(1896) Commanders of the United States Army by John McElroy, 1846-1929

8/14/2019 (1896) Commanders of the United States Army by John McElroy, 1846-1929

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HED WEEKLY. DOUBLE NUMBER. PRICE lOc. $2 a year.

Entered as second-class matter at the I'ostoflice, Washington, D. C.

OL. I. WASHINGTON, D C, FEBRUARY 33-39, 1896. NO. 7-8.

COMIVIANDERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY.BY JOHN Mcelroy.

(.Copyright, 1H90.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Strength of Armv at Yarimis DatesPortrait of Gen. Josiah HarniarSketch of Gen. Josiali HarmavPortrait of Gen. Arthur St. ClairSketch ot Gen. Arthur St. ChiirPortrait of Gen. Anthony WayneSketch of Gen. Anthony WaynePortrait oi'.(ien. Jas. WilkinsonSketch of Gen. Jas. WilkinsonPortrait of Gen. George Wasliin


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THE UNITED STATES ARMY.Its strength at Various Dates as Fixed by Acts of Congress.

T the conclusion of the Revolutionary War themen engaged in it returned to their homes, andJune 3, 1784, the Continental Congress resolved,' As it appears absolutely necessary to have 700non-commissioned officers and men properly offi-cered, it is recommended to the following States asmost convenient to the posts shortly to be vacatedbv the British to furnish from their militia: Con-necticut, 165; New York, 145; New Jersey, 110;Pennsylvania, 260, to serve 12 months, unlesssooner discharged." These were formed into aregiment of infantry of 8 companies, and 2 com-panies of artillery, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Josiah Harmar. All the officers bore Statecommissions. The force was subsequently changedby raising the number of artillery companies to 4,but the strength remained at 700, and by Act ofSept. 29, 1789, the First Congress "recognized tobe the establishment for the troops in the serviceof the United States." The officers received com-missions from the United States, and the UnitedStates Army tlierefore dates from that day.The subsequent Acts of Congress, fixing thestrength of the military establishment, were:ontinental Infantryman.

April 30, 1790 1,273March 3, 1791 2,232Miirch 5,1792 5,414May 30, 1796 3,359April 27, 1798 4,159May 2H, 179M 10,000July 16, 1798 14,241March 3, 1799 51,691May 14, 1800 4,436March 16, 1802 3,287April 12, 1808 9,921June 26, 1812 35,752March 3, 1813 57,351March 30,1814 6-?.674March 3, 1815 12,383

March 2,1821 6,126April 5 and June 15 and 28, 1832 . 7,129March 2, 1833 7,194May 3 and July 4, 1836 7,957July 5 and 7, 1838 12,539May 13, 15, 19, June 18 and 26, 1846 17,812Feb. 1 1 and March 3, 1847 .... 30,865Aug. 14, 1848 10,317March 3, 1855 12,698July 23,29, and Aug. 3,1861 . . . 39,273July 28, 1866 54,641March 3, 1869 37,313July 15, 1870 35,353June 16 and 23, 1874; March2and3,

1875, and June 27, 1876 27,472


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FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES.BVT. BR10.-


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BVT. BRIG.-GEN JOSIAH HARMAR.Commander from Sept. 29, 1789, to March 4, 1791.OSIAH HARMAR'S biography is meager in

details. He was born at Philadelphia, in 1753, ofQuaker parents. He first appears, at the begin-ning of the Revolution, as a Captain in the 1st Pa.Battalion. The next year he was Major of the 3dPa., then Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Pa., and incommand ; next, Lieutenant-Colonel Commandantof the 7th Pa. ; then in succession in the 1st and 3dPa., and brevetted Colonel. As all these organiza-tions were hard-fighting ones, as he served with credittill the close of the war, and was selected as the rank-ing officer of the little peace establishment, he musthave been an exceptionally faithful and zealousofficer. When the small militia force of the Con-federation, consisting of 8 companies of infantry,and 4 of artillerynumbering 700 menwasadopted as the Regular Army of the United States,he was commissioned as " Lieutenant-Colonel Com-mandant of the United States Infantry Regiment,"Sept. 29, 1789. He had been brevetted Brigadier-General, July 31, 1787. The Indians in Ohio andIndiana were giving trouble, and Harmar sentsome troops to that country, who built Fort Har-mar, at the junction of the Muskingum with theOhio River. This was the first military posterected in Ohio. In the Spring of 1790 he took

the field in person, ami led a force of 100 Regulars and 230 Kentucky volunteersfrom Fort Washington (Cincinnati) to the Scioto Valley, but accomplished nothing.In September of that year he made a more formidable demonstration, with a com-mand of 320 Regulars, a battalion of Pennsylvania militia, and a mounted bat-talion of light troops, numbering altogether 1,453. He marched with these fromFort Washington, and in October came upon the Indians on the headwaters ofthe Maumee River, near the present City of Fort Wayne. He was defeated, andretreated to Fort Washington. He lost 183 killed and 31 wounded. He wastried by court-martial, but acquitted, and resigned his commission Jan. 1, 1792.He returned to Philadelphia, became Adjutant-General of the State, did verymuch to develop the efficiency of the militia, helped to furnish Gen. Wayne withtroops for his successful campaign, and held the position until 1799, when ageand infirmities growing out of his service compelled his retirement. He died atPhiladelphia, Aug. 20, 1813.

Artilleryman, 1789.


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FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES.MAJ.-GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.


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MAJ.-GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.Commander from March 4, 1791, to March 5, 1792.

