(1815-­‐1900)    Chapters  26  and  27  

  Pope  grants  control  of  Ireland  to  England  in  the  1100’s  

  1681—Protestants  limit  rights  of  Catholics;  restored  in  1829  

  Potato  famine  (1845-­‐’51)    British  government  doesn’t  help  

  What  do  Irish  want  after  the  famine?  

  Most  want  home  rule    Irish  Republican  Army  (IRA)  =  

Unofficial  Irish  military  force    Goal?    

  1921—Ireland  divided  ,  home  rule  granted  

  1960s  Religious  protests  in  NI    2007  –N.  Ireland  home  rule  

  Chartist  movement  (1838-­‐’48)    Group  of  working  class  that  

presented  petition  to  Parliament  for  universal(?)  suffrage  for  all  men  

  Demanded  a  secret  ballot  and  an  end  to  the  property  requirement  (5%    28%)  

  Gradual  success  in  getting  additional  voting  rights  

  By  1918,  all  women  over  30  could  vote  (74%  of  people  over  age  20);  universal  suffrage  in  1928  

  WHICH  AREA  WAS  CONTROLLED  BY  BRITAIN,  SUFFERED  A  MASS  STARVATION  IN  THE  1840’S  AND  BECAME  AN  INDEPENDENT  CATHOLIC  NATION  IN  1922?  

1.  SCOTLAND  2.  INDIA  3.  FRANCE  4.  IRELAND  

  WHAT  WAS  AN  IMMEDIATE  RESULT  OF  THE  MASS  STARVATION  IN  IRELAND  IN  THE  1840’S?  

1.  EXPANSION  OF  THE  GREEN  REVOLUTION  IN  IRELAND  2.  ACCEPTANCE  OF  BRITISH  RULE  BY  THE  IRISH  3.  MIGRATING  OF  MANY  IRISH  TO  OTHER  COUNTRIES  4.  CREATION  OF  A  MIXED  ECONOMY  IN  IRELAND  

  Canada  was  gaining  strength  as  Britain  was    It  became  a  dominion  of  

Great  Britain    Self-­‐governing  in  

domestic  affairs,  but  remained  part  of  the  British  Empire  

  Both  Australia  and  New  Zealand  used  by  Britain  as  a  penal  colony  

  Who  was  sent  there?  Why?  

  What  happened  to  the  natives?  

  These  3  countries  obtain  self-­‐rule  

  Third  Republic    The  Dreyfus  Affair    Captain  Alfred  Dreyfus  

  Jewish  officer  in  the  French  army  

  Accused  of  selling  military  secrets  to  Germany  and  sentenced  to  life  in  prison  

  5  years  later,  it  was  found  that  Dreyfus  was  framed  by  other  army  officers  

  French  writer  publishes  letter  that  leads  to  the  government  declaring  Dreyfus’  innocence  

  Led  to  increased  feelings  of  anti-­‐Semitism    

  Also  started  the  movement  of  Zionism  

  Imperialism    Takeover  of  a  weaker  

country  or  territory  by  a  stronger  country  

  Political,  economic,  and  social  domination  

  In  what  area  were  the  stronger  countries  located?  

  What  areas  were  being  controlled?  

  What  was  the  main  reason  European  countries  wanted  to  build  empires?  

  Mercantilism    Favorable  balance  of  

trade  (export  >  import)    What  major  change  occurred  in  Europe  between  1800  and  1880?  

  Industrial  Revolution    Need  for  natural  

resources    New  markets  for  

manufactured  goods    Nationalism      What  advantages  did  

Europe  have  over  Africa  after  industrialization  took  place?  

  Transportation    Weapons    Advanced  medicine  

  Protected  Europeans  from  African  environment  

  Variety  of  cultures  and  languages  in  Africa  

  Ethnic  groups  fought  against  each  other  

  All  of  these  reasons  led  to  a  Scramble  for  Africa  

  “I  contend  that  we  [Britons]  are  the  finest  race  in  the  world,  and  the  more  of  the  world  we  inhabit,  the  better  it  is  for  the  human  race…It  is  our  duty  to  seize  every  opportunity  of  acquiring  more  territory…We  should  keep  this  one  idea  steadily  before  our  eyes  that  more  territory  simply  means  more  of  the  Anglo-­‐Saxon  race,  more  of  the  best,  the  most  human,  and  the  most  honourable  race  the  world  possesses.”  (from  his  1877  book)  

 Imperialist  nations  in  the  18th  and  19th  centuries  generally  attempted  to  acquire  or  control  areas  that  had    

  1.    highly  technological  industries      2.    undeveloped  natural  resources      3.    literate  populations      4.    stable  centralized  governments  

 One  of  the  most  important  motives  for  the  European  "Scramble  for  Africa"  in  the  late  1800s  was  that  Africa  provided  a  source  of  

  1.    raw  materials  used  in  industry    2.    religious  inspiration    3.    free  labor  for  the  Americas    4.    technologically  innovative  practices  

  14  European  countries  met  at  the  Berlin  Conference  in  1884  and  1885  to  set  rules  for  the  colonization  of  Africa  

  Why  was  this  meeting  important?  

  Who  was  missing  from  the  conference?  

  European  countries  would  be  allowed  to  claim  land  as  long  as  they  showed  each  other  they  could  control  the  territory  

  Land  was  divided  with  no  regard  for  African  culture/ethnic  groups    Why?  

  Racism  was  a  force  that  guided  imperialism  

  The  belief  that  one  ethnic  group  is  superior  to  all  others  

  Social  Darwinism  was  a  social  theory  based  on  Darwin’s  beliefs  

  Evolution  and  “survival  of  the  fittest”    

  Who  were  the  most  fit  for  survival?    Why?  

