1849 Chinese

• 1849= 325 Chinese/ 1852=20,026– Most from Guang Dong Province– fleeing civil war, famine– mostly male

• 1849= 325 Chinese/ 1852=20,026– Most from Guang Dong Province– fleeing civil war, famine– mostly male

Miners.

• includes native born Californios, • May-Aug 1952, 15k Mex and

Chinese leave southern goldfields.

• includes native born Californios, • May-Aug 1952, 15k Mex and

Chinese leave southern goldfields.

Chinese Gender Ratios• Early immigrant

women largely listed as prostitutes in census.

• By end of period few Chinese immigrant women listed as prostitutes.

• Early immigrant women largely listed as prostitutes in census.

• By end of period few Chinese immigrant women listed as prostitutes.

Year male/femaleratio

1860 18.5/1

1870 12.8/1

1880 21/1

1890 26.7/1

1900 18.8/1

Anti-Chinese Violence1870-1900

• 1852 Foreign Miners Tax

• $16.00 monthly fee for non-citizens

• Tax applied unequally against foreign looking

• 1852 Foreign Miners Tax

• $16.00 monthly fee for non-citizens

• Tax applied unequally against foreign looking

Anti Chinese RiotSeattle 1884

• Urban conflicts• Working class

competition

• Urban conflicts• Working class

competition

Responses by the Excluded• Niche economies

– mule packing– servicing mining cam– laundries– restaurants– Social Banditry

• Niche economies– mule packing– servicing mining cam– laundries– restaurants– Social Banditry

Chinese labor history

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• Gold Mining

• Rail Road• Urban

labor force• Petty

Agriculture

• Gold Mining

• Rail Road• Urban

labor force• Petty

Agriculture