RTHUR ST. CLAIR was born at Thurgo,Caithness, Scotland, in 1734. He studied at theUniversity of Edinburg, and was indentured tothe celebrated Dr. Wm. Hunter, of London, toacquire a medical education. In 1757 he boughthis time from his tutor, and purchased a com-mission as Ensign in the Royal American regi-ment. He was a Lieutenant under Gen. Wolfe atthe capture of Quebec. In 1762 he resigned, andeventually went to the Ligonier Valley, in westernPennsylvania, where he secured a large tract ofland, which he improved by the erection of a fineresidence, mills, etc. President John Hancockcommissioned him Colonel of the 2d Pa., and hemarched with it to Quebec, arriving in time tocover the retreat of the American army. Aug. 9,1776, Congress elected him a Brigadier-General,and a Major-General, Feb. 19, 1777, and Wash-ington became very much attached to him. Hewas sent to command the important post of Ticon-deroga, and arrest the march of Burgoyne south.But, given neither men nor supplies, he did thewisest thing in evacuating the fort before the over-whelming British force, though this brought downupon him a storm of denunciation and even shook

Washington's confidence. The court-martial convened to consider the matterhonorably acquitted him of all blame. He joined Washington, was faithful tohim during the intrigues of the "Conway Cabal," and commanded a divisionwhich rendered splendid service. After the discovery of Arnold's treason hewas put in command of West Point, and was a member of the court which triedMaj. Andre. He was left behind to protect Congress, in session at Philadel-phia, when the array marched to Yorktown, but joined it there just as the capitula-tions were signed. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the last ContinentalCongress, of which he became President. He was made Governor of the newly-created " Northwest Territory," embracing what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,Michigan, and Wisconsin, and after Harmar's defeat was made Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and took command in person of the force moving against theMiamis. In spite of his own experience, in spite of the injunctions of \Vashing-ton, and in spite of the recent misfortune of Harmar, he suffered his command tobe surprised Nov. 4, 1791, near the Miami Townsabout half-way between Cin-cinnati and Toledoand be cut to pieces. Washington was intensely indignantat him, and he resigned his commission. A Congressional investigating committeesubsequently exonerated him. In 1802 he returned to Pennsylvania, and endeav-ored to get enough of the wreck of his great property to support his decliningdays. He sought in vain to have the Government pay him what it owed, but allthat he could get was a Congressional pension of $60 a month, which was seizedby his creditors. He died Aug. 31, 1818, and was buried at Greensburg, Pa.

Infantryman, 1789.


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FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES.MAJ.-GEN. ANTHONY WAYNE.


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MAJ.-GEN. ANTHONY WAYNE.Commander from April 13, 1792, to Dec. 15, 1796.NTHONY WAYNE was born at Eastown, Pa.,

Jan. 1, 1745. His grandfather was born in York-shire, Eng., and migrated to Pennsylvania, wherehe bought a large tract of land. Anthony's latherwas a farmer, soldier, and member of the Pro-vincial Assembly. Anthony was educated at anacademy, and became a land surveyor, but subse-quently settled down on the homestead, and becamea farmer. He went actively into politics, becamea Whig leader, a member of the Colonial Legis-lature, and of the Committee of Safety. At theoutbreak of the Revolution he raised the 4th Pa.,and was elected its Colonel. He joined the North-ern Army, and distinguished himself at ThreeRivers, where he was severely wounded. He waspromoted to Brigadier-General, and assigned toWashington's array, then in New Jersey. Hegreatly distinguished himself in the campaignwhich drove the British from New Jersey, and par-ticularly at Germantown and Monmouth. In July,1779, at the head of his Light Infantry Corps, bemade a midnight assault upon the British strong-hold at Stony Point, which commanded the roadinto New England, and captured it by a brilliantbayonet charge, in which he was wounded. For

this Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In January,1781, when 1,300 Pennsylvania troops mutinied, he succeeded in persuad-ing them to return to duty. Ordered south to Lafayette, his splendid generalshipat Green Springs, July 6, 1781, turned what was virtually a defeat into a decisivevictory. He did much to secure the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown, andthen marched south to the relief of Gen. Greene. On the night of June 24, 1782,he was attacked by a large force of Creek Indians, but repulsed them with greatslaughter and killed their ablest leader. Chief Guistersigo, in a hand-to-hand fight. Dec. 14, 1782, he took possession of Charleston, S. C, thusbrilliantly ending his Revolutionary career. Oct. 10, 1783, he was madea Major-General by brevet and retired to his home in Pennsylvania,where he was elected to the General Assembly, and also Avas a member ofPennsylvania Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. In 1786he removed to Georgia, and helped to frame the first State Constitution.He wes elected to Congress and served a year. After St, Clair's disastrousfailure with the Indians in Ohio he was commissioned a Major-General in theArmy, and assigned to the duty of bringing the Indians to terms. He organizedan army very carefully, pushed into the Indian country, and arrived at thepoint where Defiance, 0.,tiow stands in the Fall of 1793. In August, 1794, hegained a decisive victory over the Indians at Fallen Timbers, about 20 milesfrom Toledo, O. He next marched to the junction of the St. Mary's and St.Joseph Rivers, and built Fort Wayne, where the city of the same name nowstands. He died of the gout at Presq' He, now Erie, Pa., Dec. 15, 1796. In 1809his remains were removed to his old home at Radnor, Pa., where they now rest.

Rifleman, 1794.


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MAJ.-GEN. JAS. WILKINSON.


