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18 April 2008
Mostly occur in the north temperate regions
Only 1 family occurs in the New World Tropics Plethodontidae – the lungless salamanders
Respire through skin/mucous membranes Mostly forest dwellers, not very aquatic
Smooth, moist skin Four appendages, tail
Bolitoglossa mexicana a.k.a. “Black-and-gold salamander” Moderately large (150 mm) Toes fully webbed Yellow/rust spots Inactive during dry periods Found in rotten logs, etc.http://www.uta.edu/biology/
campbell/herpetology/ccampbell3.jpg
Bolitoglossa rufescens a.k.a. “Common dwarf salamander” Small species (65 mm) Digits fully webbed Pale brown/tan Dark brown streak behind
eyes to mid-back
http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/128x192/1111_1111/1111/7803.jpeg
http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/
128x192/1111_1111/1111/5203.jpeg
“Jumping and hopping” amphibians Hind limbs elongate and well-
developed Males with vocal slits External fertilization (in most anurans)
In all Belizean toads/frogs Habitat use and appearance determine
whether it is called a frog or a toad
“True toads” Occur in most tropical and sub-tropical
areas Usually squat-bodied Hopping rather than jumping Skin warty, glandular, dry to the touch Parotoid glands behind eyes
Bufo marinus a.k.a. “Giant toad” Large toad (150 mm) Sexually dimorphic
Males reddish with spiny tubercles
Females pale grey/mottledwith rounded tubercles
http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/herps/Frogs_and_Toads/B_marinus/
Bufo_marinus.jpg
http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/images/nature_conservation/cane_toad.jpg
Bufo valliceps Moderate size (70 mm) Large triangular
parotoid glands Skin warty, rough Coloration variable
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit180/Images/BufoValliceps.jpg
http://www.hartmanprehistoricgarden.com/sp-bufo1.jpg
Class photo
Chirping, climbing, foam, leaf-litter, and stream frogs
Widespread in Americas Large variety
Large to small Smooth skinned to warty, toad-like
Genus Eleutherodactylus contains >500 spp. Largest genus of tetrapods
Eleutherodactylus laticeps Broad-headed leaf-litter frog Dorso-lateral glandular ridges 50-80 mm Small toe discs Minor webbing
between toeshttp://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Eleutherodactylus%20cf%20suetus,%20Ranas,%20Francisco%20José%20López.jpg
Eleutherodactylus chac “Chac’s leaf-litter frog” X or hourglass shape
on back 30 mm Variable color
http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/webimages/0/29000/0/29094_sml.jpg
http://web.viu.ca/belize/images/amphibian%20images/mayanfrogsmall.JPG
Eleutherodactylus rugulosus “Long-legged stream frog” 50 mm Well-developed toe pads Interorbital bar Found near streams
http://www.weimer-eurprobiol.de/frog37.jpg
Leptodactylus melanonotus “Fringe-toed foamfrog” Color highly variable Thick glandular skin 40 mm
http://www.eitangrunwald.com/CR703/CR703Web2/7705Eleutherodactylus_sp.jpg
http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/especies/anura/leptodactylidae/melanonotus/melanonotus29621_g.gif
Class photo
Leptodactylus labialis Two phases (white, red)
Class photos
Physalaemus pustulosus Extremely tuberculate skin Resembles some toads 30 mm Lacks toe pads Dorsal mottling
variable
http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpetology/
acampbell32.jpg
Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia…
Greatest diversity in Americas
Adaptations for arboreality Large finger discs Much cartilage between last 2 phalanges
Agalychnis callidryas Bright red iris; bright green/yellow body
pattern Widespread, abundant 60 mm Pointed snout Long, slender limbs
Walk, not leap Vertical pupils
Class photo
Agalychnis moreletii Dorsum leaf green, venter cream/yellow Iris deep purple/black Restricted distribution 65 mm Slender limbs Large toe pads Vertical pupils
http://www.arkive.org/media/89/896F89F6-670C-4B57-A0E4-7A44373A2F12/Presentation.Large/
photo.jpg
Hyla bromeliacia Dorsum pale brown, black flecks Snout pointed Skin smooth Large toe pads Partial webbing 30 mm
http://www.authenticmaya.com/images/Hyla_bromeliacia_small.jpg
Hyla ebraccata “Hourglass treefrog” 30 mm Snout truncate Smooth skin Forearms robust Large toe pads Partial webbing
http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2007/06/09/hourglass-
treefrog/
Hyla loquax “Loquacious treefrog” Snout broadly rounded 40 mm Toes webbed
(nearly fully) Dorsum variable
with flecks Iris reddish tan
http://users.dickinson.edu/
~bobacks/photos/loqax.jpg
http://www.rarimages.com/BelizeImages/Amphibians/
tn_MahoganyTreefrog(Hyla_loquax)1001.jpg
Hyla microcephala Snout somewhat pointed 25 mm Partial webbing Dark dorsal markings
form H or X Venter mostly white
http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpetology/
acampbell24.jpg
Hyla picta “Painted treefrog” Snout rounded Toe pads small 20 mm Yellowish with
dark flecks Stripe from snout
through eye
http://www.andrewgray.com/projectanuran/SpeciesPages/Hyla
%20picta.htm
Phrynohyas venulosa “Milky treefrog” 90 mm Large toe pads Partial webbing Pale brown with
dark blotches Chin, throat, belly
whiteClass photo
Scinax staufferi 25 mm Snout pointed and
protruding Vestigial webbing Stripe through eye Pale brown dorsum White, cream venter Class photo
Smilisca baudinii Baudin’s treefrog 65 mm Loud, raucous call Smooth skin Large digital pads Irregular dorsal
splotchesClass photo
Smilisca cyanosticta 60 mm Snout rounded Smooth skin Limbs long,
robust Coloring variable
with environment Time of day, temp. http://www.uta.edu/biology/
campbell/herpetology/acampbell28.jpg
Triprion petasatus Unusual head shape
Skin co-ossified 60 mm Dark green with
dark flecks Transverse bars
on limbs Iris gold
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/936/15005809.JPG
http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpetology/acampbell29.jpg
Thin, translucent skin covering the belly
Finger/toe pads
Superficially resemble treefrogs (Hylidae)
Pupil horizontal
Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni “Northern glassfrog” 22 mm Iris gold Dark melanophores
on dorsum
Class photos
Campbell – Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatan and Belize.
Beletsky – Travellers’ Wildlife Guides – Belize and Northern Guatemala.