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starkclassroom©
Name: _____________________________________________________________ Date: _____________ Block: ___
World War I
1914 – 1918 (1919)
Special Note: page 2 contains the Essential Knowledge of this SOL. It is your responsibility to study this information, learn it, and know it for your quiz and test. This packet is intended to help you practice and understand this SOL
better. Work hard and do your best!
Use the boxes below to write notes to aid in your review of content standards for SOL testing. Both boxes must be filled in with as much information as possible. Failure to do so will result in a 5 point deduction of the grade for this packet.
p.2 Notes
(10 points)
p.3 Central/Allied
(14 points)
p. 5 Map of WWI (25 points)
p.6 WWI Review I
(18 points)
p. 7 Trench Warfare
(20 points)
p. 9 Timeline
(10 points)
p. 11&12 End of WWI (14 points)
p.13 WWI Review II
(8 points)
Key Vocabulary Key Individuals
starkclassroom©
STANDARD USII.5c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the changing role of the United States from the late nineteenth century
through World War I by
c) explaining the reasons for the United States’ involvement in World War I and its international leadership role
at the conclusion of the war.
Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills
The United States’ involvement
in World War I ended a long
tradition of avoiding
involvement in European
conflicts and set the stage for
the United States to emerge as a
global superpower later in the
twentieth century.
There were disagreements
about the extent to which the
United States should participate
in world affairs.
What were the reasons for the
United States’ becoming
involved in World War I?
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Who were the Allies?
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Who were the Central
Powers?
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
In what ways did the United
States provide international
leadership at the conclusion
of the war?
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Reasons for United States
involvement in World War I
Inability to remain neutral
German submarine warfare:
Sinking of the Lusitania
United States economic and
political ties to Great Britain
The Zimmermann Telegram
Major Allied Powers
British Empire
France
Russia
Serbia
Belgium
United States
Central Powers
German Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
United States leadership as the
war ended
At the end of World War I,
President Woodrow Wilson
prepared a peace plan known
as the Fourteen Points that
called for the formation of the
League of Nations, a
peacekeeping organization.
The United States decided not
to join the League of Nations
because the United States
Senate failed to ratify the
Treaty of Versailles.
Analyze and interpret primary
and secondary source
documents to increase
understanding of events and
life in United States history.
(USII.1a)
Sequence events in United
States history. (USII.1c)
Interpret ideas and events
from different historical
perspectives. (USII.1d)
2
starkclassroom©
Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Great Britain Ottoman Empire Russia Serbia United States
World War I
World War I was known as the “War to End all Wars”. (But that didn’t seem to work out so well, since in 1939 World War II started. So eventually they renamed WWI to “The Great War”). World War I was fueled by four MAIN things:
M = Militarism = ______________________________________________
A = Alliances =_______________________________________________
I = Imperialism =_______________________________________________
N = Nationalism =_______________________________________________
The actual spark that ignited the fighting of WWI was when Austria-Hungary’s Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination, and on July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia immediately came to the aid of Serbia and declared war on Austria-Hungary. Germany then declared war on Russia for their declaration of war against Austria-Hungary and from there, well … it became like a tennis match (Simile anyone?)
Directions: In each tennis racquet, write the name of the country that belongs to each alliance.
Central Powers Allied Powers
3
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Reasons for United States involvement in World War I
The War in Europe began in 1914. The United States, at that time, was still dealing with increased immigration
issues, industrialization and urbanization combined with the opening of the Panama Canal; and let us not forget
adjusting to the newly elected President (Woodrow Wilson). The United States had no need or reason to get
involved in the “European War”. Unless of course…The United States could make money from the war. The
early twentieth century was a time of extreme pride for the United States. The US had been victorious in the
______________________________ of 1898 and had entered the century as a highly respected (or one could
say “feared” – In history respect is often earned from fear) world power. Who would dare attack the United
States now? After all, the US had just proven herself a capable war machine by defeating Spain. (Note Spain
does not get involved in WWI either, probably still healing from the massive ego bruise after the loss of Cuba
and the Philippines to the US.
The United States profited on manufacturing and selling war supplies to the European countries who were fighting. The US mostly sold these supplies to England and France, because of the United States’ strong economic and political ties to Great Britain. However, when Germany found out that the US was selling war supplies to the Allies, she gave a strict warning to the US…”Either Get in the War, or Stay Out of It!”. Germany believed by supplying war supplies to the Allied countries, the United States was not maintaining her neutrality. Neutrality: _________________________________________________
Of course the US did not cave to Germany’s threat and on May 07, 1915, a German U-Boat (Submarine) torpedoed a British Passenger Ship named the Lusitania, killing over 1,000 people (128 were Americans). How could Germany kill those innocent people?