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MAJ.-QEN. JAMES WILKINSON.Commander from Dec. 15, 1796, to July 13, 1798, and from June

15, 1800, to Jan. 27, 1812.AMES WILKINSON was born in Calvert Co.,Md., 1757. He received a lair education, and at17 began the study of medicine, which he relin-quished to enlist in the Army at the breaking outof the Revolution. He finally received a Captain'scomriiission and joined Arnold's expedition to Que-bec, during which he became intimate with Arnold,and also Burr. He showed ability and gallantry,and was promoted through the grades to Coloneland Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen. Gates.

His associations were thus constantly with theworser element in the Continental Army, and it isnot surprising that these developed the bad fruitof his later life. He was one of the " ConwayCabal" against Washington, and through him theconspiracy was discovered. He had previouslybeen recommended for the brevet of Brigadier-General, on the strength of fictitious services at thesurrender of Burgoyne. He got his commission,but was forced to surrender it, and was not againemployed until near the end of the war, when hewas engaged in the Quartermaster-General's De-])artment. At the conclusion of peace he went tothe Southwest, and engaged in trade and specula-tion at New Orleans and Natchez. He was im-plicated in a treasonable conspiracy having for itsobject the erection of a separate Republic or Em-

pire in the Mississippi Valley, under the protection of Spain, and was in receiptof a pension from Spain. He likewise kept the Southwestern frontier constantlyembroiled in needless Indian wars, which he stirred up for his own profit. Hefailed in business, however, and in 1791 succeeded in getting reinstated in theArmy as a Lieutenant-Colonel. He served under Wayne, and in 1792 became aBrigadier-General. He continued to receive his pension from Spain up to at least1800. Upon Wayne's death, in 1796, he became Commander-in-Chief of theArmy. In 1805 he was made Governor of Louisiana. It is alleged that beoriginated the plot known as "Burr's Conspiracy," which was a revival of his oldscheme for a separate Nation in the Mississippi Valley. Gen. Jackson believedhira guilty of this. He was tried in 1811, by court-martial, for complicity withBurr, but acquitted. Evidence subsequently brought to light would have con-victed hira. The appointments of Washington and Hamilton superseded him incommand of the Army, but upon the death of the former and resignation of thelatter he again became the ranking officer, and was promoted to Major-General inMarch, 1813. He was sent to conduct operations on the Canada irontier, but wasvery unsuccessful, owing, he claimed, to lack of co-operation of Gen. Wade Hamp-ton. He was superseded, and tried by court-martial, but acquitted. He was dis-charged from the Army at the close of the warJune 15, 1815and went toMexico, where he had much property. He died there Dec. 28, 1825.

Light Infantryman, 1812.


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FROM THE TRJMBJLl PORTRAIT.LIEUT.-GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON.


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LIEUT.-GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON.Commander from July 13, 1798, to Dec. 14, 1799.EORGE WASHINGTON was bora Feb. 22,

1732, near Bridges Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va.His great-grandfather, John, a yonng Englishman,had migrated to Virginia about 1657, and becomea fairly prosperous farmer in the "NorthernNeck," between the Potomac and Rappahannock.His son Lawrence was the father of Augustine,who was George Washington's father. They wereall thrifty, energetic men, and made some reputa-tion as leaders in expeditions against the hostileIndians. George was the eldest of five childrenby a second wife, and his father died when he was11 years old. He got what education he could inan " old-field school," and picked up some knowl-edge of land-surveying. When he was 16 he wasemployed to survey some lands of Lord Fairfaxin the Slienandoah Valley, and this occupied himabout three years. He entered politics, was ap-pointed to office, and also Adjutant of a militiatroop, with the rank of Major. The dispute be-tween the English and French as to the OhioValley was exciting some feeling. In October,1753, Gov. Dinwiddle sent him to the Ohiocountry to ascertain the strength of the Frenchthere, and to formally order them away. The

French paid no attention to this, and the next year a small force was sent todrive them otfi with Washington second in command, but really in charge. TheFrench overpowered him, and after a sharp fight compelled him to surrender..In 1755 Gen. Braddock was sent out with two regiments of British regulars, andWashington became an Aid on his staff. He was the only man who showed con-spicuous ability at the time of the massacre of Braddock 's forces. After thebattle of.Lexington he was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army,then gatliering around Boston. He immediately organized a skillful siege, andfinally drove the British out. C )n-i(lering the dis[)arity of forces, etc., thiswas a great achievement, and placed Washington's leadership on solid ground,which he was able to maintain through the whole struggle, until he crowned it byhis masterly outmanuvering of the British commanders, which resulted in coopingCornwallis up in Yorktown and capturing his entire force. He was Presidentof the Constitutional Convention, and was elected the first President of the newGovernment. He was re-elected, but declined a third term. A war with Francewas imminent. Congress voted a large increase of the Army and Navy, andWashington was induced to accept command of the Army, with the rank ofLieutenant-General, which he did with the understanding that Alexander Ham-ilton should have the rank of Major-General, and bear the chief burden of thework. He was commissioned July 3, 1798, placed in supreme command Julv 13,and held this position until his death, Dec. 14, 1799. He caught cold whilesuperintending his farm, and died of acute laryngitis. He was buried at Mt.Vernon.

Infantryman, 1799.


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MAJ.-GEN. ALEX. HAMILTON.