  Europeans  felt  they  adapted  better  to  their  environment  

  Europeans  felt  they  had  a  responsibility  to  bring  results  of  their  wealth  and  progress  to  other  countries  

  Also  known  as  “The  White  Man’s  Burden”  

  Protectorate—A  country  or  territory  with  its  own  internal  government  but  under  the  control  of  an  outside  power  

  Colony—A  country  or  territory  governed  internally  by  a  foreign  power  

  Sphere  of  Influence—Area  where  an  outside  power  claims  exclusive  privilege,  usually  over  trading  rights  

  1.    Which  form  of  imperialism  exercised  the  least  strict  control  over  the  colony?    Explain.  

   2.    Which  form  of  imperialism  exercised  the  strictest  control  over  the  colony?  Explain.  

  3.    Which  type  of  imperialism  do  you  think  was  used  most  often?  Why?  

 The  theory  of  Social  Darwinism  was  sometimes  used  to      1.    justify  the  establishment  of  communist  governments  in  Asia    2.    Latin  American  revolutions  in  the  early  19th  century    3.    the  independence  movement  in  India    4.    European  imperialism  in  the  late  19th  century  

 Which  statement  would  Social  Darwinists  most  likely  support?    1.    Universal  suffrage  is  a  basic  human  right.    2.    Political  equality  strengthens  the  effectiveness  of  government.    3.    Stronger  groups  have  the  right  to  rule  and  control  weaker  groups.    4.    Public  education  should  be  guaranteed  to  all  members  of  a  society  

 The  19th  century  term  “white  man’s  burden”  reflects  the  idea  that    1.    Asians  and  Africans  were  equal  to  Europeans    2.    Asians  and  Africans  would  be  grateful  for  European  help    3.    Imperialism  was  opposed  by  most  Europeans    4.    Europeans  had  a  responsibility  to  improve  the  lives  of  their  colonial  

peoples  

DIRECT  CONTROL  

  Foreign  officials  brought  in  to  rule  

  No  self-­‐rule    Government  based  only  on  

European  style    Goal:    Assimilation    Paternalism    Providing  for  colonies’  

needs,  not  colonies’  rights  

INDIRECT  CONTROL  

  Local  government  officials  used  

  Limited  self-­‐rule    Government  based  on  

European  style,  but  may  have  local  customs  

  Goal:    To  develop  future  leaders  

 “All  great  nations...have  desired  to  set  their  mark  upon  barbarian  lands,  and  those  who  fail  to  participate  in  this  great  rivalry  will  play  a  pitiable  role  in  time  to  come.”    This  quotation  supports  the  concept  of    

  1.    socialism    2.    human  rights      3.    revolution    4.    imperialism  

 When  the  Europeans  invaded  Africa,  they  wanted  to  convert  the  Africans  to  

  1.    Christianity    2.    Judaism    3.    Islam      4.    Scientology  

  Nigeria  had  over  250  ethnic  groups  

  How  would  Britain  colonize  such  a  complex  area?  

  German  East  Africa    Belief  that  the  use  of  “magic  water”  on  the  natives’  bodies  would  turn  German  bullets  into  water  

  However,  some  resistance  movements  lasted  for  decades  

  What  two  African  countries  avoided  being  colonized?  

  Liberia    Ethiopia    Battle  of  Adowa  

  Italy  is  defeated  

  Dutch  settlers  called  Boers  took  over  land  in  South  Africa  in  1600s  

  Diamonds  and  gold  discovered  in  1880s  

  Great  Britain  wants  the  resources,  so  they  fight  the  Boers  

  The  Boer  War  was  the  first  modern  “total  war”  

  Guerilla  tactics,  imprisoning  women  and  children,  concentration  camps  

  Geopolitics    Interest  in  taking  lands  

because  of  their  strategic  location  

  Crimean  War    Revealed  the  Ottoman  

Empire’s  military  weakness    “The  Sick  Man  of  Europe”  

  Suez  Canal    Why  is  this  area  

important?  

 The  British  government  took  control  of  the  Suez  Canal  and  Singapore  during  the  19th  century  in  order  to  

  1.    sell  petroleum  to  these  territories    2.    gain  more  converts  to  Christianity    3.    ensure  safe  passage  on  strategic  waterways    4.    transport  laborers  directly  to  the  Americas  

 Both  the  French  and  the  British  were  interested  in  controlling  Egypt  in  the  mid-­‐19th  century  because  Egypt  had  

  1.    control  of  the  spice  trade    2.    an  industrial-­‐based  economy    3.    vital  mineral  resources      4.    a  strategic  location  

 “In  the  past,  European  nations  have  conquered  other  lands,  made  them  into  colonies,  and  controlled  their  economies.  ”Which  term  refers  to  the  situation  described  in  this  statement?  

  1.    socialism    2.  isolationism    3.  imperialism    4.  monotheism  

  Sepoys    Indian  soldiers  that  

governed  the  East  India  company  

  “Jewel  in  the  crown”    Britain  considered  India  

its  most  valuable  colony    Why?  

  Major  supplier  of  raw  materials  

  300  million  people  made  for  a  large  market  for  manufactured  goods  

  Britain  as  a  “workshop  for  the  world”  

  Discontent  among  sepoys  in  1850s    Why?  

  Racism    Attempts  to  convert  

Indians  to  Christianity    Rifle  cartridges  greased  

with  beef  and  pork  fat    All  of  these  factors  led  to  

the  Sepoy  Rebellion  

  How  did  Britain  change  its  rule  over  India  after  the  Sepoy  Rebellion?  

  Start  of  direct  rule    Fueled  racist  attitudes  

  Indians  could  not  be  trusted  

  Nationalism  surfaces    Indian  National  Congress  and  Muslim  League