Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
19th Century ImperialismThe “New” Imperialism
Europe’s Race to Grab the World
Monroe Doctrine 1823
After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America.
The Monroe Doctrine (issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823), alerted European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization by Europeans.
How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in Latin America?
Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.
The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
The point of view expressed in this political cartoon is that U.S. foreign policy under the Monroe Doctrine protected the Western Hemisphere from hostilities overseas.
ImperialismAPS Standards
Essential Understandings:
Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies.
These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success.
Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Resistance to imperialism took many forms including armed conflict and intellectual movements.
ImperialismAPS Standards
Essential Knowledge
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
ImperialismAPS Standards
Forms of imperialism
Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of influence
ImperialismAPS Standards
Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.
ImperialismAPS Standards
Imperialism in Africa and Asia
European domination
European conflicts carried to the colonies
Christian missionary efforts
Spheres of influence in China
Suez Canal
East India Company’s domination of Indian states
American opening of Japan to trade
ImperialismAPS Standards
Responses of colonized peoples
Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)
Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Forces Enabling African and Indian Imperialism
European technological superioritySteamboatsAutomatic machine gunLocomotiveTelegraphEuropeans had the means to control their empiresEasy travelWide spread communicationAfrican and Indian disunityHuge variety of culturesFighting among culturesHuge business interests and support from companies
Responses of Colonized Peoples
Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)
Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Social Darwinist View of Imperialism
Some Europeans viewed imperialism as a moral responsibility to civilize what they considered primitive cultures
Why Imperialize?
Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies.
These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success.
Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Vocabulary
Imperialism: Policy of building an empire to extend a nation's power and territory - when one country takes over another and its economy, culture and politics.
Colony: A settlement of people outside their homeland, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
Vocabulary
Protectorate: A country whose policies are guided by a foreign nation
Sphere of influence: An area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive rights to trade or invest
"Paternalism" comes from the Latin pater, meaning to act like a father, or to treat another person like a child
Nationalism
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions.
European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms.
Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries.
Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Suez Canal
Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
In 1869, the Suez Canal was completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
Suez Canal
Great Britain controlled the canal.
Known by the British as their “Lifeline to India”
Colonial Administrative Styles
Direct Rule- Local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the European country
Did not attempt to preserve African political institutions
French, German and Portuguese style of colonial rule
Indirect Rule-Allowed local rulers to maintain positions of authority in the new colonial setting
British style of colonial rule
British Entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes
“We happen to be the best people in the world, with the highest ideals of decency and justice and liberty and peace, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for humanity.”
Africa Before and After Colonization
"The White Man's Burden"
Rudyard Kipling, a British author, wrote a poem called "The White Man's Burden".
It describes a sentiment that many Europeans had--that it was the duty of Imperial nations to "raise up" their colonies to European standards of living like:
Education, infrastructure, religion, clothing, etc.
The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire
The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.
Scramble for Africa
1880 – Most of Africa consisted of independent states
1914 – With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
A conference held in Berlin, Germany that divided the African continent in 50 irregular states among the European powers of: Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and France.
There were no Africans represented at the conference.
This division of territory did not take into account the thousands of tribes in Africa resulting in some tribes being torn apart and warring tribes now being the same borders.
Boer War-1899-1902
An example of a European conflict carrying over to their colonies.
The Boer’s were Dutch farmer, also known as Afrikaners who were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas.
British, Dutch (Afrikaner, Boer), Zulu (Natives) fought for control of South Africa.
Britain wins.
Imperialism in Asia
India
British East India Company
The British East India Company had been given a monopoly of all English trade to Asia by royal grant at its foundation in 1600.
The British East India Company dominated trade in India of spices and then later, cotton and silk.
India was so profitable, it was called the “Jewel in the Crown.”
Life of the British in India
British East India Company
The Great Rebellion/Sepoy Mutiny
British East India company controlled much of India using Sepoys.
Sepoys- Indian soldiers, Hindu or Muslim, were hired by the British.
Rifle cartridges had to be greased with fat.A soldier had to bite the covering off before the
bullet could be inserted into a gun.A rumor of the use of cow or pig fat was used as
grease.How was this a problem?