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MAJ.-QEN. ALEXANDER HAMILTON.Commander from Dec. 15, 1799, to June 15, 1800.LEXANDER HAMILTON was born at Nevis,

an island of the AVest Indies, Jan. 11, 1757. Hisfather was a Scotch merchant and his mother ofFrench Huguenot stock. He entered a mercantilehouse at Santa Cruz when but 10 years old, andremained there until he was 14, when his unusualintelligence caused some Iriends to send him toNew York for better education than he couldobtain on the Islands. He was in King's College,New York, when the troubles developed with GreatBritain, and attracted great attention by his writ-ings and speeches. Washington took him uponhis staff in 1777, as Military Secretary, with therank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and he conducted allof the Commander-in-Chief's military correspond-ence, and was most invaluable to him in the man-agement of his dealings with Congress, the severalStates and the officers of the Army. He also dis-tinguished himself as a soldier. Dec. 14, 1780, hemarried Miss Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of Gen.Phillip Schuyler, and this gave him most importantfamily connections in New York. Shortly after hefelt that Washington had rebuked him undeserv-ingly, and he resigned, and refused to withdrawhis resignation, though Washington made the mostsatisfactory aj)ology. He became commander of a

battery of artillery, and then of a battalion of New York troops, which he led inthe assault upon and capture of one of the British outposts at Yorktown. At theconclusion of peace he went to New York City and began the practice of law, hisbusiness being much promoted by the passage of a law which excluded from prac-tice all those lawyers who could not show a clear record of attachment to AVhigprinciples, which disbarred most of the practitioners of the city. He early dis-tinguished himself as an advocate of a strong central Government, powerfulenough to inforce the obedience of the States and command respect abroad, andeloquently urged the adoption of such a plan by the Constitutional Convention.The present Constitution did not go so far as he wished, but it was better thanany other, and he labored successfully to have the States adopt it. This was thebeginning of his lifelong collision with Jefferson, who favored giving the leastpossible power to the General Government. When Washington became Presi-dent he selected Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, and his administration ofthat office has made a lasting monument to his ability. After six years of thiswork he returned to the practice of law at New York, but when the Army wasincreased, in 1798, for the war with France, Washington would only accept thecommand upon the condition tliat Hamilton be made a Major-General, and secondin command, and given the task of organizing the Army. When Washingtondied Hamilton succeeded to the command of the Army, which he held untilpeace was assured, when he resigned his commission and returned to New York.He was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804, and buried in TrinityChurchyard, New York.

Cavalryman, 1802.


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MAJ.-GEN. HENRY DEARBORN.


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MAJ.-GEN. HENRY DEARBORN.Commander from Jan. 27, 1812, to June 15, 1815.

EKRY DEARBORN ^vas born at North Hamp-ton, N. H., Feb. 23, 1751. His ancestor, GodfreyDearborn, had come from Exeter, England, in 1639.Young Dearborn began the study of medicine, butwiicn the news of the battle of Lexington reachedhis tdwn he gathered up 60 volunteers and marcheduith them in a single day to Boston, i65 miles dis-tant, where he was commissioned a Captain in Col.k^taik's regiment, and took part in tlie battle ofBreed's Hill. He marched with Arnold to theattack on Quebec, where he was captured. Uponhis excliange he was promoted to Major, and dis-tinguished himself at Ticonderoga, Saratoga andINIon mouth. He was present at the sui render atYorktown. At the conclusion of ])eace he went toJNIaine and engaged in farming on the banks of theKennebec. Washington appointed him UnitedStales INIarshal. He served two terms in Consrress,and Jefferson took him into his Cabinet as Secre-tary of War, which position he held for eightvi ars, when he was ap])()inted Collector of Boston.At the outbreak of the War of 1812 he re-enteredtl.e Army with a commis^sion as Senior Major-Gen-oral. He was assigned to the command of theNorthern Department. His operations were atfirst successful, and he captured the important

British stiongholds of York and Fort George, in Upper Canada. Owing to ill-health he was transferred to tlie command of the Military District of New YorkCity. He resiL'ued his commission at the cloe of the war, and in 1822 PresidentMadison appointed him Minister to Portugal, where he remained two years. Hedied at Roxburv, Mass., June 6, 1829.

Light Infantryman, 1810.


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MAJ.-GEN. JACOB BROWN.


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MAJ.-GEN. JACOB BROWN.Commander from June 1, 1821, to Feb. 24, 1828.

^^^ ACOB BROWN was born of Quaker parents inBucks Co., Pa., May 9, 1775. He received agood education up to his 16th year, when hisfather lost his property, and he started out to earnhis own livelihood. He taught Quaker schools inNew Jersey until he was 21, then became a sur-veyor of lands about Cincinnati, and in 1798 wasa school teacher in the City of New York. Hebegan the study of law, but abandoned it, boughtland on Black River, in Jeffeison Co., N. Y., andwent to farming. In 1809 he became Colonel ofa militia regiment, and in 1811 the Governor ofNew York commissioned him Brigadier-General ofthe State troops. As such he was in command ofthe first of New York's quota of the 100,000 mencalled into service by the President at the begin-ning of the War of 1812. He was charged withthe defense of the frontier from Oswego to LakeSt. Francis, a distance of about 200 miles. Heshowed such activity and skill in this that he wascommissioned a Brigadier-General in the Army,July 19, 1813. In the ill-starred campaign of1813 against Kingston .and Montreal, whichSecretary Armstrong's blundering, Wilkinson'sdrunkenness and lack of zeal, and Wade Hamp-ton's utter incapacity brought to an ignominious

conclusion. Brown was the only superior officer who showed ability and properspirit. The army felt confident of taking Montreal if he were in command. Hewas promoted to Major-General, Jan. 24, 1814, and assigned to the com.niand ofthe Northern Army upon the retirement of Wilkinson and Hampton's quittingin disgrace. His vigorous administration resulted in the brilliant victories atFort Erie, Niagara, Chippewa and Lundy'sLane, for which he received the thanksof Congress and a gold medal. The City of New York voted him the freedomof the city in a fine gold box. He was severely wounded at Lundy's Lane. Noenterprise that he planned ever failed. He was retained in the Army with fullrank when it was put on a peace establishment at the close of the war, and June 1,1821, became Commander-in-Chief. He died at the Headquarters of the Army,Washington, D. C, Feb. 24, 1828, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery,at that city. His monument there stands near that to Gen. Macomb, his successoras Commander-in-Chief.

