J.F.K’s “New Frontier”

Campaign song: “High Hopes”-Frank Sinatra

• 1960 Election• John F. Kennedy v. Richard Nixon (VP of IKE)• 1st televised presidential debates• 1st Catholic ever elected• YOUNGEST PRESIDENT

• “New Frontier”• Inaugural address most remember in American

History(Watch start to 2:00, then start again at 12:00)

Presidential Election of 1960

•35th President of the U.S., 1961-63

•VP: Lyndon B. Johnson of TX

•Served in WWII

•Senator from Massachusetts

•Popular president

ACHIEVEMENTS / EVENTS

•New Frontier

•Space race---put a man on the moon

•Berlin Wall built

•Alliance for Progress and Peace Corp

•Cuban Missile Crisis

•U.S. involvement in Vietnam

•Negotiates first nuclear test ban treaty with Soviets

•Assassinated, Nov. 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald?

Kennedy & “Camelot”

John F. Kennedy in oval office with son

The Kennedy Family and Family Dogs, 14 August 1963, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts

President and Mrs. Kennedy, 20 January 1962, Washington, D.C.,

Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program

•Federal funding for education

•Medical care for the elderly

•Government intervention to halt the recession with tax cuts.

•End to racial discrimination.

•Established•Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third World countries

•President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of government employees.

Kennedy’s Campaign for Medicare

• Basis of Medicare

• Men 65 years & older & women 62 years & older can receive assistance

• Also the disabled can receive help

• Working people should start contributing now

• Inspired by & eventually tied to the Social Security system

“SPACE RACE”NASA

In President Kennedy’s address to Congress on May 25, 1961, he

urged the country to make sending a man to the moon a

national priority:

“I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the

goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.

No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for

the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult

or expensive to accomplish.”

• Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, 25 May 1961

Estimated cost: $7 billion to $9 billion

“New Frontier” impossible to complete• Due to an extremely

conservative Congress.

• Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party.

• New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society

Civil Rights under Kennedy

Letter From a Birmingham Jail• King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in

Birmingham, Alabama. Defense of Civil Disobedience The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight

Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.” The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but

believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in

not in the streets.

civil rights

FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups

of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote.

FREEDOM RIDERS

The Freedom RidesThe Purpose of the Freedom Rides

• The 1960 Supreme Court case Boyntonv. Virginia expanded the earlier ban on bus segregation to include bus stations and restaurants that served interstate travelers.

• In 1961, CORE and SNCC organized the Freedom Rides to test southern compliance with this ruling.

Violence Greets the Riders

• Although the freedom riders expected confrontation, the violence which greeted a bus in Anniston, Alabama, was more than they had anticipated.

• A heavily armed white mob disabled the bus and then set it on fire. As riders escaped from the bus, they were beaten by the mob.

GOVERNMENT ACTION on Civil Rights•Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally been opposed to lending federal support to the Freedom Rides. However, he later sent federal marshals to protect the riders.•Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation. The Justice Department began to sue communities that did not comply.

James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss

1962• In 1962, James H. Meredith,

Jr., an African American Air Force veteran, was denied

admission to the University of Mississippi, known as "Ole

Miss."

• When federal marshals accompanied Meredith to

campus to register for classes, rioting erupted.

• Two people died and dozens were injured.

• President Kennedy mobilized the National Guard and sent

federal troops to the campus.

• Meredith registered the next day and attended his first

class, and segregation ended at the University of

Mississippi.

Integrating the University of Alabama

• Alabama Governor George Wallace had vowed at his inauguration to defend "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever."

• In June 1963, he upheld his promise to "stand in the schoolhouse door" to prevent two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama.

• To protect the students and secure their admission, President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard. And on June 11, the president addressed the nation.

*Wallace would later run for President and be shot in the back.

civil rights

•August of 1963, Civil Rights March on

Washington, Martin Luther King gives his

“I Have a Dream Speech”.

•Considered to be one of the best speeches in

American History.

In August 1963, more than 200,000 Americans of all races celebrated the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation by joining the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

civil rightshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V57lotnKGF8

Kennedy’s Foreign Policy1960-63

“The Cold War” continues….

1960The U-2 Affair

• On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union.

• After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States recants earlier assertions that the plane was on a weather research mission.

BAY OF PIGS- Cuba• 1960

• C.I.A covertly supports a hostile uprising in Cuba against Communist leader Fidel Castro

• America supplies military needs to Cuban exiles

• MASSIVE FAILURECastro & new Soviet Leader Krushchev,

U.S. Military Involvement in Vietnam Begins

Kennedy elected 1960 Increases military

“advisors” to 16,000

1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military coup d’etat – Diem and his brother are murdered (Nov. 2)

Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later (Nov. 22)

President John F. Kennedy speaks from podium during a press conference; maps of Laos at left identifies "Communist Rebel Areas" as of 22 March 1961. State Department Auditorium, Washington, D.C.

The War in Southeast Asiavn map

“Domino Theory”

Must “contain” communism and not

allow it to spread. If it does, it would

lead to more countries falling to the

communists.

1961 -Berlin Wall

• Soviet Premier: Nikita Khrushchev

• On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

Soviet and American tanks face off. "Checkpoint Charlie," August 1961

1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis

• After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba.

• After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles.

• On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War.

Copyright 2007 unimaps.com, used with permission

Soviet missile installations in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis 3.55

The Cuban Missile Crisis is the height of the Cold War tensions… after this standoff between Khrushchev and JFK the Cold War begins to “wind down”

Kennedy in West Berlin, 1963

JFK addresses the people of Berlin, June 26, 1963

“Ich bin ein Berliner”

lbj sworn in

November 22, 1963

Dallas, TX

• Kennedy Assassination • (Nov. 22 1963)

• Lee Harvey Oswald from 6th

of Texas Book Depository • Warren Commission Report• Suspected Conspiracy?

• Leads to distrust of government

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWHdEeHNbXY

Walter Cronkite informs a shocked nation

LBJ Takes the Oath of Office

JFK lies in state at Capital Rotunda

John John salutes his Dad

The Eternal Flame

at Arlington National

Cemetery, Washington DC