19.07.11 - HYPOXIA.pdf

8/12/2019 19.07.11 - HYPOXIA.pdf

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Page 1

SUBJECT: HYPOXIA

AIM: The aim of this lesson is to show the trainees the proper way to deal with hypoxiaOBJECTIVE:

1) To define Hypoxia, Asthma and Choking.By the end of this lesson the trainee will be able:-

2) To know the causes of Hypoxia, asthma and choking.3) To know the protocol for Hypoxia, Asthma and choking.4) To know what cause death in drowning and the protocol to follow.5) To make the difference between the reliever and preventer inhaler.6) To know when to call ambulance when giving first aid for choking and asthma.

Respiratory system

Composition of Air

Breathing In Intake of oxygen: 21%Breathing Out Expel how much oxygen: 16%

Note that 5% of oxygen is enough.

HYPOXIA

Hypoxia arises when there is insufficient oxygen in the body tissues.If not treated quickly, hypoxia is potentially fatal because a sufficient level of oxygen is vital for the normalfunction of all the body organs and tissues, but especially the brain.Cells in the brain survive only a few minutes without oxygen. (3 minutes)

• Suffocation by smoke or gas.

CAUSES

Insufficient oxygen in inspired air

• Changes in atmospheric pressure (at high altitude or in a depressurized aircraft)

Airway obstruction• Blocking or swelling of the airway.

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• Hanging. (followed by neck injury or breaking of vertebral column)• Strangulation.• Something covering the mouth and nose. (Suffocation plastic bag on head or mattress/pillow too

soft resulting in head being buried)• Asthma• Choking• Anaphylaxis

Conditions affecting the chest wall• Crushing (Fall of earth/sand or pressure from a crowd)• Chest wall injury with multiple rib fracture or constricting burns.

Impaired lung function• Lung injury.• Collapse lung.• Lung infections (Pneumonia)

Damage to the brain or nerves that control respiration• A head injury or stroke that damages the breathing centre in the brain.• Some forms of poisoning.• Paralysis of nerves controlling the muscles of breathing, as in spinal cord injury.

Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues. • Carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning. Shock.• Inhalation of fumes/smoke

Anything that burn releases carbon monoxide, a harmful gas which attacks the red blood cells which

distribute oxygen.

Hypothermia due to immersion in cold water.

DROWNING

Drowning can result in death from

Sudden cardiac arrest due to cold water. Spasm of the throat blocking the airway and / or Inhalation of water and consequent airway obstruction.

Put unconscious casualty in recovery position

A casualty rescued from a drowning incident should always receive medical attention even if he seems tohave recovered at the time.Any water entering the lungs causes them to become irritated and the air passages may begin to swellseveral hours later – a condition known as secondary drowning .The casualty may also need to be treated for hypothermia.

• Place the casualty on a hard surface.FIRST AID

• Head lower than the rest of the body.

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• Open airway check breathing.• Breathing present, replace wet clothes.• Place casualty in the Recovery Position.• Cover the casualty with a blanket.• Call SAMU.• Monitor and record vital signs until help arrives.

• In an asthma attack, the muscles of the air passages in the lungs go into spasm. As a result, theairways become narrowed, which makes breathing difficult.

ASTHMA

• Sometimes, there is a recognised trigger for an attack, such as an allergy, a cold, a particular drug orcigarette smoke. At other times, there is no obvious trigger. Many sufferers have sudden attacks.

• People with asthma usually deal with their own attacks by using a “reliever” inhaler at the first signof an attack. Most reliever inhalers have a blue caps. Compose of Salbutamol.

• Preventer inhalers have brown or white caps and are used to help prevent attacks. They should notbe used during an asthma attack.

• Difficult breathing.REGOCNITION

• Wheezing.• Difficulty speaking, leading to short sentences and whispering.• Coughing.• Distress and anxiety.•

Features of hypoxia such as a grey-blue tinge to the lips, earlobes and nail beds. (Cyanosis)• Exhaustion in a severe attack. If the attack worsens the casualty may stop breathing and lose

consciousness.

• Keep calm and reassure the casualty.FIRST AID

• Place casualty in sitting position.• Ask her to breathe slowly and deeply.• Ask if he has any medication (Reliever inhaler)• A mild attack should ease within minutes. If it does not, ask the casualty to take another dose

from her inhaler.( 15 mins interval)• Call ambulance.• Monitor and record vital signs until help arrives.

Types of inhaler

1. - Blue cap

- Contain salbutamal- Used to relieve an attack- Salbutamal dilates the bronchioles

Reliever

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- Press and inhale twice before calling ambulance

2. - White/brown caps- Contain Bectomethasome- Used to prevent attacks- Bectomethasome cordon and prevent propagation of infection and stop it where it start

For an attack, use the reliever.

Preventer

• The inhaler has no effects.WHEN TO CALL AMBULANCE

• The casualty is getting worse.• Breathlessness makes talking difficult.• Casualty is becoming exhausted.

CHOKING

A foreign object that is stuck in the throat may block it and cause muscular spasm.If the casualty loses consciousness, the throat muscles may relax and the airway may open enough todo rescue breathing.

Question: When piquant is stuck in your throat, what do you do? Eat ‘lamin dipain’? Answer: This is a bad practice. You should immediately bring the casualty person to the hospital.

• Encourage coughing.

FIRST AID FOR ADULT AND CHILD

• Give five back blows. (with heel in between back bones)• Check the mouth at each step.• Obstructions not cleared, give five abdominal thrusts.• If obstruction not cleared, call ambulance after three cycles of five back blows and five

abdominal thrusts.• After calling ambulance, continue with five back blows and five abdominal thrusts until

(i) Obstruction cleared.(ii) Ambulance arrives.

(iii) Casualty becomes unconscious. (put in recovery position)

• Heel of the hand.BACK BLOW

• Between the shoulder blades.

• Stand behind the casualty.ABDOMINAL THRUSTS

• Put both arms around the upper abdomen.• Clench your fist and place it between the navel and the bottom of the breastbone.• Grasp your fist firmly with your other hand.• Pull sharply inwards and upwards.

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NOTE: Any casualty who has been given abdominal thrusts must seek medical advice.

• Lay the infant, face down, along your forearm, with head low.FIRST AID FOR INFANT

• Give five back blows.• Check the infant mouth at each step.

• If obstruction not clears, turn the infant on to his back and give five chest thrusts.• If obstruction not clears, take the infant with you call ambulance after three cycles of five back

blows and five chest thrusts.• Continue with five back blows and five chest thrusts until

(i) Obstruction cleared.(ii) Ambulance arrives.(iii) Casualty becomes unconscious. (put in recovery position)

• Using two fingers push inwards and upwards (towards the head) against the infant’sbreastbone, one finger’s breadth below the nipple line.

CHEST THRUSTS

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19.07.11 - HYPOXIA.pdf