Infantryman, 1816.


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MAJ.-GEN. ALEX. MACOMB.


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MAJ.-GEN. ALEXANDER MACOMB.Commander from May 29, 1828, to June 25, 1841.LEXANDER IMACOMB was born at Detroit,

Mich., April 3, 1782. His fatlier was an immi-grant from Belfast, Irelanrl, and an employe ofAstor in the fur business. He subsequently becamequite wealthy, and bought 3,600,000 acres alongthe St. Lawre'jce, including a portion of theThousand Islands. Young Macomb entered theArmy in 17*J9 as a Cornet of Light Dragoons, andat the opening of the War of 1812 was a Lieu-tenant-Colonel of Engineers and Adjutant-Generalof the Army. At his own request be was trans-ferred from this to the Colonelcy of the 3d U. S.Art., and fought gallantly at Niagara and FortGeorge. He was promoted to Brigadier-General,Jan. 24, 1814, and at Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814,defeated a superior force under Sir George Prevost,and drov^e him back into Canada. He wasbrevetted a Major-General for this, and Congressgave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. Atthe close of the war he returned to duty in theEngineer Corps, became Colonel and ChiefEngineer, was promoted to Major-General, May24, 1828, and the next day designated as Com-mander-in-Chief of the Army, to succeed Gen.Brown. His last active service was performed

in the campaign against the Seminole Indians, in 1835. He was the author of*'A Treatise on Martial Law and Courts-Martial in the United States," and "ATreatise on the Practice of Courts-Martial." He also edited Samuel Cooper's^' Tactics and Regulations for the Militia." He died at Washington, D. C, June25, 1841, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, at that place, where hismonument still stands.

Infantryman, 1838.


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FROM A WAR TIME PHOTOGRXPH.BVT. LIEUT.-GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT.


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BVT. LIEUT.-GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT.

Infantry Orderly Sergeant, 1846.

Commander from July 5, 1841, to Nov. 1, 1861.INFIELD SCOTT was born at Petersburg, Va.,June 13, 1786, educated at William and Mary-College, and admitted to the bar. But he had aloudness for military life, and in 1808 obtained acommission as Captain of Light Artillery. Thenext year he was court-martialed and suspendedlor one year for disrespectful language concerningGen. Wilkinson. In 1812 he was promoted toLieutenant-Colonel, and sent to the Niagara Iron-tier. Upon the breaking out of hostilities he showedhimself one of the lew zealous and energetic supe-rior officers in that army. He won distinction atQueenstown, though finally taken prisoner. Hewas exchanged three months later, promoted toColonel, Adjutant-General, and Brigadier-General.He showed the highest soldiership at Fort George,Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, and was severelywounded at ihe latter. He became a pcpular hero,and was offered a place in the Cabinet as Secretaryof War, was thanked by Congress, given a goldmedal, and brevetted a Major-Generalfur Chippewaand Niagara. He devoted the years of peace totiie study and elaboration of military tactics. In

1835 he went to Florida to conduct the war against the Seminoles, was recalledtwo years later and tried by court-martial, which acquitted him of blame for thefailure. In 1838 he removed the Cherokees irom Georgia to the Indian Territory.He was made a full Major-General July 5, 1841, and successor to Gen. Macombas Commander-in-Chief. In 1842 he helped to peacefully settle the Maine bound-ary dispute with Great Britain. Polk's Administration, which was unlriendly to-him, did not want to put him into the field in the Mexican War, but was finallyforced to do so, and he landed at Vera Cruz INIarch 9, 1847, with a force of 12,000men, and 20 days later compelled the surrender of the city, with its garrison of5,000 men. He then began his march upon the City of Mexico, and thoughconstantly opposed by superior forces in strong positions, he was uniformlysuccessful, and Sept. 14 took the Mexican Capital. The Administration tried tocloud the fame of his exploits, but the Court of Inquiry added to his reputation.He received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and was brevetted Lieuteu-ant-General, March 29, 1847.

In 1852 he was the Whig candidate for President, and received the voteso\ Vermont, Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Tennessee, all the others voting forPnrce. In 1859 he settled the dispute as to the boundary through the Straits ofFuca, between Washington and British Columbia. His age and infirmities pre-vented his going to the field, as he desired, at the outbreak of the War of theRebellion, but he rendered good service in the organization of the Army. Oct.31", 1861, he was retired from service, retaining his rank, pay and allowances, anddied at West Point, N. Y., May 29, 18()6.


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tROM A WAR TIVE PHOTOGRAPH.MAJ.-GHN. G. B. McCLELLAN.


