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1914-1918: The World at War. Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School San Marcos, CA. Differing Viewpoints. “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”. A War of Words. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat WarMr. CargileMr. Cargile
Mission Hills High Mission Hills High SchoolSchool
San Marcos, CASan Marcos, CA
Mr. CargileMr. CargileMission Hills High Mission Hills High
SchoolSchoolSan Marcos, CASan Marcos, CA
Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints
“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”
“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”
“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”
“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
A War of WordsA War of WordsWorld War I and the events World War I and the events surrounding it brought a number surrounding it brought a number of new terms into people’s of new terms into people’s everyday vocabularies.everyday vocabularies.
A War of WordsA War of Words
1. Armistice 5. propaganda
2. Blockade 6. reconnaissance
3. Convoy 7. ultimatum
4. Mandate 8. no-man’s land
I. Origins of the I. Origins of the Crisis in Europe Crisis in Europe and the Middle and the Middle
EastEast
I. Origins of the I. Origins of the Crisis in Europe Crisis in Europe and the Middle and the Middle
EastEast
A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans
A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans
The Balkans in 1878The Balkans in 1878
1. By the late 19th cent. The 1. By the late 19th cent. The once-powerful Ottoman once-powerful Ottoman Empire was in decline & Empire was in decline & losing the outlying losing the outlying provinces closest to provinces closest to Europe.Europe.
A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans
A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans
The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-19132. The European powers meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman 2. The European powers meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman
Emp., sometime in cooperation, at other times as rivals.Emp., sometime in cooperation, at other times as rivals.
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The Balkans in
1914
The Balkans in
19143. In reaction, the Young 3. In reaction, the Young
Turks conspired to Turks conspired to force a constitution force a constitution on the Sultan, on the Sultan, advocated centralized advocated centralized rule & Turkification of rule & Turkification of minorities, & carried minorities, & carried out modernizing out modernizing reforms.reforms.
4. The Turks turned to 4. The Turks turned to Germany for Germany for assistance & hired a assistance & hired a German general to German general to modernize Turkey’s modernize Turkey’s armed forces.armed forces.
B. B. CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
B. B. CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
MMAAIINN
MMAAIINN
1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System
1.1. The major European countries were The major European countries were organized into two alliances: organized into two alliances:
The Triple Alliance (Germany, The Triple Alliance (Germany, A-H, & Italy) and the Triple A-H, & Italy) and the Triple Entente (Br., France, & Entente (Br., France, & Russia). Russia).
2.2. The military alliance system was The military alliance system was accompanied by inflexible accompanied by inflexible mobilization plans that depended mobilization plans that depended on rXrs to move troops according on rXrs to move troops according to precise schedules.to precise schedules.
2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System
3. When A-H declared war on Serbia 3. When A-H declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, diplomats, on July 28, 1914, diplomats, statesmen, and monarchs quickly statesmen, and monarchs quickly lost control of events. lost control of events.
4. The alliance system in combination 4. The alliance system in combination with the rigidly scheduled with the rigidly scheduled mobilization plans meant that war mobilization plans meant that war was automatic.was automatic.
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial RivalriesColonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
ColonialRivalrie
s:
Africain
1914
ColonialRivalrie
s:
Africain
1914
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism4. Aggressive Nationalism
1.1. Nationalism was deeply rooted in Nationalism was deeply rooted in European culture, where it served European culture, where it served to unite individual nations while to unite individual nations while undermining large multiethnic undermining large multiethnic empires.empires.
2.2. Because of the spread of Because of the spread of nationalism, most people viewed nationalism, most people viewed was as a crusade for liberty or as was as a crusade for liberty or as revenges for past injustices; the revenges for past injustices; the well-to-do believed that war could well-to-do believed that war could heal the class divisions in their heal the class divisions in their societies.societies.
C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”
1. The Outbreak of War1. The Outbreak of War
1.1. The Outbreak of WarThe Outbreak of War
o The weakening of the Ottoman Empire, The weakening of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of independent & fiercely the rise of independent & fiercely nationalists states in the Balkans, & nationalists states in the Balkans, & Austrian attempts to expand in the Austrian attempts to expand in the area raised tension between Austria & area raised tension between Austria & Russian-backed Serbia.Russian-backed Serbia.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand [heir to the Austrian throne] & His
Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand [heir to the Austrian throne] & His
Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo1.1. On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist
assassinated Ferdinand.assassinated Ferdinand.
2. Austria decided that Serbia should be 2. Austria decided that Serbia should be harshly punished & issued an harshly punished & issued an ultimatumultimatum
3. Germany offered 3. Germany offered Austria Austria unconditional unconditional support & Russia support & Russia backed the backed the Serbs.Serbs.
4. Fearful of falling 4. Fearful of falling behind in behind in mobilization, all mobilization, all major powers major powers rushed towards rushed towards war.war.
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
Question: Why was speed so important to the Schlieffen Plan?
Possible Answer: Because the plan called for Germany to defeat France and then return its troops to the east before Russia fully mobilized.
SHLEE-fuhn
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
MobilizationMobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
1917: "I Want You for U.S. Army" lithograph. This image first appeared on the cover of a magazine called Leslie's Weekly with the title, "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?"
A Young Australian Recruit
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
Financing the WarFinancing the War
For RecruitmentFor Recruitment
Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
SpiesSpies
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan
dada
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan
dada
Australian PosterAustralian Poster
American PosterAmerican Poster
Financing the WarFinancing the War
German PosterGerman Poster
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Human-Environment Interaction:
Instructions: Read the handout given by Mr. Cargile and don’t forget to analyze the document. Then answer the questions on the back. Yes, in complete sentences and yes, you need to answer all eight. If you need to use another sheet of paper for question eight feel free.
Addendum:1. You may write on this sheet of paper.
2. You may work in your groups to answer.
3. Be prepared to discuss in front of the class
Turn to p-368 369
Question: Why was the Battle of Marne so significant?
Answer: It meant the ruin of the Schlieffen Plan and forced Germany to fight a war on two fronts.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The Tsar with General Brusilov
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
Discussion QuestionHow did Europe’s colonial subjects help in the war effort?How did Europe’s colonial subjects help in the war effort?
AnswerAnswer: Some fought as soldiers, while others worked as laborers keeping the frontlines supplied.
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
1.1. The U.S. grew rich during the war by The U.S. grew rich during the war by selling goods to Britain and France.selling goods to Britain and France.
2.2. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, businesses engaged in war production businesses engaged in war production made tremendous profits.made tremendous profits.
The U.S. joins the allies.The U.S. joins the allies.
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800