty?
No, needs the Senate to approve it.No, needs the Senate to approve it.– Senate was split into 3 groupsSenate was split into 3 groups
Democrats ~ approve the treatyDemocrats ~ approve the treaty Irreconcilables ~ didn’t want U.S. in the League of Nations.Irreconcilables ~ didn’t want U.S. in the League of Nations. Reservationists ~ would approve it if changes were made.Reservationists ~ would approve it if changes were made.
– Henry Cabot Lodge – head of reservationistsHenry Cabot Lodge – head of reservationists
– Wilson would not cooperate with the reservationists.Wilson would not cooperate with the reservationists. Went on a 22 day campaign Went on a 22 day campaign through the U.S. traveling 8,000 through the U.S. traveling 8,000 miles and speaking 32 times miles and speaking 32 times trying to gain the publics approvaltrying to gain the publics approval
– It was too much for him and he It was too much for him and he had a stroke and never fully recovered.had a stroke and never fully recovered.
Wilson still continued not to Wilson still continued not to compromise with Lodgecompromise with Lodge
Does the League of Nations work?Does the League of Nations work?
Wilson leaves office in 1921Wilson leaves office in 1921– Never got the treaty approved by the Senate.Never got the treaty approved by the Senate.
The U.S. signs separate treaties with Austria, The U.S. signs separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany having never joined the Hungary, and Germany having never joined the League of Nations.League of Nations.– Without the U.S. power the League of Nations would Without the U.S. power the League of Nations would
never be able to keep the peace.never be able to keep the peace.
Effects of the WarEffects of the War
United States History
10.4
Why Fear?
Changes in American Society as a result of World War I
End to Wartime Prosperity and Unity
Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic
Spread across the U.S. and Spread across the U.S. and Europe.Europe.– More than ½ of the soldiers on More than ½ of the soldiers on
the western front died from the western front died from influenza.influenza. Trenches were dirty and filthy and Trenches were dirty and filthy and
this helped the disease spread.this helped the disease spread.
– Flu like symptomsFlu like symptoms– City officials cancelled group City officials cancelled group
gatherings in an attempt to stop gatherings in an attempt to stop the spread of the disease.the spread of the disease. It didn’t help.It didn’t help.
– The disease cost 675,000 The disease cost 675,000 Americans their lives.Americans their lives.
1919 Race Riots
Labor Unrest
Strikes = Communist Returning soldiers want jobs back
– Foreigners– Women– Blacks
What is Communism?
No private property Equal wealth Government control of
Industry Abolition of:
– Marriage
– Family
– Religion
– Nation
World-wide Revolution.
Communism
Russian Revolution of 1917 U.S.S.R. under V. I. Lenin
Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917
Bolsheviks, led by V.I. Lenin, seize control of Russia and establish the Soviet Union.
Red Scare – panic over the spread of communism sweeps through the U.S.
America’s First Red Scare
Palmer RaidsPalmer RaidsAnarchists known as Galleanists started toBomb various American towns. Including Washington D.C.
Americans feared Communists were tryingto take over the U.S. like they did Russia
Palmer lived on the street where bomb wentoff along with FDR, who was walking home with his wife. In this case the bomber wasKilled because it went off prematurely.
This incident will make Palmer want to Target all communists and anarchists
A.Mitchell Palmer
Terrorist AttacksTerrorist AttacksWall Street Bombing 1920
Horse drawn carriage explodes in Front of JP Morgan building
100 pounds of TNT and 500 poundsof cast-iron pellets. Meant to kill andMaim as many as possible. 38 diedOver 400 injured.
This will fuel Palmer even moreover 10,000 people will be arrested4,000 in one night alone.
A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant
– National Origins Act– Discrimination
Sacco-Vanzetti Trial
– Italian immigrants– Unfair trial
The Ku Klux Klan Great increase
In powerAnti-black
Anti-immigrant
Anti-women’s suffrageAnti-bootleggers
Anti-Semitic
Anti-Catholic
1915
“It is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true” – Woodrow Wilson
Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1 PoliticalPolitical
– Overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.
– Rise of the Bolsheviks and Communism.Rise of the Bolsheviks and Communism.
EconomicalEconomical– U.S. was becoming the leading economic U.S. was becoming the leading economic
power.power.
– However:However: Increased production of food during the Increased production of food during the war was not needed anymore. Farmers go into war was not needed anymore. Farmers go into
debt.debt.
Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1
SocialSocial– Women’s rightsWomen’s rights
Passage of the 19Passage of the 19thth amendment ~ 1919 amendment ~ 1919
EuropeEurope– An entire generation of young An entire generation of young men were killed.men were killed.– France was in shamblesFrance was in shambles– Great Britain and Germany were Great Britain and Germany were in severe debt.in severe debt.
People thought this was the war to end all wars. People thought this was the war to end all wars. Obviously it wasn’t.Obviously it wasn’t.
Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1
Each Symbol equals 100,000 deaths