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MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN.Commander from November 1, 1861, to Marcn 11, 1862.EORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN was bom

at Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 182(5. His father was aleading physician of that city. He was appointedto West Point and graduated from there in 1846,the second in a class ot 59, the first benig C. Sea-forth Stewart. In the same class were John G.Foster, Jesse L. Reno, D. N. , Couch, StonewallJackson, Truman Seymour, S. D. Sturgis, Geo.Stoneman, D. H. Mau'ry, I. N. Palmer, C. M.Wil-cox and Geo. E. Pickett. He was assigned to theCorps of Engineers, and received three brevets forgallant and meritorious conduct in battles inMexico. After the war he was engaged in im-portant engineering and surveying work until1855, when he was promoted to Ca{)tain in the 1stU. S. Cav. and sent to the Crimea as a member ofthe commission to study the art of war as practicedthere. He made elaborate reports of his observa-tions. He resigned June 16, 1857, to becomeChief Engineer of the Illinois Central R. R., andlater was President of the St. Louis & CincinnatiR. R. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he wascommissioned Major-General of Ohio Volunteer?,,and assigned to a Department consisting of theStates of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and the westernportions of Virginia and Pennsylvania. His opera-

tions in West Virginia were signally successful, and the rebels were quickly clearedout of that region. He received for this, July 15, 1861, the thanks of Congress.After the disaster at Bull Run he was called to Washington, made a Major-General in the Regular Army, to date from May 14, 1861, which made him out-rank all other officers in the Army, except Gen. Scott. He was appointed July27, 1861, Commander of the "Division of the Potomac," and of the "Army ofthe Potomac" Aug. 20. Nov. 1 Gen. Scott was retired and McClellan appointed" General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States." March 11, 1862, he wasrelieved of this, and restricted to the command of the Army of the Potomac,with which he took the field, and conducted the Peninsular and Antietam Cam-paigns. Nov. 7 he was relieved of command and directed to proceed to Trenton,N. J., and await orders The Democratic Convention of 1864 nominated him forPresident, and he resigned his commission in the Army on the day of the electionNov. 8, 1864. He received only 21 electoral votesfrom Delaware, Kentuckyand New Jersey. He lived in Europe for some years and then took up his resi-dence at Orange, N. J., and entered the practice of engineering. He was givencharge of a number of important works and served awhile as Superintendent ofPiers and Docks of New York City. He died Oct. 29, 1885.

Cavalryman, 1859.


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}

fROM A WAR TIME PHOTOGRAPH.

MAJ.-GEN. H. VV. HALLECK.


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MAJ.-GEN. H. W. HALLECK.Commander from July 23, 1862, to March 9, 1864.ENRY WAGER HALLECK was born at Water-

ville, N. Y., Jan, 15, 1815. He graduated fromWest Point in 1839, third in a class of 39, at thehead of which stood Isaac L Stevens, and whichincluded Jas. B. Ricketts, E. O. C. Ord, H. J.Hunt and E. R. S. Canby. He was appointed tothe Engineers, served in Mexico, and received thebrevet of Captain. He was sent to California, be-came Secretary of State under the MilitaryGovernors, and was a member of the Conventionwhich formed the Constitution of the State. Healso became largely interested in mining and otherenterprises, and was Director-General of the NewAlmaden Quicksilver Mine. He resigned hiscommission in 1854, and became a lawyer at SanFrancisco, president of a railroad, and Major-General of Militia. He was also a voluminouswriter on legal, mining, engineering and militarytopics, and was the author of several books. Hewas commissioned Major-General in the ArmyAug. 19, 1861, and Nov. 9, 1861, was assigned tothe command of the Department of the Missouri,with Headquarters at St. Louis. March 11, 1862,his command was made to include the whole West,and was designated the Department of the Mis-

sissippi. After the battle of Shiloh he took the field in person, and conducted theCorinth Campaign. July 11, 1862, he was called to Washington, and July 23,made General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United vStates, with Headquarters atWashington. He exercised the functions of this office, and commanded all theArmies, until March 9, 1864, when he was superseded by the appointment ofMaj.-Gen. U. S. Grant as Lieutenant-General. Halleck then became Chief otStaff, United States Army, until April 19, 1865, when he was appointed to com-mand the Military Division of the James, with Headquarters at Richmond. Aug.30, 1865, he was assigned to the command of the Military Division of thePacific, with Headquarters at San Francisco. June 17, 1869, he was transferredto the command of the Department of tiie South, with Headquarters at Louis-ville, and died at that city, Jan. 9, 1872.

Heavy Artilleryman, 1861.


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FROM A WARTIME PHOTOGRAPH, HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.GEN. U. S. GRANT.


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GEN. U. S. GRANT.Commander from March 9, 1864, to March 4. 1869.

LYSSES SIMPSON GRANT was bora at PointY>- Pleasant, O., April 27, 1822. His parents were

pioneer farmers in ordinary circumstances. Ap-pointment to the Military Academy was obtainedfor him, and he graduated from there in 1843,21st in a class of 39; was brevetted for gal-lantry at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec ;,was promoted to Caj)tain, and resigned July31, 1854, becoming a larn)er near St. Louis, realestate agent at that city, and finally a clerk in hisfather's leather store at Galena, 111. He raised acompany at Galena on the news of the firing onFt. Sumter, and took it to Springfield. He triedin vain to get a position on the staffs of McClellanand Fremont, and finally went to work as a clerkin the office of the Adjutant-General of Illinois.From there he was appointed Colonel of the 21st111., and marched with that regiment into northMissouri. He showed so much ability that he waaa[)pointed a Brigadier-General of Volunteers todate back to May 17, 1861, and was assigned to aDistrict embracing southwest Missouri, southernIllinois, and western Kentucky, with Headquar-ters at Cairo. Nov. 7 he fought the battle of Bel-mont, Feb. 6, 1862, captured Ft. Henry, and Feb.16 took Ft. Donelson, with 14,623 prisoners. This