Well, while the people may have been innocent, the ship certainly was not. Even after Germany’s warnings, the US and Great Britain were still secretly trading weapons and supplies. They were using the storage holds on passenger ships to transport the military supplies. The United States was outraged – that Germany took action. But that was not enough to get the US involved in the war yet.
It wasn’t until 1917, when Great Britain “intercepted” the Zimmerman Telegraph, that the US finally decided to enter the war as an Allied power. The Telegraph was never proven authentic, but it was the last straw for the “neutral” US. The German telegraph made an offer to the Mexican government asking them to form an allegiance with Germany. In return for Mexico’s loyalty, Germany promised to help Mexico win back the land they had lost to the US during the Mexican-American War of _____________. With the possibility of an enemy so close to the US border, the United States had to no choice but to finally end their neutrality and enter WWI.
So what did the
United States do
when Europe
broke out into
an all out war?
4
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Directions: Label the map below to reflect the Neutral, Central and Allied powers of World War I.
Make sure to label each country and major body of water and include the key as part of your labeling.
Which country is not shown on this map, but was a major Allied power during the war: ______________________________
Why do you think this country is not shown on the map? ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Central Powers
Allied Powers
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starkclassroom©
WWI Review Part I
Define the terms below:
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
List the participating members of the alliances below:
Central Powers AKA: Allied Powers AKA:
Directions: complete the missing information:
Reasons for the United States involvement in World War I
6
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Trench warfare
There were two “fronts” in Europe. A front is a major area of concentrated fighting. The Eastern front contained
the land between Germany and Russia, while the western front was primarily the battlefields of France. Those
battlefields of the western front in ________________________ became known as “no-man’s land” and the
style of warfare has become better known as ______________________________.
Life in the trenches was very difficult. Soldiers often stayed in a “trench” for weeks at a time. On the open
battlefield, no one dared to stick their head up out of the trench to see the enemy, because if they did, they
probably wouldn’t have a head when they ducked back into
the trench. One step forward, two steps back.
List of hazards Soldiers had to deal with in the Trenches
Rats Malaria Mustard Gas
Snakes Intense Heat Death
Shrapnel Exhaustion No Restrooms
Intense Cold Snipers Limited Food
Lice Shellshock Disease
Directions: Imagine you are a front line soldier. Write a letter home to your family explaining what you have
been doing and how the war is going.
Directions: Before letters could be mailed home, commanding officers would have to read each letter and
censor any information that may be “questionable” such as poor conditions or the state of the war. Go back over
your original letter and across off (censor) any information you wrote that is negative or that explains, in any
way, details the war. What words do you actually have left now?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
How do you think this type of censorship affected the families understanding of the war? ________________
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starkclassroom©
Thanks,
I’ll take it
from here
The Battle of Verdun
Date – February 21- December 18, 1916
Conflict – World War I
Participants – German Army vs French Army
Location – Verdun, France
Interesting Facts – Longest battle of WWI
One of the most devastating battles in human history
First recorded use of the flamethrower as a weapon (by
German forces).
With the advent of trench warfare, achieving a clear cut victory on the
battlefield became nearly impossible. In the past, achieving victory in
battle was easier to determine. Two groups would fight, and whoever
didn’t surrender (or die) won. But now with the use of trenches, battles
that would have taken a day or two were lasting weeks to even months.
In early 1916, Germany decided to launch an all out attack on the
French at the city of Verdun. The German army captured over 10,000
prisoners. Initially, it seemed that Germany would overpower the
French city easily, but the French held their ground by staying in their
trenches and the German’s were eventually driven out of
the city. In the aftermath, casualties amounted to over
550,000 on the French side and 450,000 for the
Germans.
The New Cavalry
The Battle of the Somme
Date – July 1- November 18, 1916
Conflict – World War I
Participants – British & French vs German
Location – Between the Somme and Ancre Rivers in France
Interesting Facts – One of the bloodiest battles in recorded history
Marked the debut of the tank on the battlefield
Among German troops on the defensive front was a young
Corporal…Adolf Hitler
With the Battle of Verdun well under way, it became apparent that the
Allied forces needed to mount another aggressive attack on the
Germans. The Allied forces were hoping that by attacking the German
army at Somme, they could gain back lost territory as well as draw
some of the German soldiers out of Verdun (which would help the
Allied troops in Verdun – less Central power troops to fight).