Indian Nationalist Party
Rise of nationalism in India led to the first Indian nationalist party
Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians
China
Trade in China
China was in a period of decline by the late 1700sThe Industrial Revolution in Europe created a need
for raw materials and marketsChinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign tradersTrade took place in a small area of southern China-
Canton
Opium for Tea
There were no goods China wanted from the West.
The British discovered that they could trade the addictive drug opium (from India) for Chinese goods- tea, silk, porcelain.
The Chinese did not want opium imported to their country.
This conflict resulted in the Opium Wars.
The British won the Opium Wars with their superior technology.
The Opium Wars-Results1839–1842, 1856–1860
Opium is made from a poppy- traditionally grown in India.
Opium is a highly addictive substance
British merchants made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea
Many Chinese became addicted to the drug
Silver flowed out of China in payment for opium which disrupted the economy and destroyed lives.
Boxer Rebellion2 November 1899 – 7 September 1901
Europeans created spheres of influence in order to trade with China.
Boxers were a group of anti-foreigner Chinese. They rebelled against the imperialist European countries that were trading in China.
The Boxers revolted to kick the European’s out of China - called the Boxer Rebellion
The Europeans defeated the Boxers so that they could keep trading in China
Boxers fighting the Eight-Nation Alliance
British and Japanese soldiers depicted
What does this cartoon represent?
Queen Victoria
Wilhelm II Germany
Nicholas II Russia
Marianne France
A Japanese samurai
A Shocked Mandarin in Manchu
Chine “China" in French
Open Door Policy 1899
The U.S. wanted an ‘open door policy’ because they were late to imperialize and did not get a sphere of influence.
It is a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China.
The statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
Japan
Japan
In 1854, the United States sent a fleet of battleships to Japan under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy.
He was ordered to open Japan for trade with the nations of the world.
The commodore's mission was successful!
At the end of a hard day's work under the tropical sun the officers had only one hill left to record. They decided to use their imagination and fill the area in with a fictitious image. They drew round a picture in a magazine creating contours in the form of an elephant. The substitution remained undetected for some time and can still be seen on some editions of the map (as in the version above where the position of the elephant has been indicated).
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/lieland/m3-3-1.html
Credits
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/index.cfm
http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Imperialism_in_Asia/
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/india.cfm
Scramble for Africa
By 1880 European nations only controlled 10% of Africa
The British took the Dutch settlement of Cape Town after the Napoleonic Wars
Boers - Dutch descendents moved northward to avoid the British.
After 1853 the Boers proclaimed political independence and fought the British
By 1880 British and Boer settlers controlled much of South Africa
By 1900 the whole continent had been carved up, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free
The most important country was Egypt which was occupied by the British
Suez Canal - built by Ferdinand de Lesseps of France
Disraeli buys 44% - protecting investment from the Egyptians
During the 1700s, British merchants introduced Indian opium to China
The opium was traded for Chinese tea, which had become extremely popular in England
Many Chinese citizens became addicted to the drug Silver flowed out of China in payment for opiumThis disrupted the Chinese economy and depleted the
Chinese treasury
Boxer Rebellion2 November 1899 – 7 September 1901
1800’s China opened for trade
Opium War won by Britain
Open Door Policy
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Antiforeigner feelings
Massacre of foreigners and Chinese Christians
Foreign powers quelled the Rebellion
The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealers
They called on Britain to stop the opium tradeThe British refused , calling for free tradeIn 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British
merchants, triggering the Opium WarBritish gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal and river
portsThe British used their superior weapons and tactics to
defeat Chinese forces
Unequal TreatiesIn 1842, the British made the Chinese accept the Treaty of
NanjingBritain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in
the warThe British gained the island of Hong KongChina had to open five ports to foreign tradeBritish citizens were granted extraterritoriality, the right to
live under their own laws and be tried in their own courtsThis was the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced
China to make concessions to western powersDuring the mid-1800s, under pressure from the West, China
opened up more ports to foreign trade and let Christian missionaries into China
As the 19th century ended, the Qing dynasty was in decline
The Chinese did not like having foreign troops in their country
They also resented Christian missionaries
