NORTH AND SOUTH

1820-1860

The North’s Economy

Essential Question: What innovations in industry, travel and

communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

Industrialization and Transportation Industry, travel and communications

expanded greatly during the 1800sDue to mass production and the sewing

machine, factories in the Northeast produced 2/3 of the nation’s manufactured goods

Steamboats, roads and canalsLocomotives and railway networks

Moving Goods and People Erie Canal - Goods could be shipped

faster and more cheaply Railroads and canals led to settlement

of the Midwest

Faster Communication

Telegraph - Samuel Morse developed Morse code

By 1852, there were 23,000 miles of telegraph lines in the United States

Agriculture

Revolutionary inventions in the 1830s changed farming methods, and agriculture became more profitableJohn Deere – “wooden plow” cut through

prairie sodCyrus McCormick – “mechanical reaper”

could harvest grain much faster than hand held sickles

West and South focused on cash crops North had a flourishing industry

Making Connections

Factors that led to the settlement of the Midwest

Answer the Essential Question: What innovations in industry, travel and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

The North’s People

Essential Question: How did immigration have an impact on

cities, industry and cultures in the North?

Northern Factories

As the factory system developed, working conditions worsenedLong hoursDangerous conditionsNo heating or cooling systemsLow wages

Workers Attempt to Organize

1830s – Trade Unions 1830s – (NYC) skilled workers staged a

series of strikes to try to get higher wages and better hours

Early 1800s – going on strike was illegal

African American Workers Racial prejudice and discrimination

was widespreadOften not allowed to voteNot allowed to attend public schools or

facilitiesSegregated schools and hospitals

Women Workers

Employers paid male workers more than women workers

Men excluded women from unions and wanted them out of the workplace

The Rise of Cities

Both natural born citizens and immigrants flocked to cities where most factories were located

1820-1840: Great Lakes and Midwestern towns along rivers developed into major cities

Larger cities became even larger (NYC, Philadelphia)

Immigration

Irish Potato FamineMost Irish took low paying factory jobs or

worked to build railroads Germany Brought languages, customs,

religions and traditions with them which filtered into American culture

Immigrants Faced Prejudice 1830s and 1840s: anti-immigrant feelings

rose Nativists: People opposed to immigration

who believed that immigrantsthreatened the future of native born

Americanswere taking jobs from native born citizensbrought crime and disease to America

Know Nothing Party: anti-Catholic group who called for stronger citizenship laws

Making Connections

Why did some Americans object to immigration?

Answer the Essential Question: How did immigration how an impact on cities, industry and culture in the North?

Southern Cotton King

Essential Question: How did the South’s industry and economy

differ from the industry and economy of the North?

Rise of the Cotton Kingdom The economy of the South, unlike that

in the North, remained largely agricultural

Cotton Gin developed by Eli Whitney in 1793Processed cotton fibers quicklyFarmers wanted to grow more cotton to

increase profitsMore laborers needed results in more slave

labor

Industry in the South

Industry developed slowly in the SouthAgriculture was extremely profitableLack of capital or money to invest in

businessMarket for manufactured goods was small

due to smaller population Some Southern leaders wanted to

develop industry so as to not rely so heavily on northern manufacturing

Southern Transportation

Natural waterways used to transport goodsFew canalsPoor roadsFew railroads that were not connected to

each other

Making Connections

Why did some Southerners feel that industrial growth would benefit the region?

Answer the Essential Question: How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?

The South’s People

Essential Question: What characterized slave life in the South?

Farms and Plantations The South had far more small farms than

large plantationsYeomen: largest group of whites in the South –

small farms without enslaved workersTenant FarmersRural poor – avoided jobs done by enslaved

people Plantations: large areas of land but usually

had few enslaved workersSlaves would do some domestic work but

usually worked as field hands

Life Under Slavery

Worked hard for no money Feared separation from loved ones Close knit extended families were a vital

feature of life Although many enslaved African

Americans accepted Christianity, they often followed religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as wellSpirituals

Slave Codes

Laws in Southern states that controlled enslaved peopleCould not assemble in large groupsRequired to have written passes when

leaving the slaveholder’s propertyMade it a crime to teach enslaved people

to read or write Under these conditions, slaves are

less likely to rebel

Resistance to Slavery Some enslaved African Americans rebelled

openly against their owners (rare) Nat Turners Rebellion (1831): He and his

followers killed at least 55 whites before being capturedFrightened white SouthernersLed to more severe slave codes

Resistance helped enslaved workers to tolerate their lack of freedomWork slowly, break tools, pretend to be ill, etc.

Escaping Slavery

Some enslaved African Americans tried to run away to the North

Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas Underground Railroad

Network of “safe houses” owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slavery

Most runaways were caught and returned to their owners and severe discipline

Answer the Essential Question

What characterized slave life in the South? Give specific examples.