But German forces were in control of Somme and Retaking it would
be no easy task. To complicate matters, the attack would require an
uphill assault through muddy, barbwire ridden trenches while the
German defensive positions enjoyed a clear view from above.
The first day saw massive casualties for the allies, with nearly 60,000
men wounded or killed. It was not until the tank made its debut on the
battlefield that Allied forces began to gain considerable ground.
Initially catching unsuspecting German forces off guard, the tank
rolled right over the barbwire and mud holes that had slowed ground
troops, allowing the Allies to push into the German lines. The Allied
forces, with the help of the tank succeeded in pushing the German
army back and out of the Somme region. Having sustained casualties
of over 650,000 the German army never fully recovered from the
assault.
They’ll
turn me
into glue!
8
starkclassroom©
World War I Timeline
Directions: Use your text books, notes and supplemental materials to add 10 significant events of the first World War to the timeline above.
1914 1918 1917 1916 1915 1919
9
starkclassroom©
Bolshevik Revolution
Russia was the first Allied country to enter
World War I in 1914, declaring war on Germany.
Russia was fully involved in the war effort until 1917. In
1917 the Russian soldiers were forced to leave the eastern
front and return home to Russia.
Why? What Happened?
A man by the name of Vladimir Lenin had returned to Russia
from exile to lead the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The
Bolshevik’s were a Communist group that wanted to
overthrow the Monarchy of Russia. (Monarchy = King/Queen)
The Russian soldiers fighting in Europe had no choice but to
leave the European battlefields and return to Russia in order to restore their own home land. This made the
German’s very happy, as they no longer had to fight in the eastern front, and could focus all of their efforts on
the western fronts of France against the French and British. (The German’s didn’t expect our American Dough
Boys to be so lethal).
Define Communism: _______________________________________________________________________
Basic Provisions of Communism
Karl Marx is the “Father of Communism”
Communism was his idea (called it Marxism)
Marx was German
A system where every citizen is equal
No rich, but everyone was poor
The Government owns everything and gives the citizens
what it believes they need (not want)
There is no spiritual religion. The government is their religion.
Citizens can not own anything (houses, cars, businesses, etc…)
Communism was supposed to solve the problems of the rich abusing the poor by creating an equal system, but
in reality, it only created filthy rich governments who abused their power and left their people poor, uneducated
and desperate for change.
Where are you going?
Home
Russian Soldier Russian Soldier
President Wilson says we’re leaving for France in the Morning. The
But I don’t
speak
French
American Dough Boy Soldier
10
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The War Finally Ends…or so we think
The physical fighting of World War I ended on November 11, 1918 at 11:00am. Today we refer to 11/11 at
11am as “Armistice Day”. The physical fighting of the war had ended, but the official end of any war must
come by way of a formal “treaty”. The treaty that ended WWI was called the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty
of Versailles was ratified (signed) at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. So in reality, the actual war did not
officially end until 1919.
The Treaty of Versailles (pretty much) placed all of the blame for World War I on Germany; even though
Austria-Hungary actually declared war against Serbia first. In the Treaty, Germany was forced to pay massive
war reparations, give up her foreign colonies and above other restrictions, could only have 6 naval ships, no
submarines and restricted Germany’s standing army to 100,000 troops – an insult to a country with such a long
standing military history. A country can not defend itself with only 100,000 troops. The war reparations alone
created an overnight depression in Germany, leaving the country in utter ruins. Germany, under the leadership
of the Weimar Republic, reluctantly signed the treaty, but young Germans saw the German signing of the treaty
as a sign of weakness and would eventually overthrow the Weimar Republic spawning a new wave of terror
throughout Germany in the upcoming years (German Socialist Workers Party: AKA The Nazi Party, led by
Adolf Hitler).
Define:
War Reparations __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Currency Exchange Prior to WWI German Mark US Dollar Which Means . 1910 $4.00 = $1.00 Every German Mark = .25c in US
After WWI
1920 $4,000,000 = $1.00 German money held no value (more valuable to
burn to keep warm with than to spend at store).