first decisive great success of the Union arms gave him a National prominence.He suffered in reputation on account of the battle of Shiloh, and was kept underduring the Corinth Campaign, but came to the front again when Halleck wascalled to Washington. His operations during the remainder of 1862 were incon-clusive, but in April, 1863, he left his camp at Milliken's Bend, and, by a seriesof operations of unsurpassed brilliance, crossed the Mississij)pi below Vicksburg,drove Pemberton's army into Vicksburg and Johnston's army off to the east,and captured Vicksburg, with its garrison of 31,500 men. In November he com-manded in the decisive operations around Chattanooga, March 2, 1864, was pro-moted to Lieutenant-General, and March 9 made General-in-Chief of the Armiesof the United States. He went into the field with the Army of the Potomac inthe Spring, and personally conducted the Wilderness Campaign, the Siege ofPetersburg, and the pursuit of the Array of Northern Virginia, and received thesurrender of the forces under Gen. Lee at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. July 25,1866, he was created a full General. He was Secretary of War, ad interim, forsix months, and was elected President of the United States in 1868, and re-electedin 1872. After retiring from the Presidency he spent two years in a tour aroundthe world, and was received with unusual honors everywhere. In 1884 a cancerdeveloped in his throat, and, after a long period of intense suffering, he died atMt. McGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23, 1885. During his illness Congressrestored him to the Army as General on the Retired List. His remains wereburied at Riverside Park, near New York City.

Infantry Officer, 1865.


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.FROM C. M. BELL'S PHOTOGRAPH.GEN. W. T. SHERMAN,


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GEN. W. T. SHERMAN.Commander from March 8, 1869, to Nov. 1, 1883.

ILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was bornat Lancaster, O., Feb. 8, 1820, the sixth son ofJudge bhernian, of the noted Connecticut family.He graduated from West Point in 1840, sixth ina class of 42, in \vhich were Stewart Van Vliet,Geo. H. Thomas, R. S. Ewell, and Geo. W. Getty.He was assigned to the 3d U. S. Art., and aftersome service in Florida, and elsewhere, was sent toCalifornia, at the beginning of the Mexican War.He assisted in the civil administration of theTerritory, and was brevetted Captain. He wasappointed Captain and Commissary of Subsistence,and resigned. Sept 6, 1853, to become a banker atSan Francisco. He was Major-General of the]\Iilitia during the Vigilance Committee troubles.The panic of 1857 rendered the bank unprofitable,he closed it up, practiced law awhile at Leaven-wortli, Kans., and finally became Superintendentof the Lousiana State Seminary. He resignedwhen Lousiana seceded, and May 14, 1861, wasai)pointed Colonel of the 13th U. S., one of thenew regiments. He commanded a brigade at thefirst Bull Run, was commissioned a Brigadier-Gen-eral of Volunteers to date from May 17, 1861,and Aug. 28 succeeded Gen. Anderson in com-mand in Kentucky. He got into trouble there,

was relieved from command, and sent to St. Louis. Dec. 23 he was assigned tothe command of the District of Paducah, and commanded a division at Shiloh,where be was wounded. May 1, 1862, he was promoted to Major-General ofVolunteers, commanded the forces at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Dec. 27-29,1862, and was assigned to command the Fifteenth Corps, Jan. 2, 1863. Jan. 11he captured Arkansas Post, and commanded his corps in the Vicksburg Cam-paign. He was promoted to Brigadier-General, U. S. A., to date from the cap-ture of Vicksburg, and commanded the forces which drove Johnston beyond Bran-don, Miss. Upon Gen. Grant's promotion he succeeded him as commander of theArray of the Tennessee, and commanded the Left Wing of the Army at MissionRidge. March 12, 1864, he was placed in command of the Military Division ofthe Mississippi, which included the Armies of the Cumberland, Ohio and Ten-nessee, and conducted the successful campaign against Atlanta, and the Marches tothe Sea and through the Carolinas. He was promoted to Major-General, \J. S. A.,Aug. 12, 1864, received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and April 26,1865, secured the surrender of the rebel army under Jos. E. Johnston. July 26,1866, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General, L^ S. A., and upon Gen. Grant'saccession to the Presidency, March 4, 1869, succeeded him as General. March 8he became Commander-in-Chief He gave up the command Nov. 1, 1883, wasretired Feb. 8, 1884, and died at New York Feb. 14, 1891.

Infantryman, 1866.


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FROM C. M. BELL'S PHOTOGRAPH.GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN.


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GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN.Commander from Nov. I, 1883, to Aug. 5, 1888.

HI LIP HENRY SHERIDAN was bom at Al-bany, N. Y., March 6, 1831, shortly after thearrival of his Irish parents in this country. Theyremoved to Somerset, O., and Sheridan was ap-])ointed to West Point, from which he graduatedin 1853, 34th in a class of 52, in which were Jas.B. McPherson, Wm. P. Craighill, J. W. Sill, JohnM. Schofield, Thos. M. Vincent, W. R. Terrill, R.O. Tyler, W. McE. Dye, and John B. Hood. Hewas assigned to the 4th U. S., and did good servicein Oregon. He was made a Captain in the 13thU. S., and assigned to duty as Chief Quartermasterand Commissary of the Army of Southwest Mis-souri, Dec. 26, 1861. May 25, 1862, he was ap-]i()inted Colonel of the 2d Mich. Cav., and imme-diately began to disj)lay his remarkable soldierlyqualities. July 1, 1862, he was promoted toBrigadier General of Volunteers and assigned to abrigade in the Army of the Ohio. He fought withthis at Perryville, and was jiromoted to the com-mand of a division, which he led at Stone River,and was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers,to date from Dec. 31, 1862. He commanded thedivision in the campaign aganist Chattanooga, atChickamauga and Mission Ridge, and was takenEast by Gen. Grant and given command of the

