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8/3/2019 19095026 Hydrocephalus
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
BYDr.K.Ashish
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What is Hydrocephalus?What is Hydrocephalus? The term hydrocephalus is derived from the Greek
words “hydro” meaning water and “cephalus”meaning head. As the name implies, it is a
condition in which the primary characteristic isexcessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. Theexcessive accumulation of (CSF) cerebrospinalfluid results in an abnormal dilatation of the
spaces in the brain called ventricles. Thisdilatation causes potentially harmful pressure onthe tissue of the brain.
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Types of hydrocephalus Types of hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus may becongenital or acquired.Congenital hydrocephalusis present at birth, and
may be caused be eitherenvironmental influencesduring fetal developmentor genetic predisposition.Acquired hydrocephalusdevelops at the time of
birth or at some pointafterwards. This type canaffect individuals of allages and may be causedby injury or disease.
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Other types of Other types of
HydrocephalusHydrocephalus Two other forms of hydrocephalus which don’t fitdistinctly into those categories are hydrocephalusex-vacuo, and normal pressure hydrocephalus.
* Ex-vacuo occurs when there is damage to the
brain caused by stroke of a traumatic injury.
* Normal pressure hydrocephalus commonly
occurs in the elderly, due to aging.
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Causes of HydrocephalusCauses of HydrocephalusHydrocephalus is the result when the flow of CSF is disrupted when your body doesn'tabsorb it properly. CSF provides a number of important functions, including acting as acushion for protection and transportingnutrients to the brain. There are two maincauses; obstructive and non-obstructive.
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Obstructive (non-communicating)Obstructive (non-communicating)
This type of hydrocephalus resultsfrom an obstructionwithin the ventricularsystem of the brain thatprevents CSF fromflowing or“communicating” withinthe brain. The most
common type is anarrowing of a channel inthe brain that connects
two ventricles together.
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Non-obstructiveNon-obstructive
(communicating)(communicating)
This type resultsfrom problems
with theproduction orabsorption of CSF.
The most common
is caused bybleeding into thesubarachnoidspace in the brain.
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Early symptomsEarly symptoms
(infants)(infants)
* Enlargement of the
head* Bulging fontanels
* Sutures are
separated
* Vomiting
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Late symptomsLate symptoms* Decreased mental function
* Delayed movements
* Difficulty feeding* Excessive sleepiness
* Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry
* Slow growth (0-5 years)
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DiagnosisDiagnosis Tapping with the fingertips on the skull
mayshow abnormal sounds associated withthinning and separation of skull bones.
Scalp veins may appear dilated.
Eyes are depressed.
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Tests Tests
Tran illumination
Head CT scan
Lumbar punctures(spinal taps)
Skull X-rays
Echoencephalogram
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Treatment Treatment
The main goal is tominimize or prevent brain
damage by improvingCSF flow.
Surgical interventions arethe primary treatment,including direct removal
of the obstruction, if possible. A surgical shuntwithin the brain mayallow CSF to bypass theobstructed area, if obstruction cannot beremoved.