While Germany, England, France, and Belgium were among the many countries to sign the Treaty of Versailles,
the United State did not. The United States congress refused to ratify the treaty because it contained Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which created the League of Nations. The League of Nations was supposed to be a
peace keeping organization that would oversee and mediate international conflicts before they turned into wars.
Unfortunately for Woodrow Wilson, the American President, many congressmen did not care for him, and
therefore did not sign his legislation…that included the international Treaty of Versailles.
Questions:
1. What sparked World War I? ________________________________________________________________
2. When and why did America get involved in WWI? ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. When and why did Russian troops leave the battlefields of WWI? __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany? _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11
starkclassroom©
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the League of Nations
During the First World War several world leaders, including Woodrow Wilson, began advocating the need for an international organization to preserve peace and settle disputes through arbitration. Arbitration is when two groups “argue” in front of someone else (someone who was not involved in the problem) and the neutral party then makes a decision on the issue. Many people argued that civilization could only survive if it could develop an international system that would insure peace. Woodrow Wilson, the American President at the time, developed such a plan for overseeing and maintaining world peace. He called his plan:
The Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were literally fourteen “ways” to maintain world peace. The most famous point was his creation of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was composed of representatives from each of the major countries of the world. These representatives would meet and discuss current international disputes. It was the league’s goal to peacefully settle disputes between nations before the nations broke out in a war. The League of Nations was adopted by the Paris Peace Conference in April 1919. However, as a result of the United States’ decision to not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, the US never joined the League of Nations and the League of Nations eventually failed. The League of Nations lasted until World War II broke out. The League was never fully successful. The League of Nations provided no armed forces (military) and had to rely on boycotts (sanctions) to control the behavior of member states. The United States’ failure to join the league also hurt its chances for survival. The League of Nations was eventually replaced by the United Nations (formed after WWII), an international peace keeping organization that is still in existence today. Directions: Complete the following statements At the end of ________________________________________, President ________________________________________ prepared a
_____________________________ plan known as the ___________________________________________________ that called for
the formation of the ________________________________________________________, a peace keeping organization.
The ______________________________________________ decided _____________ to join the League of Nations because
the United States Senate did not support _________________________________________________ and failed to
_______________________ the ____________________________________________________ in 1919.
12
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Review Questions
1. What were the reasons for the United States becoming involved in World War I?
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
2. Identify the major Allie Powers of World War I?
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
3. Identify the major Central Powers of World War I?
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
4. In what ways did the United States provide international leadership at the conclusion of the first World
War?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. In what ways did World War I set the stage for World War II?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13
What was your favorite page from this packet? _____
Why? _______________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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1. Which was the main goal of the United States
during the Spanish American War?
A To rule Spain’s trade routes
B To protect American business interests in Spain
C To free Cuba from Spain
D To request Cuba to negotiate a treaty for
independence with Spain
2. Which headline is an example of yellow
journalism?
A “Spain Responsible for Unprovoked Attack on
the USS Maine”
B “The United States Declares War on Spain”
C “Cubans Ask Spain for Their Independence”
D “Theodore Roosevelt Is Appointed Secretary of
the Navy”
3. Which territory did the United States NOT
acquire as a result of the Spanish American
War?
A Cuba
B Puerto Rico
C Philippines
D Guam
4. The immediate cause of World War I was the
A attack on the Lusitania.
B sinking of the battleship USS Maine.
C German use of unrestricted submarine warfare.
D assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.
5. Which were the leading Allied Powers at the
start of WWI?
A Britain, France, and Russia
B Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria
C Denmark and the Netherlands
D Spain and Switzerland
6. Which was NOT a reason for the United States
entering WWI?
A German use of unrestricted submarine warfare
B Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
C Sinking of the Lusitania
D Discovery of the Zimmermann Telegram
7. When WWI broke out in Europe, the United
States adopted a policy of
A militarism.
B isolationism.
C imperialism.
D expansionism.
8. President Wilson hoped that the League of
Nations would
A enable nations to solve their conflicts without
going to war.
B make the Allied Powers strong.
C help the United States avoid foreign
entanglements.
D reduce tariffs throughout the world.
9. During WWI, what strategy did Great Britain
and Germany use in an attempt to cut off each
other’s trade?
A Boycott
B Embargo
C Demonstration
D Blockade*
10. A hero of the Spanish American War who later
became president of the United States was
A Commodore George Dewey.
B Theodore Roosevelt.
C William McKinley.
D Colonel William C. Gorgas.
14