Cavalry Corps, Armv of the Potomac. He rendered brilliant services with thisduring the Wilderness Campaign, and Aug. 4, 1864, was assigned to the commandof the Army of tlie Shenandoah. He won the splendid victories of Opequan,Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Fnr these he received the thanks of Congress,and was promoted Brigadier-General, U. S. A., Sept. 20, 1864, and Major-GeneralNov. 8. He finally destroyed the forces opposed to him at Waynesboro, March2, 1865, and returned with his troops to the Army of the Potomac, and took aleading part in the decisive operations by which the Army of Northern Virginiawas forced out of its works at Petersburg, pursued to Appomattox Court House,and there compelled to surrender. Immediately after this event he was sent toTexas to complete the overthrow of the rel)el forces in that section and take com-mand of the troops sent thither with reference to a probable expulsion of theFrench from INIexico. Upon the retirement of the French from that country hewas placed in command at New Orleans, and afterward transferred to the Dejiart-ment of Missouri, where he directed very effective operations against the Indians.Upon Lieut.-Gen. Sherman's promotion to General he was promoted to Lieutenaut-General, March 4, 1869. He succeeded to the chief command of the Army Nov.1, 1883, and June 1, 1888, Congress revived for him the rank of General. Hedied at Washington, Aug. 5, 1888, and was buried at Arlington.

Cavalryman, 1888.


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FROM C. M. GILBERT'S PHOTOGRAPH.LIEUT.-GEN. J. M. SCHOFIELD.


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LIEUT.-GEN. JOHN M. SCHOFIELD.Commander from Aug. 14, 1888, to Sept. 29, 1895.OHN McAllister. SCHOFIELD was bom

ill Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831. Hegraduated from West Point in 1853, seventh in achiss ot 52, of which Jas, B. McPhersun was theead and P. H. Sheridan the center. He was ap-

pointed to the 1st U. S. Art., and after some servicein garrison was detailed as Assistant Professor ofNatural and Experimental Philosophy at WestPoint. In 1860 he was given leave of absence, taaccept tbe position of Professor of Physics in Wash-ington University, St. Louis, Mo. He was therewhen the troubles in Missouri began, and becameGen. Lyon's right-hand man. He mustered in thevolunteers, became Major of the first regimentraised, and was promoted to Captain in the 1st U. S.Art. When Lyon was put in chief command hebecame his Chief of Staff and took part in all theactions of the campaign, ending with Wilson'sCreek. He was promoted to Brigadier-General ofVolunteers Nov. 21, 1861, and commissioned asBrigadier-General of Missouri Militia five dayslater, and commanded the District of St. Louis fromFeb. 15 to Sept. 26, 1862, and the Army of theFrontier till April, 1863. This was a particularlytrying position, owing to the internecine war thatraged there, but he acquitted himself with credit.He was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers Nov. 29, 1862, and Feb. 9,

1864, was assigned to the command of the Department and Army of the Ohio.He commanded a portion of this in person on the Atlanta Campaign, and afterthe capture of that place went back with Thomas to head off Hood's northwardraid. The forces under his command inflicted a severe defeat upon Hood atFranklin, Nov. 30, 1864, for which he was promoted to Brigadier-General, U. S.A. He commanded the Twenty-third Corps at the battle of Nashville, and inJanuary, 1865, transferred that Corps to the Department of North Carolina, ofwhich he took command, captured Wilmington Feb. 22, and marched to Golds-boro, where he united with Gen. Sherman, and was present at the surrender ofGen. Jos. E. Johnston, April 26, 1865. He was mustered out of the Volunteerservice Sept. 1, 1866; was Secretary of War from June 1, 1868, to March 12,1869; promoted to Major-General March 4, 1869; assigned to the MilitaryDivision of the Pacific May 4, 1870; sent on Special Mission to Hawaii, Dec. 30,1872; placed in command of the Department of West Point March 2, 1877;President of the Fitz-John Porter Board of Inquiry June 20, 1878 ; was appointedCommander-in-Chief Aug. 14, 1888, and Feb. 5, 1895, was promoted to Lieu-tenant-General, by virtue of a special act of Congress reviving that grade duringhis life. He retired Sept. 29, 1895, upon reaching the age limit.

Artillery Officer, 1889.


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">

MAJ.-GEN. N. A. MILES.


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MAJ.-GEN. NELSON A. MILES.Commander from Oct. 5, 1895.ELSON APPLETON MILES was born at

Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. He comes ofold fi"-htin^r New England stock. He was a clerkin Boston at the outbreak of the war, raised acompany, but was thought to be too young for aCaptaincy, and was commissioned a First Lieuten-

. ant in the 22d Mass., Sept. 9, 1861. He showedso much ability from the outset that be receiyedthe unusual complimentof a much higher commis-sion i'rom another State, and May 31, 1862, bewas appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 61st JS.Y He look part in all the fighting on the Pen-insula, at Second Bull Run and Antietam, andAvas promoted to Colonel, Sept. 30, 1862. He wassoon in command of a brigade in the First Divis-ion of the Second Corps, and received a brevet asBri


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Documents

(1896) Commanders of the United States Army by John McElroy, 1846-1929